Prática de Shadowing: GCSE Physics - Energy Stores, Transferring Energy & Work Done - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo
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The most essential thing to learn from this video is that energy is never created or destroyed.
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It's only ever transferred between different forms and objects.
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This principle underlies loads of the physics course, but today we're just going to look at the different forms that energy can take,
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how energy moves between them, and what we mean by the term work done.
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Whenever energy is transferred to an object, the energy is stored in one of that object's energy stores.
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We take a look at each of them in other videos, but to give you a basic idea, there's thermal or internal energy,
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which is basically the heat energy trapped within an object and is related to the temperature of that object.
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Kinetic energy, which is associated with the movement
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or motion of an object gravitational potential energy which is the energy
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that an object possesses
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because of its position in a gravitational field elastic potential energy
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such as the energy held in an already stretched spring chemical energy
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which is held in chemical bonds magnetic energy
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which is what holds magnets to your fridge electrostatic energy
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which is what occasionally gives you a shock when you touch your car
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and finally nuclear energy
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which is what we get from breaking atoms apart now the key idea is
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that the energy in each of these stores isn't fixed instead
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it can be transferred from one to another
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this could be done mechanically such as physically stretching an elastic
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band electrically such as plugging something into a socket – by heating,
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or by radiation, like light or sound waves.
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When we consider a particular object, or group of objects, we can call the collection of matter a system,
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which is just the fancy term that you need to use in physics.
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When the system changes, energy is transferred, either between objects, or between different forms.
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In an open system, the matter of the system can exchange energy with the so -called outside world,
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which is just all of the matter that's outside of our system.
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This means that an open system can lose or gain energy as it interacts with the outside world.
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by comparison a closed system is separate from the outside world
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so neither matter nor energy can enter or leave and
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so even though energy can be transferred within the system the overall change is always zero
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to understand how this actually works in practice let's take a look at a couple of examples
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imagine we have a kettle and we fill it with water
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when we turn it on electrical energy from the plug socket
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flows to the heating element of the kettle where it's transferred
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electrically to the thermal energy store of the kettle's heating element
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which basically means
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that the flow of electricity warms the metal heating element the heating element
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then in turn transfers the energy over to the water's thermal energy store, and after a short while we have a boiled kettle.
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Another way of saying energy transferred is work done, and there are two main types you need to know, mechanical and electrical.
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Mechanical work done involves using a force to move an object, such as kicking a ball up in the air,
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which involves energy from the chemical energy store of your leg being transferred to the kinetic energy store of the ball.
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Electrical work, on the other hand, is done when current flows.
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You can think of this as the energy required to overcome the resistance in the wires of a circuit.
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To put this into practice, imagine a train that's about to cross a broken bridge.
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In order to stop, it applies the brakes, which creates friction between the brakes and the wheels.
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We say that the friction does work as it slows the train down,
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because it causes energy in the wheels' kinetic energy stores to be transferred to the thermal energy stores of the surroundings things,
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in the form of heat, which will hopefully slow down the train.
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Anyway, that's all for today, so if you enjoyed it, then let us know down below in the comments, and we'll see you next time!
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Vocabulário e dicas de fala para esta lição
Esta aula de conversação usa o vídeo “GCSE Physics - Energy Stores, Transferring Energy & Work Done”. As palavras que mais se repetem: energy, object, transferred, store, heating. Este vídeo tem 50 frases e 696 palavras para praticar shadowing. A fala dura 5:01. O falante mantém um ritmo estável de cerca de 139 palavras por minuto, confortável para o shadowing. 84% das palavras estão entre as 3.000 mais comuns do inglês; vale a pena estudar o restante antes de começar.
Vocabulário principal deste vídeo
15 palavras do vídeo que vale a pena aprender, com pronúncia e significado:
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| element substantivo | /ˈɛləmənt/ | fundamento |
| thermal adjetivo | /ˈθɜːməl/ | térmico, termal |
| kettle substantivo | /ˈkɛ.təl/ | chaleira, bule |
| physics substantivo | /ˈfɪz.ɪks/ | física |
| stretch verbo | /stɹɛt͡ʃ/ | esticar |
| mechanical adjetivo | /məˈkænəkəl/ | mecânico |
| involve verbo | /ɪnˈvɑlv/ | envolver |
| plug substantivo | /plʌɡ/ | plugue |
| brake substantivo | /bɹeɪk/ | freio, travão |
| friction substantivo | /ˈfɹɪkʃən/ | fricção |
| elastic adjetivo | /ə-/ | elástico |
| socket substantivo | /ˈsɑkɪt/ | tomada |
| circuit substantivo | /ˈsɝ.kɪt/ | circuito, volta |
| shock substantivo | /ʃɔk/ | choque |
| electricity substantivo | /ɪˌlɛkˈtɹɪsɪti/ | eletricidade |
Phrasal verbs que você vai ouvir
| Palavra | Significado |
|---|---|
| slow down verbo | desacelerar |
Gramática neste vídeo
As estruturas que o falante mais usa, com as palavras exatas do vídeo:
| Estrutura | No vídeo |
|---|---|
| Voz passiva be + particípio passado — o foco está no que acontece, não em quem faz | is never created · is transferred · is associated |
| Orações relativas who / which + oração — informação extra sobre uma pessoa ou coisa | energy, which is · energy which is · heat, which will |
Pronúncia para ficar de olho
O falante usa 3 contrações e formas reduzidas, como isn't, we'll, we're. Diga-as na forma curta, do jeito que você ouve.
- Os sons de “sh” e “zh”: friction /ˈfɹɪkʃən/, shock /ʃɔk/, associate /əˈsoʊʃi.ət/, occasionally /əˈkeɪʒənəli/, radiation /ˌɹeɪ.diˈeɪ.ʃən/
- Palavras longas — acerte a sílaba tônica: electrical /ɪˈlɛktɹɪkəl/, mechanical /məˈkænəkəl/, electricity /ɪˌlɛkˈtɹɪsɪti/, associate /əˈsoʊʃi.ət/, occasionally /əˈkeɪʒənəli/
Sons difíceis para falantes de português:
- Consoante final — sem acrescentar um “i” depois: element /ˈɛləmənt/, plug /plʌɡ/, brake /bɹeɪk/, socket /ˈsɑkɪt/, circuit /ˈsɝ.kɪt/
- /l/ final — a língua toca o céu da boca, não vira “u”: thermal /ˈθɜːməl/, electrical /ɪˈlɛktɹɪkəl/, kettle /ˈkɛ.təl/, mechanical /məˈkænəkəl/, principle /ˈpɹɪn.sɪ.pəl/
Como praticar com este vídeo
- Ouça o vídeo inteiro uma vez sem falar e anote as palavras que você não conhece.
- Faça shadowing frase por frase na velocidade normal, repetindo cada uma até o seu ritmo ficar igual ao do falante.
- Grave a sua voz e compare com o original, prestando atenção a palavras como element, thermal, kettle.
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.