Практика Shadowing: Material Properties 101 - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео
Создание урока...
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This video is going to be a bit different to my usual videos, but I want to talk about material properties and the words we use to describe them.
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This is information you are going to need to fully understand future videos.
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By the end of this video, I want you to understand 6 keywords that we use to describe materials.
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These are stiff, strong, ductile, brittle, tough and hard.
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With these words, you will be able to describe pretty much any material
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and better understand why certain materials are used in different applications.
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More technical videos like this will be uploaded to my second channel from now on, which you can subscribe to by following this link.
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I'll try and back up the technical stuff with interesting real-world examples.
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First we are going to learn what a tensile test is.
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A tensile test is a fundamental test in material mechanics.
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It's performed by pulling a sample of material apart until failure, while measuring the force and displacement.
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It provides us with something called a stress strain curve, which tells us a lot about the material's reactions to forces.
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In this scenario, the stress is defined by the force applied to the test sample, divided by the cross-sectional area.
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This gives us units of newtons per meter squared, which you may recognize as the metric unit for pressure, Pascals.
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Stress goes on the y-axis.
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Strain describes how much deformation has occurred with that applied force, and it is found by dividing the change in length by the original length.
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This is placed on the x-axis.
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Let's watch this test again and see what information we can get from the stress strain graph.
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As the stress rises, the material begins to deform.
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This initial linear region is elastic deformation, That means if we remove the force, the material will regain its original shape.
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Think of how a rubber band can deform hugely and still come back to its original shape.
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The end of this linear elastic deformation is marked by the yield point.
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From here out, any additional stress will cause permanent deformation.
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This is called plastic deformation.
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The stress continues to rise until it hits the ultimate tensile strength point.
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This is the ultimate strength of the material, the most stress it can handle.
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From here, less stress is needed as the material begins to decrease in cross section, which you can see happening here.
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This is called necking.
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This continues until the material fractures.
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We can get a lot of really useful information from this graph.
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The first is Young's modulus, otherwise known as the elastic modulus.
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This describes how stiff the material is, and it is obtained by finding the slope of this linear region.
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A steeper slope means a stiffer material.
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For example, a high carbon steel may look like this, whereas a flexible material with the low Young's modulus, like rubber, would look like this.
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This graph is not to scale, but it should give you an idea of how this information is represented.
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Young's modulus is one of the most used properties in engineering, as we can use it to predict deflection in a huge range of scenarios.
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Yield strength and ultimate tensile strength are two other important properties.
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An engineer will divide the yield or ultimate strength by the safety factor to achieve the max allowable stress, which is used to influence the design of the product.
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Usually engineers will aim to keep the max possible stress well below failure, but safety factors differ between industries.
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So we've seen a stiff material and a flexible material.
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Now let's look at a material in between.
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This material can be described as tuff and ductile.
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Tuff simply means the material can absorb a lot of energy without breaking.
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The area under the graph here defines how much energy is absorbed.
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Ductile means it deforms under pressure.
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The two previous materials could also be considered ductile.
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Springsteel is a tough and ductile material with a high yield strength which is why it is used in springs.
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Springs need to absorb energy without permanently deforming.
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The opposite of ductile is brittle.
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A brittle material is a material that breaks with very little deformation.
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Glass, ceramics and cast iron all fall into this category.
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You can actually tell if a material is brittle or ductile by examining the fracture surface after they have broken.
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A ductile material will have this characteristic cup and cone fracture surface, whereas brittle fractures have granular flat looking fracture surfaces.
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Some materials can go from ductile to brittle when their temperatures are lowered.
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This was actually a massive problem during World War 2 with the Liberty ship.
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Several Several of these ships literally broke in half with no warning, including the SS John P.
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Gaines, which broke in half in the frigid waters of the Bering Sea.
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It was later discovered that the grade of steel being used became brittle at lower temperatures.
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This problem was made worse by the stress concentration at the hatches, which you learned about in my first video, Why are plane windows round?
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This embrittlement is also thought to have contributed to the fracture of the titanic's hull.
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The final material property I want to talk about is hardness.
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It is directly related to the stiffness and yield strength of the material, but it is used to describe how difficult it is to dent, scratch and abrade materials.
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One way this material property is measured is with the Rockwell hardness test.
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This test involves three steps.
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First a minor load is applied to the material by an indenter.
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This establishes a zero point.
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For the second step, a major load is then added, which indents the material.
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And for the final step, the major load is removed, while maintaining the initial load.
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The difference in depth between the first and third step is then used to calculate the hardness of the material.
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Diamond is a very hard material, which is why it is used in cutting tools.
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One of the fantastic properties of steel is its ability to be heat treated, to have its hardness tailored in different areas.
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For example, with swords you want your cutting edge to be hard but the core of the blade to be ductile.
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This means the sword can bend under pressure without breaking, while the cutting edge can resist damage.
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As always, thanks for watching.
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Лексика и советы по произношению к этому уроку
Этот урок разговорной практики уровня C1 построен на видео «Material Properties 101». Чаще всего повторяются слова: material, stress, ductile, brittle, strength. В этом видео 85 предложений и 1264 слов для шедоуинга. Речь длится 6:06. Говорящий говорит быстро, около 207 слов в минуту, поэтому звуки часто сливаются и сокращаются. 82% слов входят в 3000 самых частых слов английского языка; остальные стоит разобрать перед занятием.
Ключевая лексика этого видео
Самые сложные слова из видео (15), с произношением и значением:
| Слово | Произношение | Значение |
|---|---|---|
| distress существительное | /dɪˈstɹɛs/ | го́ре, беда́ |
| ductile прилагательное | /ˈdʌk.təl/ | тягучий |
| brittle прилагательное | /ˈbɹɪtəl/ | хру́пкий, ло́мкий |
| fracture существительное | /ˈfɹæk.t͡ʃʰəː/ | перело́м |
| hardness существительное | /ˈhɑɹdnəs/ | твёрдость |
| modulus существительное | /ˈmɑdʒələs/ | мо́дуль |
| tensile прилагательное | /ˈtɛn.sɪl/ | растяжи́мый, эласти́чный |
| stiff прилагательное | /stɪf/ | жёсткий, неги́бкий |
| graph существительное | /ɡɹæf/ | гра́фик, диагра́мма |
| elastic прилагательное | /ə-/ | эласти́чный, ги́бкий |
| absorb глагол | /æbˈsɔɹb/ | поглоща́ть, поглоти́ть |
| tuff существительное | /tʌf/ | вулкани́ческий туф |
| slope существительное | /sloʊp/ | склон, скат |
| axis существительное | /ˈæksɪs/ | ось |
| abrade глагол | /əˈbɹeɪd/ | обдира́ть, ободра́ть |
Фразовые глаголы, которые вы услышите
| Слово | Значение |
|---|---|
| back up глагол | дава́ть за́дний ход |
| plan out глагол | распланиро́вывать, расплани́ровать |
Грамматика в этом видео
Конструкции, которые говорящий использует чаще всего, с точными словами из видео:
| Конструкция | В видео |
|---|---|
| Пассивный залог be + причастие прошедшего времени — важно, что происходит, а не кто это делает | will be uploaded · is defined · is found |
| Present Perfect have/has + причастие прошедшего времени — прошлое действие, важное сейчас | has occurred · we've seen · have broken |
| Придаточные определительные who / which + предложение — уточнение о человеке или предмете | stress, which is · strength which is · material, which is |
Произношение, на которое стоит обратить внимание
Говорящий использует 3 сокращённых и редуцированных форм, например I'll, we've, wouldn't. Произносите их коротко, так, как слышите.
- Звуки «sh» и «zh»: deformation /ˌdɛfəˈmeɪʃən/, deflection /dəˈflɛkʃən/, sectional /ˈsɛkʃənəl/, consultation /ˌkɑnsəlˈteɪʃən/
- Длинные слова — следите за ударением: deformation /ˌdɛfəˈmeɪʃən/, allowable /əˈlaʊ.əbəl/, personalize /ˈpɜː.sə.nə.laɪz/, characteristic /ˌkæɹ(ə)ktəˈɹɪstɪk/, consultation /ˌkɑnsəlˈteɪʃən/
Звуки, трудные для русскоязычных:
- /h/ — лёгкий выдох, а не русское «х»: hardness /ˈhɑɹdnəs/, hugely /ˈhjuːd͡ʒli/, hatch /hæt͡ʃ/, hull /hʌl/
- Звонкие согласные в конце слова — не оглушайте их: absorb /æbˈsɔɹb/, abrade /əˈbɹeɪd/, frigid /ˈfɹɪd͡ʒɪd/, keyword /ˈkiː.wɜːd/, personalize /ˈpɜː.sə.nə.laɪz/
Как заниматься с этим видео
- Прослушайте всё видео один раз молча и выпишите незнакомые слова.
- Начните со скорости 0,75×, повторяйте предложение за предложением и вернитесь к обычной скорости, когда станет легко.
- Запишите себя и сравните с оригиналом, обращая внимание на такие слова, как distress, ductile, brittle.
Что такое техника Shadowing?
Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.