Практика Shadowing: The Freedom of Loneliness - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео

I bet you've had the following fantasy.

You've thought of leaving your whole life behind.

You would move to a cabin in the woods somewhere and be blissfully by yourself.

You would see very few people and talk to almost no one.

You would get back in touch with nature, work with your hands, do a lot of reading, and make a final divorce from the civilized world with its myriad of pressures and pains.

And Henry David Thoreau did just that.

He packed his bags, went to a remote area of Massachusetts near Walden Pond, built a cabin there, and stayed for two whole years.

During that time, he learned an awful lot about nature, himself, his fellow man, and how to live merrily in solitude.

He penned all these insights into a magnificent book entitled Walden.

And that is precisely what we will look at today.

We will learn about the double-edged sword of society, how luxury can be a bad thing, and how all of us should learn to embrace a little bit more solitude in our lives.

So, without further ado, let's get started.

1. The Trappings of Modernity The ancient Greek philosopher Epicurus used to draw a distinction between natural needs and groundless needs.

Natural needs are everything we need for survival and to secure a baseline level of happiness.

Things like food and shelter all come under this heading.

It is basically impossible to be happy and starving unless you are a committed monastic.

However, there are a great many things humans want and torture themselves to get that are not our natural needs.

We strive after wealth or power or the high of romantic infatuation.

For Thoreau, living in the wilderness for so long, made him acutely aware of just how little he needed to be happy.

He reflects on how possessions end up owning us just as much as we own them.

Thoreau noticed that the people around him would buy up large estates

and then inherit the vast task of maintaining that estate for the rest of their lives.

They would constantly buy more and add to their workload for no extra joy, simply in the pursuit of more.

Thoreau himself had been tied up in this rat race, having previously attempted to make it in the city as a journalist.

But safely tucked away in his cabin, Thoreau realise just how pointless this struggle was.

For those two years, whereas the people around him became slaves to their luxuries, Thoreau decided to do the exact opposite.

He deliberately fills his cabin with only the sparsest of furnishings.

He eschews anything fine or fancy and instead subscribes to what he calls a Spartan lifestyle.

In this way, he attempts to rid himself of a very human delusion.

When we are accustomed to luxury, we can often fool ourselves into thinking that our happiness depends on this luxury.

I had this a few years ago, when I went from having virtually no pain in my life to being in pain most of the day, on most days.

This illness was a big shift, and for the first few months I was convinced that I would never be happy again.

But slowly, bit by bit, I began to acclimatise.

And now I find I can be happy, despite the pain.

Thoreau, like Epicurus before him, wants to remind us of just how little we need.

With shelter, some food, and some warm clothes, Thoreau manages to find more peace and contentment than he ever found amongst luxury.

The Roman Stoic philosopher Seneca used to recommend

that we take the opportunity once in a while to live on next to nothing.

We should sleep on the bare floor, eat only simple foods and stay away from those we hold dear.

This is so we can return to our lives

and our loved ones deeply grateful for everything that they add to our existence.

And also so we can remind ourselves that no matter how much we may love these things, we do not need them to be happy and content.

At least that was Seneca's theory.

And just as living simply accustomed Thoreau to a life without luxury, it also allowed him to appreciate luxuries when they did come.

And that is just what we shall move on to next.

If you want more on philosophy and the art of learning, subscribe to my email list.

The link is in the description.

Two, radical gratitude.

One of the Buddha's most extreme teachings was that of total gratitude.

And the means of achieving this gratitude was through the intimate knowledge that things could always be so much worse.

If people did not like you, it could be worse.

They could be actively attacking you.

If people are attacking you, it still could be worse.

They could be killing you.

Through this bit of philosophical magic, the Buddha used to transform awful situations into pleasant ones through a mere shift in perspective.

But an essential part of how these monks could achieve this radical level of gratitude was through their ascetic lifestyle.

They were celibate, ate only moderately, and largely lived on the generosity and arms of other people.

Their whole lifestyle was minimalistic, and that made it very easy to be grateful for when they had a little bit more food than usual, or the weather was especially pleasant,

and we see this emerging on a smaller scale in Thoreau's time living in his humble and isolated manner.

Over the course of the short book, he expresses gratitude for a sunny day, the hooting of the owls, and the pleasant afternoon in the company of a woodsman.

He devotes an entire chapter to the beauty of Walden Pond.

He says how much he loves the night air spent in nature, how much he appreciates the few guests that he does receive in his cabin.

He even says how grateful he is for the idle gossip in the nearby village.

But only ever in small doses, of course.

The bar for his happiness has become dramatically lower, and as a result far more things strike him as so wonderful that he just cannot help but be grateful for them.

And it's no wonder that it took such extreme measures for him to reintroduce gratitude into his life.

Both Nietzsche and Schopenhauer agree that gratitude is a very difficult emotion for humans to feel.

This is because we're just not naturally inclined to think that everything is okay, that we can just be content with how things are.

If that were the case, human achievement would probably not have got nearly as far as it has done.

A man running out of fear will push himself that much harder than someone running for fun.

Without our natural striving instinct, the species probably wouldn't have survived.

But with all the benefits of civilization, this innate tendency to strive for more can venture beyond food,

shelter, and companionship, and into acquiring wealth, status, and public acclaim.

But according to a great many philosophers, including the Stoics, if we ignore gratitude in our lives, we are setting ourselves up for a miserable existence.

If we stop treating all of the lovely things we have in life as bonuses and instead we see them as requirements, then we become attached.

And once we're attached, we fool ourselves into thinking that we need these things.

We fight so hard to keep them, even when they're just making us more miserable.

Gratitude is the greatest soldier we have in this battle against our own despair.

We are programmed to have a voice screaming in our heads at every hour of the day, asking how this situation can be better, how it can be improved, in what way are we not measuring up.

Gratitude is the little voice that tells us just how much worse everything could be

and reminds us to be grateful for everything we have now.

After all, it could be snatched away at any moment.

And one of the greatest ways to cultivate this gratitude is to deprive ourselves of the things

that we think we cannot live without.

This is just what Thoreau does.

He lives in isolation and learns to appreciate people more.

He lives without fine food and so loves it when somebody is kind enough to make him a nice meal.

Everything in life is treated as a bonus, so it strikes him as even more pleasant than it was before.

We can all learn a lot from this radical attitude to life.

It will make flavours fuller, lights brighter and make every day seem that bit more like a gift, rather than an inescapable curse.

But with all that solitude and all that humility, what does Thoreau do to find meaning in his life?

That is precisely our next subject.

Three, a connection with work.

Throughout history, a number of thinkers, included but not limited to socialist ones like Karl Marx, have talked about the alienating effect of modern labour.

This is an immensely complex subject and I can't go into detail about it now, but in part it encompasses the psychological effect of being so far separated from the results of your work.

It may be the case that a factory assembly line is far more efficient at making a watch than an individual artisan, but that also means that no one person can sit back,

feel proud and say, I made this watch.

This is just one of the things that can make modern work so deeply unpleasant.

And Thoreau found out firsthand what it was like to be free from this alienation

100

when he was the sole person working on his small patch of land.

101

He describes in vivid detail just how fulfilling he found the process of planting seeds, taking care of them, and waiting for them to grow.

102

He used to spend hours enraptured by the plants, and the best part was that he was the sole beneficiary of his work.

103

He got to, quite literally, reap the rewards of whatever he did.

104

He got to eat everything he grew in his garden, and sell anything he didn't want without having to consult anyone else about it.

105

He felt almost entirely self-sufficient, and this granted him a self-satisfaction difficult to attain through other means.

106

And he did not even mind when it was hard to maintain his miniature bit of farmland.

107

He talks of feeling almost like a parent to his vegetable patch.

108

He would go out and defend his children from the weeds and the pests of the world every morning, carving them out a safe haven from the rest of reality, and knowing that he'd have to do it all again the next day.

109

He felt a care and connection with these simple plants, and it was all because he was putting in meaningful, difficult effort into maintaining and looking out for them.

110

Albert Camus famously said that we should imagine Sisyphus happy.

111

By this, he at least partly meant that we should find value in the process of living and struggling, as opposed to placing our meaning in the hands of a higher power.

112

I think Thoreau, rather unwittingly, demonstrates this principle rather well.

113

By his own admission, there is no higher reason for him to be in the wilderness tending to these vegetables.

114

He could buy vegetables from professional farmers instead, and could return to his life in the city at any moment.

115

But the struggle itself makes the process of acquiring food meaningful.

116

The point for Thoreau is in the pushing, and I think this lesson is particularly applicable to many of us today, myself very much included.

117

Many of us are fortunate enough to live in countries where food is plentiful, law is maintained, and we have the potential to drift into an unfulfilling form of comfort.

118

It is perfectly possible for a lot of us to get by doing the bare minimum

119

and numb ourselves with drink and mindless stimulation until it is time to go to work again.

120

But Thoreau reminds us that a lack of struggle in our lives can make them just as meaningless as too much struggle.

121

If we feel like we cannot make a difference in our lives

122

because we have no power to get out of a difficult situation, that will make us feel helpless.

123

But if we fail to use even a tiny fraction of the power that we actually have, we will also feel helpless, even if we can actually change our situation.

124

Sometimes the answer to meaninglessness is not to wait until things are easier, but to plunge in when things seem hardest.

125

Thoreau made his life much, much harder, and yet he found his sense of meaning only improved as a result.

126

It is a very counterintuitive bit of wisdom, but I think we can take a lot from it.

127

But what about the particular benefits of solitude, of being isolated from other people.

128

That is our next point.

129

4. The value of solitude.

130

Friedrich Nietzsche used to say that too much time in society would alienate us from ourselves.

131

And this makes a lot of sense.

132

In the company of others, we are sat at a constant negotiating table.

133

We can either be totally ourselves and slightly alienate people through our unique brand of strangeness, or we can give up fundamental parts of ourselves to dwell peacefully in the company of others.

134

It's certainly true that too much time spent socialising will eventually tire us out

135

and we'll get too much in the habit of hiding parts of ourselves for fear that others will reject us.

136

This is only natural.

137

We are social animals and we want to fit in.

138

But Thoreau points out that we must balance this instinctive social drive with one for solitude

139

and individuality so that we don't lose ourselves in the process.

140

Thoreau surprisingly found that he did not get lonely during his time at Walden.

141

He enjoyed that he could walk into the local village

142

and see people but also that he could spend days or weeks at a time without seeing anyone.

143

This isolation was by design.

144

It allowed him time to think, to introspect, to read and to write.

145

Eventually, he says that the authors he was reading became his company

146

and that his modest room was transformed into a meeting of great international minds.

147

From Hindu philosophy to ancient Roman wisdom, the cleverest people in history came to mingle in his humble log cabin.

148

And the sheer volume of subjects he covers in his book shows just how much time he could spend thinking

149

and considering aspects of life.

150

He writes on economic organization, nature, the effects of good company, the consolations of solitude, the fulfilling results of work and the importance of a wise philosophy.

151

He has put tens of hours of his self-imposed exile considering each one of these topics, and the result is a deep understanding of how he approaches the world.

152

Thoreau describes the contours of his mind like it is a great kingdom for him to explore and rule over.

153

Compared to this domain, all of the empires in history feel like tin-pot dictatorships to him.

154

He spends hours getting to know this internal estate in great detail, and he recommends that we spend some time doing the same.

155

This is no easy task, because introspection is frankly terrifying.

156

We might find out that what we thought would make us happy in fact does nothing.

157

We might discover that our partner of many years is not the right person for us.

158

We might find that we have to reorganise our entire life around these new internal findings.

159

Nonetheless, Thoreau says we must persist in our investigations.

160

After all, if we are miserable but don't know it, that won't stop it from affecting our lives, but it will stop us from doing anything about it.

161

It will doom us to a life of unconscious despair, where we wander around the world deeply unsatisfied with no idea why this is.

162

All of the great thinkers and geniuses in history will be useless to us

163

if we don't know the inner workings of our own mind.

164

We will be like an excited dog chasing philosophies hoping for a quick fix to our problems, while at the same time being ignorant of the source of the issue.

165

And so we will be unable to identify which approach will actually deliver us from the pit of suffering.

166

But there is one final question.

167

What are the main lessons we can take from this?

168

And it turns out there is a great consolation for us all.

169

5. What next?

170

It is very common for philosophers to teach the values of solitude and advise us to choose humble living.

171

But few actually follow through.

172

The Roman Stoic Seneca taught of a simple life free from luxury.

173

But he himself lived in a vast house, had ample power and significant wealth as he was a close advisor to the imperial court.

174

So it is gratifying for us all to read someone like Thoreau, who practiced what he preached, and spent two years in the wilderness so he can tell us what it's actually like to undertake such a challenge.

175

The first lesson I see is a brilliantly uplifting one.

176

Humans actually need very little to be happy.

177

Thoreau is comfortable and content by himself, with a few books, some meaningful work, and a simple wall cabin to keep him safe from the cold.

178

So many of our other needs are brought on by comparisons with others, or by trying to live up to some false expectation of what we need to be doing.

179

Thoreau gives us a model of how we could be content

180

if we let go of these luxurious desires and lived as simply and as minimalistically as possible.

181

We might not always have the power to gain more, but we often have the power to want less.

182

And Thoreau is an excellent example of this lesson in practice.

183

Secondly, he demonstrates how our instincts for comfort can work against us.

184

The convenient and comfortable life is a lot easier than one full of struggle and strife and suffering and striving.

185

But that does not mean that it's more meaningful.

186

It is just that we will deal with the problem of meaninglessness rather than the problem of suffering.

187

We can take some comfort in this though.

188

It shows how problems in life are not optional.

189

It is just a matter of picking our poison.

190

Thoreau's life in the wilderness was difficult and peaceful, whereas a life in the city might have been more comfortable, but much more chaotic.

191

Both situations have their pros, but more importantly, they both have their cons.

192

Schopenhauer would truly be proud.

193

And lastly, Thoreau's book gives us a much-needed piece of consolation when we are feeling lonely or unloved.

194

When we are isolated, it can quickly feel like we are in a unique form of hell, that it is pointless attempting to be content in this situation.

195

But Thoreau's book is a wonderful exposition of all the benefits of being alone.

196

For him, the difference between painful isolation and pleasant solitude is just a matter of perspective.

197

If Thoreau can be happy with only the sparsest interactions with people, not seeking their approval and living life how he sees fit, perhaps we can do this as well.

198

Thoreau's book serves as a great balm for one of our deepest and most painful fears, the fear of abandonment.

199

As always, I encourage you to pick up Thoreau's book for yourself, as there's lots in it that I've been unable to discuss here. And

200

if you want a detailed philosophical look at the dangers of society then check out this video on Franz Kafka's The Trial.

201

And stick around for more on thinking to improve your life.

Что такое техника Shadowing?

Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.

Практика Shadowing: The Freedom of Loneliness - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео

Об этой уроке

Ключевой словарь и фразы

Советы по практике

Что такое техника Shadowing?