Prática de Shadowing: The first 20 hours -- how to learn anything | Josh Kaufman | TEDxCSU - Aprenda a falar inglês com o YouTube
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Reviewer.peregmail.com Hi, everyone.
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Two years ago, my life changed forever.
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My wife, Kelsey, and I welcomed our daughter, Leela, into the world.
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Now, becoming a parent is an amazing, amazing experience.
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Your whole world changes overnight,
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and all of your priorities change immediately,
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so fast that it makes it really difficult to process sometimes.
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Now, you also have to learn a tremendous amount about being a parent.
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Like, for example, how to dress your child.
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This was new to me.
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This is an actual outfit.
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I thought this was a good idea.
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And even Leela knows that it's not a good idea.
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So there was so much to learn and so much craziness all at once.
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And to add to the craziness,
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Kelsey and I both work from home.
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We're entrepreneurs, we run our own businesses.
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So Kelsey develops courses online for yoga teachers.
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I'm an author.
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And so I'm working from home, Kelsey's working from home we have an infant,
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and we're trying to make sure that everything gets done that needs done,
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and life is really, really, really busy.
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And a couple weeks into this amazing experience,
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when the sleep deprivation really kicked in,
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like around week eight, I had this thought,
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and it was the same thought that parents across the ages internationally,
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Everybody has had this thought,
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which is, I am never going to have free time ever again.
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And somebody said it's true.
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Yeah, it's not exactly true,
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but it feels really, really true in that moment.
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And this was really disconcerting to me,
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because one of the things that I enjoy more than anything else is learning new things.
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getting curious about something and diving in,
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and fiddling around and learning through trial and error,
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and eventually becoming pretty good at something.
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And without this free time,
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I didn't know how I was ever going to do that ever again.
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And so I'm a big geek.
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I want to keep learning things.
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I want to keep growing.
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And so what I decided to do was go to the library,
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and go to the bookstore and look at what research says about how we learn and how we learn quickly.
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And I read a bunch of books,
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I read a bunch of websites,
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and trying to answer this question,
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how long does it take to acquire a new skill?
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You know what I found?
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10,000 hours.
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Anybody ever heard this?
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It takes 10,000 hours if you want to learn something new,
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if you want to be good at it,
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it's going to take 10,000 hours to get there.
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And I read this in book after book and website after website,
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and my mental experience of reading all of this stuff was like, No!
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I don't have time.
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I don't have 10,000 hours.
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I am never going to be able to learn anything new ever again.
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But that's not true.
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So 10,000 hours, just to give you a rough order of magnitude,
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10,000 hours is a full-time job for five years.
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That's a long time.
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And we've all had the experience of learning something new,
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and it didn't take us anywhere close to that amount of time, right?
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So what's up?
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There's something kind of funky going on here.
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What the research says and what we expect and have experiences,
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they don't match up.
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And what I found, here's the wrinkle.
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The 10,000-hour rule came out of studies of expert-level performance.
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There was a professor at Florida State University,
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his name is Kay Anders Ericsson.
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He's the originator of the 10,000-hour rule.
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And where that came from is he studied professional athletes,
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world-class musicians, chess grandmasters, all of these ultra-competitive folks in ultra-high-performing fields,
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and he tried to figure out how long does it take to get to the top of those kinds of fields.
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And what he found is the more deliberate practice,
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the more time that those individuals spent practicing the elements,
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whatever it is that they do,
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the more time you spend, the better you get.
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And the folks at the tippy top of their fields put in around 10,000 hours of practice.
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Now, we were talking about the game of telephone a little bit earlier.
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Here's what happened.
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An author by the name of Malcolm Gladwell wrote a book in 2007 called Outliers,
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the Story of Success.
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And the centerpiece of that book was the 10,000-hour rule.
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Practice a lot, practice well,
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and you will do extremely well.
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You'll reach the top of your field.
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So, the message, what Dr. Erickson was actually saying is,
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it takes 10,000 hours to get to the top of an ultra-competitive field in a very narrow subject.
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That's what that means.
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But here's what happened ever since Outliers came out,
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immediately came out, reached the top of the bestseller list,
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stayed there for three solid months.
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All of a sudden, the 10,000-hour rule was everywhere.
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And a society-wide game of telephone started to be played.
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So this message, it takes 10,000 hours to reach the top of an ultra-competitive field,
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became, it takes 10,000 hours to become an expert at something.
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which became, it takes 10,000 hours to become good at something,
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which became, it takes 10,000 hours to learn something.
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But that last statement, it takes 10,000 hours to learn something, it's not true.
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It's not true.
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So, what the research actually says,
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I spent a lot of time here at the CSU library in the cognitive psychology stacks,
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because I'm a geek, And when you actually look at the studies of skill acquisition,
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you see over and over and over a graph like this.
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Now, researchers, whether they're studying a motor skill,
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something you do physically, or a mental skill,
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they like to study things that they can time,
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because you can quantify that, right?
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So they'll give research participants a little task,
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something that requires physical arrangement,
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or something that requires learning a little mental trick,
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and they'll time how long a participant takes to complete the skill.
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And here's what this graph says.
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When you start, so when researchers gave participants a task,
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it took them a really long time,
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because it was new and they were horrible.
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With a little bit of practice,
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they get better and better and better,
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and that early part of practice is really, really efficient.
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People get good at things with just a little bit of practice.
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Now, what's interesting to note is that if,
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you know, we don't really,
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for skills that we want to learn for ourselves,
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we don't care so much about time, right?
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We just care about how good we are,
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whatever good happens to mean.
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So if we relabel performance time to how good you are,
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the graph flips, and you get this famous and widely known,
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this is the learning curve.
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And the story of the learning curve is when you start,
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you're grossly incompetent and you know it.
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Right?
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With a little bit of practice,
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you get really good really quick,
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so that early level of improvement is really fast.
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And then at a certain point,
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you reach a plateau, and the subsequent gains become much harder to get.
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They take more time to get.
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Now, my question is, I want that.
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Right?
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How long does it take from starting something and being grossly incompetent in knowing it,
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to being reasonably good in,
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hopefully, as short a period of time as possible.
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So how long does that take?
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Here's what my research says.
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Twenty hours.
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That's it.
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You can go from knowing nothing about any skill that you can think of.
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Want to learn a language?
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Want to learn how to draw?
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to learn how to juggle flaming chainsaws?
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If you put 20 hours of focused,
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deliberate practice into that thing,
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you will be astounded, astounded at how good you are.
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20 hours is doable.
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That's about 45 minutes a day for about a month,
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even skipping a couple of days here and there.
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20 hours isn't that hard to accumulate.
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Now, there's a method to doing this,
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Because it's not like you can just start fiddling around for about 20 hours and expect these massive improvements.
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There's a way to practice intelligently.
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There's a way to practice efficiently that will make sure that you invest those 20 hours
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in the most effective way that you possibly can.
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And here's the method, it applies to anything.
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The first is to deconstruct the skill.
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Decide exactly what you want to be able to do when you're done,
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and then look into the skill and break it down into smaller and smaller pieces.
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Most of the things that we think of as skills
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are actually big bundles of skills that require all sorts of different things.
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The more you can break apart the skill,
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the more you're able to decide what are the parts of this skill
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that will actually help me get to what I want,
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and then you can practice those first.
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If you practice the most important things first,
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you'll be able to improve your performance in the least amount of time possible.
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The second is learn enough to self-correct.
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So get three to five resources about what it is you're trying to learn.
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Could be books, could be DVDs,
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could be courses, could be anything.
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But don't use those as a way to procrastinate on practice.
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I know I do this, right?
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Get like 20 books about the topic,
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it's like, I'm going to start learning how to program a computer when I complete these 20 books.
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No, that's procrastination.
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What you want to do is learn just enough that you can actually practice and self-correct,
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or self-edit as you practice.
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So the learning becomes a way of getting better at noticing when you're making a mistake
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and then doing something a little different.
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The third is to remove barriers to practice.
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Distractions, television, Internet, All of these things that get in the way of you actually sitting down and doing the work.
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And the more you're able to use just a little bit of willpower
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to remove the distractions that are keeping you from practicing,
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the more likely you are to actually sit down and practice.
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Right?
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And the fourth is to practice for at least 20 hours.
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Now, most skills have what I call a frustration barrier.
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You know, the grossly incompetent knowing it part?
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That's really, really frustrating.
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We don't like to feel stupid.
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And feeling stupid is a barrier to us actually sitting down and doing the work.
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So, by pre-committing to practicing whatever it is that you want to do for at least 20 hours,
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you will be able to overcome that initial frustration barrier and stick with the practice long enough to actually reap the rewards.
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That's it.
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It's not rocket science.
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Four very simple steps that you can use to learn anything.
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Now, this is easy to talk about in theory,
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but it's more fun to talk about in practice.
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So one of the things that I've wanted to learn how to do for a long time is play the ukulele.
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Has anybody seen Jake Shimabukuro's TED talk where he plays the ukulele and makes it sound He's like an ukulele god.
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It's amazing.
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I saw this and I was like, that is so cool.
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It's such a neat instrument.
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I would really like to learn how to play.
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And so I decided
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that to test this theory I wanted to put 20 hours into practicing the ukulele and see where we got.
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And so the first thing about playing the ukulele is in order to practice,
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you have to have one, right?
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So I got an ukulele and my lovely assistant.
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Thank you, sir.
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I think I need the cord here.
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It's not just an ukulele, it's an electric ukulele.
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Yeah.
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So the first couple hours are just like the first couple hours of anything.
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You have to get the tools that you're using to practice.
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You have to make sure that they're available.
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My ukulele didn't come with strings attached.
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I had to figure out how to put those on.
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Like, that's kind of important, right?
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And learning how to tune and learning how to make sure
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that all of the things that need to be done in order to start practicing get done, right?
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Now, one of the things
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when I was ready to actually start practicing was I looked in online databases and songbooks for how to play songs.
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And they say, OK, ukuleles,
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you can play more than one string at a time,
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so you can play chords,
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that's cool, you're accompanying yourself.
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Yay, you.
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And when I started looking at songs,
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I had an ukulele chord book that had hundreds of chords,
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looking at the same, like, whoa, that's intimidating.
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But when you look at the actual songs,
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you see the same chords over and over.
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Right?
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As it turns out, playing the ukulele is kind of like doing anything.
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There's a very small set of things that are really important and techniques that you'll use all the time.
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And so in most songs,
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you'll use four, maybe five chords,
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And that's it, that's the song.
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You don't have to know the hundreds as long as you know the four or the five.
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So while I was doing my research,
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I found a wonderful little medley of pop songs by a band called Axis of Awesome.
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And somebody knows it.
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And what Axis of Awesome says is that you can learn,
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or you can play pretty much any pop song of the past five decades if you know four chords,
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and those chords are G, D, E minor, C.
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Four chords pump out every pop song ever, right?
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So I thought, this is cool.
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I would like to play every pop song ever.
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So that was the first song I decided to learn,
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and I would like to actually share it with you.
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Ready?
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All right.
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Just a small town girl,
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living in a lonely world.
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She took a midnight train going anywhere.
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I heard that you settled down,
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that you found a girl, that you're married now.
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Every night in my dreams I see you,
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I feel you That is how I know we'll go on I won't hesitate no more,
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no more It cannot wait,
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I'm yours Cause you were amazing,
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we did amazing things If I could,
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then I would go wherever you will Can you feel the love tonight?
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Will they live with or without you?
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When I find myself, find myself in times of trouble,
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Mother Mary comes to me.
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Sometimes I feel like I don't have a partner.
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No woman, no cry, I'm on me,
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this surely is a dream.
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I come from London under.
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Once a jolly swag man cammed by a billabong.
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Hey, I just met you, and this is crazy.
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Now here's my number, so call me, hey sexy lady.
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Whoop, whoop, whoop, whoop, whoop, whoop, dang, I'm sorry.
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Time to say goodbye.
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Closing time.
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Every new beginning comes from some other beginning's end.
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Thank you.
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Thank you.
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I love that song.
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And I have a secret to share with you.
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So by playing that song for you,
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I just hit my 20th hour of practicing the ukulele.
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Thank you.
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And so it's amazing, pretty much anything that you can think of.
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What do you want to do?
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The major barrier to learning something new is not intellectual.
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It's not the process of you learning a bunch of little tips or tricks or things.
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The major barrier is emotional.
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We're scared.
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Feeling stupid doesn't feel good.
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In the beginning of learning anything new, you feel really stupid.
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So the major barrier is not intellectual, it's emotional.
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But put 20 hours into anything.
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It doesn't matter.
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What do you want to learn?
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Do you want to learn language?
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Do you want to learn how to cook?
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Do you want to learn how to draw?
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What turns you on?
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What lights you up?
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Go out and do that thing.
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It only takes 20 hours.
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Have fun.
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Great job.
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Sobre Esta Lição
No vídeo "The first 20 hours -- how to learn anything", Josh Kaufman compartilha insights sobre a importância da prática deliberada e como podemos aprender novas habilidades de forma eficaz. Para estudantes de inglês, essa lição é uma excelente oportunidade para praticar vocabulário relacionado a aprendizado e experiência de vida. Durante esta aula, você vai trabalhar com expressões que descrevem processos de aprendizagem, priorização de tarefas e a gestão do tempo, além de explorar a estrutura gramatical em contextos de fala mais naturais e informais.
Vocabulário e Frases Importantes
- Free time - Tempo livre: Refere-se ao tempo em que não temos obrigações e podemos dedicar a atividades que gostamos, como aprender.
- Learning curve - Curva de aprendizagem: A velocidade e a facilidade com que uma pessoa aprende uma nova habilidade.
- Trial and error - Tentativa e erro: Método de aprendizagem que envolve experimentar e corrigir erros até encontrar uma solução correta.
- Deliberate practice - Prática deliberada: Um tipo de prática que é intencional e focada em melhorar habilidades específicas.
- Prioritizing tasks - Priorização de tarefas: O ato de decidir quais atividades ou obrigações são mais importantes e devem ser realizadas primeiro.
- Learning something new - Aprender algo novo: O processo de adquirir conhecimento ou habilidades que antes não possuíamos.
- Time commitment - Compromisso de tempo: A quantidade de tempo que uma pessoa decide dedicar a uma atividade.
Dicas de Prática para Este Vídeo
Para aplicar a técnica de shadowing com este vídeo, siga algumas dicas:
- Velocidade da fala: O ritmo de Kaufman é moderado, o que facilita o acompanhamento. Tente repetir as frases imediatamente após ouvi-las para melhorar a fluência em inglês.
- Sotaque: Preste atenção às entonações e ênfases que ele utiliza. Isso pode ajudar na prática de pronúncia e na compreensão de diferentes estilos de fala.
- Dificuldade do tema: O conteúdo é acessível, mas pode envolver conceitos que exigem reflexão, especialmente sobre aprendizado e desenvolvimento pessoal. Utilize anotações para manter o foco nas principais ideias enquanto pratica.
- Repetição: Assista ao vídeo várias vezes. A repetição é crucial para a retenção de vocabulário e para a melhora da confiança na fala.
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.
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