Практика Shadowing: Spirited Away Revealed: The Real Mythology & Folklore Explained! - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео

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Spirited Away is one of the best animated films ever made.

Correction, it is one of the best films, period.

Aside from being the highest rated Studio Ghibli film on IMDb, aside from being the first and only Japanese film to win an Oscar for Best Animated Feature,

aside from still being the highest grossing film in Japan 19 years later, Spirited Away is simply a beautiful piece of cinema.

Much has been made of director Hayao Miyazaki's attention to detail in the visual art or movement of his animation.

But Miyazaki also applies this level of detail to the fantasy elements in his stories.

Miyazaki's films have a mythic quality, in part because he's an amazing storyteller, but also because they draw from pre-existing mythology, folklore, and culture.

Miyazaki is usually careful not to reference any of these myths or legends overtly, and for this reason it is difficult to uncover his sources.

In this video, however, I'm going to try anyway.

Just to be clear, Miyazaki has given hints here and there, but has not revealed what specific mythology he was inspired by for Spirited Away.

I will make my best guesses on this based on clues I find in the film.

Also, I will try my best with the pronunciations, but I'm sure I'll make mistakes.

Gomenesai.

Let's get started.

The film's first little hint that we are departing the world we know

and entering into an other world comes in the form of a wooden gate, called a tori.

Tori gates signify the entrance to a shrine of the Shinto religion, one of two major spiritual practices in Japan alongside Buddhism.

Shinto, however, is indigenous to Japan alone.

Entering through a tori signifies you are entering into the sacred realm of the gods, or Kami in Japanese.

The word Shinto itself means Way of the Gods.

Although Chihiro doesn't pass through this tori, it may be a hint that she will pass through another gate soon, the train station, and enter the realm of the gods.

In fact, Spirited Away's original title in Japanese is Sentochihiro no Kamikakushi.

That latter word means hidden by gods, a concept in Japanese folklore comparable to being taken or spirited away by fairies in European folklore.

What's that like a house?

The stone from the stone, the god's house.

Below the shrine, Chihiro notices these little stone houses called Hokora.

These tiny roadside shrines are meant to house minor kami and guardian spirits called Dosoujin.

Another representation of Dosoujin are roadside statues like the one Chihiro notices in the forest

and this other one that forces her dad to abruptly hit the brakes of his Audi.

Dosoujin statues often mark boundaries, for example the one Chihiro and her family are about to cross.

These kami are also thought to protect travelers and those in transitional phases apt description of Chihiro at this point.

The Aburaya Bathhouse or Onsen

that we see for the first time here is said to be loosely based on the Dogo Onsen in Matsuyama, reputedly the oldest onsen in Japan.

Onsens are a staple of Japanese culture and have been popular for millennia.

They may also be referred to as sento when they don't have access to natural hot spring water.

The first kami that Chihiro actually sees is Haku, who I'll go into more detail on later.

Haku casts a distraction spell blowing what looks like white sakura petals toward the onsen.

I can't find any sources for this particular spell, however Haku's spells generally resemble the magical practices of Onmyodo,

a form of astrology and divination based on Shinto as well as Chinese Taoism and Wujing.

Soon after, Chihiro notices these transparent shadow kami.

Traditionally, kami don't have forms visible to human eyes, and are only visible when they inhabit other forms, for example trees or other elements of nature.

These appear to be kami who haven't taken a specific visible form.

I should note that their depiction is similar to that of a Japanese yokai, or spirit, called Umibozu, which you see depicted here in a 19th century scroll painting.

Japanese folklore does include a variety of animal transformations.

For example, the mischievous Tanuki or Kitsune are thought to transform into various forms, including human.

The reverse, humans transforming into animals or yokai, is also not uncommon.

However, given the amount of greed and gluttony Chihiro's parents display in this scene, it's fairly safe to assume this pig transformation is a metaphor for greed and consumerism.

It is also worth mentioning that Miyazaki has a personal affinity with pigs.

He often draws himself as a pig, and even created a whole film starring a man turned pig, Porco Rosso.

These masked kami are called Kasuga-sama, named after the Kasuga Shinto shrine in Nara prefecture.

They wear Sokutai, or traditional Japanese court clothing, and paper masks called Zomen.

Zomen masks are worn by Bugaku dancers in specific ritual dances called Ama or Soriko, and these are performed at the Kasuga shrine.

The dancers, however, are very much human, and as we see later when one of these kami disrobes, he is not.

So given their name, it's possible they represent Kami from the Kasuga shrine.

Haku gives Chihiro a berry to eat, so she won't vanish from the spirit world.

This is similar to a belief in fairy lore as well as the mythology of other cultures.

However again, it is most likely influenced by Japanese mythology and Shinto.

In the Japanese creation myth, Izanami is banished to the realm of the dead after giving birth to the god of fire, Kagutsuchi.

Her brother and consort, Izanagi, travels to Yumi, the realm of the dead, to retrieve her, but she explains

that she has already eaten the food of the land of the dead and therefore cannot leave.

Similarly, Chihiro must eat the food of the Kami world in order to stay there.

This is the first time we see No-Faced, or Kao-nashi, faceless as he's called in Japanese.

Like most of the characters in this film, No-Face is an original creation by Miyazaki, However his origins are a little more mysterious than the other kami.

One clear reference we can find in his appearance is his mask.

It greatly resembles a mask of the traditional Japanese theater called No. No specific No mask resembles No Faces mask,

no pun intended, but some of these, called Onryo, are meant to depict spirits or ghosts.

These kami resemble Namahage, a horned demon-like creature of Japanese folklore similar to the more widely known Oni.

In Akita Prefecture, there is a yearly tradition in which men will dress up like namahage to scare children into good behavior.

Their costumes usually include mino, or straw capes, and they brandish Deiba knives.

As you can see, these kami have similar capes, and one is packing a blade.

I know some people might say the frog, O-Gairu, resembles water sprites known as Kappa,

but But in fact, he more resembles anthropomorphic toads found in Japanese scroll paintings from around the 12th century onward.

Kamaji, the Boilerman, is another original character yet closely resembles a Tsuchigumo,

another yokai of Japanese folklore.

These giant spider-like creatures are often depicted with the face of an oni and the body of a tiger.

They can also change their appearance to human-like to deceive their prey or alter their size, similar to the way Kamaji can elongate his arms.

Kamaji's face even resembles this depiction of a Tsuchigumo from the 19th century.

In folklore, Tsuchigumo flourished until they were exterminated by Emperor Jimu, and this may be why we don't see others like Kamaji.

He is the last of his kind.

The Susuwatari or Soot Sprites that appear in both Spirited Away and My Neighbor Totoro are again original creations by Miyazaki.

In some ways they are yokai-like, but they are unique enough that I won't compare them to any specific yokai.

In Japanese, the radish spirit is called Oshira-sama.

This is a real Shinto deity and patron of silk production.

However, the common representation of Oshirasama in Shinto are bamboo sticks adorned in cloth, rather than a giant, fat radish creature.

The latter depiction was definitely a creative choice by Miyazaki, perhaps inspired by some of the bigger radishes he's encountered.

Misogi is the ritual practice in Shinto of purification through bathing, and this concept also applies to the gods of the Shinto religion.

In the Japanese creation myth, after Izanagi escapes the underworld and his sister, he bathes in a river to purify himself.

The kami we see here likely come to the Aburaya Onsen for a similar need of purification.

Ui-de-na.

Chihiro finally meets Yubaba, the owner of the Aburaya Onsen and the only real villain in the story.

Her name literally translates as Old Hot Water Woman or Hot Water Witch.

The closest parallel to Yubaba in Japanese folklore is Yamauba or Onibaba, a mountain witch thought to use magic and trickery to trap

and eat her victims although in some cases Yamauba is thought of as a more benevolent guardian of the mountains.

Interestingly, Baba is also a word meaning old woman or midwife in Old Russian.

It's possible Miyazaki took some influence for Yubaba from the forest witch of Slavic folklore, Baba Yaga.

In fact, Baba Yaga was a character in Miyazaki's 2010 short film, Mr. Doe and the Egg Princess, so he's obviously familiar with this witch from Slavic folklore.

In her bird form, Yubaba resembles another creature from Slavic folklore, the Gamayun, or possibly a harpy from Greek mythology.

Yubaba's three pet heads are called Kashira, which literally means head.

These are very similar to yokai of Japanese folklore called Tsurubi Otoshi.

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These yokai resemble giant disembodied heads and are known to attack humans by dropping from a tree then eating their prey.

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Due to their smaller size, Kashira might be more influenced by the Buddhist talismans called Daruma dolls.

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Before Chihiro is employed at the onsen, Yubaba steals several characters from her name, but leaves one character which means Sen, or 1000 in English.

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This new name is likely a metaphor for what Chihiro is to Yubaba, a number rather than an individual and a source of money.

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However, the kanji for Chihiro can be interpreted as meaning 1000 questions.

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So in that sense, the number stayed the same, but Yubaba removed Chihiro's ability to question.

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Words and names possess mystical power in the folklore of a number of different cultures, but in Japanese folklore this belief is referred to as Kotodama.

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Kotodama is an important component of Shinto.

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For example, in the creation of paper talismans called Omamori.

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These protective charms are inscribed with the name of a kami and a Shinto shrine, and are therefore imbued with the power of that kami.

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Yubaba uses this concept somewhat in reverse.

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She steals Chihiro's name and thus gains power over her.

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We find out later that she has done the same to Haku, and when Chihiro recalls Haku's true name, he is freed.

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I should also note that Spirited Away's use of names is similar to their use in the novels of Ursula K.

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Le Guin, and these were later adapted by Ghibli for Tales of Earthsea.

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We find out later this stink spirit is not who he appears to be.

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However, in this form, he resembles a yokai known as Dorotabo.

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This yokai resembles a man made of mud, and it emerges from muddy rice fields at night.

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The stink spirit stink may have also been influenced by Nupepo, a yokai that resembles a grotesque blob of flesh.

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This yokai can be recognized at a distance by his putrid smell.

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Of course, this is not actually a stink spirit, he is in fact a river spirit who assumed this form after his river was polluted.

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Once Chihiro frees the spirit of this pollution, we see his true form.

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First his face, which resembles another mask from No Theater, and specifically an Okina mask which depicts a wise old man.

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As you can see, the river spirit's lower jaw is tied to his upper jaw with string, much like No Masks of this type.

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The river spirit then flies away from the onsen in the form of an Asian-style dragon.

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In Japanese mythology as well as East Asian generally, dragons are thought to symbolize and exert control over water in its various forms in nature.

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For example, the sea, storms, and rain.

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This perhaps explains why it is raining when the spirit arrives at the onsen and why the rain stops after he leaves.

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In Japanese mythology specifically, Mizuchi are dragon or serpent-like creatures thought of as water deities and sometimes river deities.

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In fact, one famous legend places the Mizuchi in what is today the Takahashi River in Okoyama Prefecture.

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Later in the film, it is revealed that Haku is also a river spirit, and thus he also takes the form of a dragon.

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No-Face possesses several characteristics that are unlike any creature I can find in Japanese folklore.

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He seems to absorb and mimic the environment he's in, for example, becoming greedy and gluttonous in the bathhouse, then more polite and well-behaved in Zeniba's house.

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While in the form of a gluttonous monster, No-face somewhat resembles creatures in Japanese and general Asian folklore called hungry ghosts.

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Gaki, as they are called in Japanese folklore, are thought to be spirits created by those who were greedy in life.

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They are usually depicted as emaciated creatures with bloated bellies, and are thought to possess an eternal hunger.

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In some depictions, They will consume anything they can get their hands on yet are never able to satiate their hunger

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No-face doesn't physically resemble a Gaki, but they may have influenced his insatiable hunger

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These little paper thingies used by Yubaba's sister Zeniba to attack Haku are called Shikigami.

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In Japanese folklore Shikigami are spirits conjured through the art of Onmyodo to serve their master They may possess various forms,

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but are often invisible unless bound to folded paper dolls like those that attack Haku.

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Zeniba's lamp also appears to be a shikigami, but one that has taken a different form.

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In this scene, Chihiro meets Yubaba's massive baby, Bo, whose name means boy.

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Bo is a not-quite-so-subtle reference to the legendary folk hero, Kintaro, the Golden Boy.

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In this tale, Kintaro is left in the wild as a baby and raised by the mountain witch Yamauba,

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who I previously mentioned as a possible inspiration for Yubaba.

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Kintaro grows into a beefy young toddler who possesses superhuman strength, great courage, and the convenient ability to communicate with animals.

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Like Kintaro, Bo also possesses great strength as well as size much exceeding most depictions of Kintaro.

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Another clue is Bo's bib, which is inscribed with the character for his name.

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This is very similar to the bib that Kintaro wears in many depictions, inscribed with the character for gold.

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Bo is not very brave at first, but after his transformation and journey with Chihiro, he begins to resemble Kintaro in that regard as well.

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Those are all the references to mythology, folklore, and other kinds of culture that I found most interesting and spirited away.

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As I said earlier, much of this was my interpretation, not what Miyazaki has stated, so keep that in mind.

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If I missed an interesting reference to mythology or folklore that you noticed, please let me know what it is in the comments below, and please point out any mistakes that you noticed.

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Also, let me know what movie or show I should review next.

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In many ways, Spirited Away was the film that sparked my very weeby obsession with Japanese mythology.

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Well, actually Princess Mononoke first, then Spirited Away.

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Regardless, this video was a lot of fun for me to make, and I hope it enriches your enjoyment of this anime masterpiece.

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If you enjoyed the video, please give it a like, subscribe to the channel if you haven't already, check out these other videos that delve into the mythology behind movies or TV,

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and thanks for watching, until next time.

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Лексика и советы по произношению к этому уроку

В этом видео 159 предложений и 2716 слов для шедоуинга. Речь длится 17:17. Говорящий говорит в естественном темпе, около 157 слов в минуту, близком к повседневной речи. Только 71% слов входят в 3000 самых частых слов английского языка, поэтому лексика сложная.

Ключевая лексика этого видео

15 менее частых слов из видео с произношением и значением:

resemble /ɹɪˈzɛmbəl/ (глагол) — походи́ть, напомина́ть. To be like or similar to (something); to represent as similar.
mythology /mɪˈθɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/ (существительное) — мифоло́гия, ми́фы. The collection of myths of a people, concerning the origin of the people, history, deities, ancestors and heroes.
mask /mæsk/ (существительное) — ма́ска, личи́на. A cover, or partial cover, for the face, used for disguise or protection.
possess /pəˈzɛs/ (глагол) — облада́ть, владе́ть. To have (something) as, or as if as, an owner; to have, to own.
shrine /ʃɹaɪ̯n/ (существительное) — ра́ка, святы́ня. A holy or sacred place dedicated to a specific deity, ancestor, hero, martyr, saint, or similar figure of awe and respect, at which said figure is venerated or…
dragon /ˈdɹæɡən/ (существительное) — драко́н, змей. In European mythologies, a gigantic beast, typically reptilian with leathery bat-like wings, lion-like claws, scaly skin and a lizard-like body, often a…
gate /ˈɡeɪ̯t/ (существительное) — воро́та, врата́. A doorlike structure outside a house.
visible /ˈvɪzɪb(ə)l/ (прилагательное) — ви́димый. Able to be seen.
spell /spɛl/ (существительное) — заклина́ние, за́говор. Words or a formula supposed to have magical powers.
hunger /ˈhʌŋɡɚ/ (существительное) — го́лод. A need or compelling desire for food.
myth /mɪθ/ (существительное) — мифоло́гия. A traditional story which embodies a belief regarding some fact or phenomenon of experience, and in which often the forces of nature and of the soul are…
hint /hɪnt/ (существительное) — подска́зка, наво́дка. A clue.
belief /bɪˈliːf/ (существительное) — ве́ра, дове́рие. Mental acceptance of a claim as true.
legend /ˈlɛd͡ʒ.ənd/ (существительное) — леге́нда, пове́рье. The life story of a saint (such stories are often embellished, but any kind is called a legend).
ghost /ɡoʊst/ (существительное) — привиде́ние, при́зрак. A disembodied soul; a soul or spirit of a deceased person; a spirit appearing after death.

Фразовые глаголы, которые вы услышите

find out (глагол) — узнава́ть, узна́ть. To discover, as by asking or investigating.
check out (глагол) — проверя́ть, прове́рить. To record the departure or withdrawal of someone or something (such as guests, employees, books, etc.).
come in /ˌkʌm ˈɪn/ (глагол) — вступа́ть, вступи́ть. To enter.
dress up (глагол) — наряжаться. To put on special or fancy clothes.
point out (глагол) — ука́зывать, указа́ть. To identify among a group of similar subjects, or in a scene where the subject might not be readily seen or noticed, with a gesture of the body.

Произношение, на которое стоит обратить внимание

Говорящий использует 14 сокращённых и редуцированных форм, например don't, doesn't, haven't. Произносите их коротко, так, как слышите.

Звуки «th»: mythology /mɪˈθɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/, myth /mɪθ/, theater /ˈθi(ə)tɚ/, clothing /ˈkloʊðɪŋ/, bath /bɑːθ/
Звуки «sh» и «zh»: shrine /ʃɹaɪ̯n/, representation /ˌɹɛp.ɹə.zɛnˈteɪ.ʃən/, transformation /ˌtɹæns.fɔɹˈmeɪ.ʃən/, shadow /ˈʃædəʊ̯/, inspiration /ˌɪn.spɪˈɹeɪ.ʃən/
Длинные слова — следите за ударением: mythology /mɪˈθɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/, representation /ˌɹɛp.ɹə.zɛnˈteɪ.ʃən/, transformation /ˌtɹæns.fɔɹˈmeɪ.ʃən/, inspiration /ˌɪn.spɪˈɹeɪ.ʃən/, similarly /ˈsɪm.ə.lə.li/

Как заниматься с этим видео

Прослушайте всё видео один раз молча и выпишите незнакомые слова.
Начните со скорости 0,75×, повторяйте предложение за предложением и вернитесь к обычной скорости, когда станет легко.
Запишите себя и сравните с оригиналом, обращая внимание на такие слова, как resemble, mythology, mask.

Грамматика в этом видео

Конструкции, которые говорящий использует чаще всего, с точными словами из видео:

Конструкция	В видео
Пассивный залог be + причастие прошедшего времени — важно, что происходит, а не кто это делает	has been made · was inspired · being taken
Present Perfect have/has + причастие прошедшего времени — прошлое действие, важное сейчас	has been made · has given · have been
Придаточные определительные who / which + предложение — уточнение о человеке или предмете	character which means · those who were · one that has

Что такое техника Shadowing?

Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.

Техника шедоуинга: читать полное пошаговое руководство →

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