ฝึกพูดภาษาอังกฤษด้วยเทคนิค Shadowing จากวิดีโอ: Contract Law 1 Intro Hamer v Sidway (just say no)
เลือกโหมดฝึก
แต่ละโหมดจะเปิดห้องฝึกแบบเต็มจอ
119 ประโยค
หากประโยคสั้นหรือยาวเกินไป กดที่ Edit เพื่อปรับแก้
1
Thank you.
2
Today we're going to learn about the concept of consideration by exploring the classic chestnut of a case,
3
Hamer vs. Sidway, which was decided by the New York Court of Appeals in 1891.
4
The facts of this family dispute are memorable.
5
William E.
6
Story Sr., promised to pay his nephew, William E.
7
Story II, $5 ,000 if the latter would refrain from drinking,
8
using tobacco, swearing, and playing cards or billiards for money until he became 21 years of age.
9
The nephew agreed and performed his promise.
10
On his 21st birthday, the nephew requested the $5 ,000 and the uncle told him that he'd have the money certain
11
but that it would be held from him until the uncle thought the nephew was capable of taking care of it.
12
After the uncle's death, this suit was brought by the plaintiff and the present appellant, Louisa Hamer.
13
She was the assignee of the nephew after several mean assignments.
14
It looks like it's spelled "mesne" but it means, it's pronounced mean and it means intermediate assignments.
15
That's where the nephew would assign his interest in bringing this case to somebody else who ultimately assigned it to Louisa Hamer.
16
The other party, Franklin Sidway, was the executor of the uncle's estate and who was claiming that the estate didn't have to pay the $5 ,000.
17
The central issue in the case is this: is forbearance from arguably harmful activity like drinking sufficient consideration to support A contract.
18
Um, Sidway, representing the uncle's estate, argued that the uncle's promise to pay wasn't enforceable,
19
because the agreement lacked the necessary consideration.
20
We need to understand the concept of consideration because consideration is a traditional prerequisite to enforcing a contractual promise.
21
Section 17 of the second restatement of contracts provides: "The formation of a contract requires a bargain in
22
which there is a manifestation of mutual assent to the exchange, and a consideration.
23
By the way, was there a manifestation of mutual assent in Hammer?
24
You bet.
25
The uncle made an offer and the case says the nephew assented.
26
From that moment on, both parties were bound to a contract.
27
That is, if there is sufficient consideration.
28
Once the contractual bell rings,
29
The nephew would have breached a contract created by the exchange of promises if he drank at any point after promising.
30
So, in Hamer versus Sidway, And it's included.
31
in most contract casebook because it helps teach us what counts as consideration.
32
So to begin, it's helpful to think of consideration as what's given in return for someone else's promise.
33
It is the quid given for the quo in the phrase quid pro quo.
34
So Sidway argued that in return for the uncle's promise,
35
the nephew hadn't given up enough because the nephew had only promised to forbear from doing things that would have harmed him.
36
The court rejected Sidway's argument and found there was a sufficient consideration,
37
quote, A valuable consideration in the sense of the law may consist either in some right interest -profit
38
or benefit accruing to the one party, or some forbearance, loss, or responsibility given,
39
suffered, or undertaken by the other.
40
I under Hamer versus Sidway, a return promise to be a sufficient consideration doesn't have to be an actual detriment,
41
It is enough for it to be a legal detriment to the promisee.
42
A legal detriment means promising to do anything that you didn't have to do,
43
or promising to forbear from doing anything that you might have legally done.
44
The case is interesting because the Uncle didn't receive any obvious benefit.
45
And one might plausibly argue The nephew did not suffer an actual detriment from the performance of his promise.
46
- Thank you.
47
Thus, the court's conclusion that a legal detriment for purposes of consideration can be very different
48
from the common sense meaning of what an actual detriment is.
49
The Hammer decision is a classic statement of the benefit -detriment conception of consideration.
50
Under this definition, either an actual benefit to the promisor,
51
or a legal detriment, to the promisee, is a sufficient consideration.
52
Because it's hard to factually establish whether the promisor, here the uncle, actually benefited from his nephew's abstinence,
53
The benefit -detriment conception of consideration almost always looks to whether there was a legal detriment.
54
One way of establishing a promiser's benefit would be to rely on the economic concept of revealed preference.
55
The uncle, must have benefited from the nephew's abstinence, or the uncle wouldn't have been willing to pay for it.
56
But the revealed preference argument proves too much.
57
The consideration requirement is meant to preclude legal enforcement of gratuitous promises,
58
promises for which there is no return promise.
59
But anyone who promises to give $1 ,000 gratuitously to another reveals a preference for that state of the world,
60
The gratuitous promise doesn't reveal that the promiser gained anything from the promiser's return promise when there isn't one.
61
The problem with the legal detriment conception of consideration is that savvy contractors,
62
could manipulate the return promise to qualify as a legal detriment.
63
For example, Jane offers to pay Joe $10 ,000 if Joe promises to inhale sometimes in the next 60 seconds.
64
Joe readily agrees and then loudly inhales.
65
Jane then refuses to pay, and when Joe sues for breach of contract,
66
Jane has the audacity to argue that there was no consideration for her promise to pay $10 ,000.
67
The question here is under the benefit -detriment conception of consideration, should Jane win?
68
And the answer to this quiz is no. Joe had a legal right to hold his breath for a minute,
69
His promise to forbear from holding his breath is a legal detriment.
70
creating consideration for Jane's promise to pay $10 ,000.
71
Even though courts were
72
wanted to avoid having to assess the messy factual question of whether the promiser actually benefits from the promisee's return promise,
73
the Joe and Jane hypothetical show why the promise or benefit question is hard to avoid if we want to stop
74
uh.. hold your breath types of shenanigans.
75
The common law responded to this problem in cases decided after Hamer versus Sidway
76
by replacing the early conception of consideration as either a benefit to the promisor or a detriment to the promisee,
77
with what is known as the "bargained for" conception of consideration.
78
"Bargain for or inducement conception of consideration can be seen in section 71 of the Restatement Second of Contracts.
79
- Thank you.
80
to constitute consideration A performance or return promise must be bargained for.
81
And then section two tells us that a performance or return promise is bargained for if it is sought
82
by the promisor in exchange for his promise and is given by the promisee in exchange for that promise.
83
In contrast to the benefit -detriment conception of consideration, which focuses on the welfare of the parties,
84
the bargain -for conception focuses on the parties' reasons for entering into the transaction.
85
Although the benefit detriment framework still exerts considerable influence in England and commonwealth countries,
86
the bargain for theory has largely won the day in the United States.
87
That said, because contract law is a product of judicial decisions, it has many authors and old rules die hard.
88
Although the bargain for theory is the dominant approach to consideration, the benefit and detriment tests still figure into many courts holdings.
89
Thank you.
90
Section 79 of the second restatement states: that if the requirement of consideration is met,
91
there's no additional requirement of a gain, advantage, or benefit to the promisor, or of a loss, disadvantage, or detriment to the promisee.
92
Comment B to the same section observes
93
that some courts say a legal detriment is sufficient even though there is no economic detriment or other actual loss,
94
but suggests that it's more realistic to say simply that there's no requirement of detriment anymore.
95
Another way of looking at the Hamer v.
96
Sidway case is that the court isn't really looking for a benefit or legal detriment, but simply for a bargain for exchange.
97
The uncle has offered to pay $5 ,000 in exchange for the nephew's clean living.
98
Isn't it fairly clear that the return promise was sought by the promisor in exchange for this return promise.
99
After all, we don't think the uncle,
100
would have been willing to make his promise to pay unless the nephew had made his promise in return.
101
Thus the facts of the case, if not the court's actual language,
102
provide support for the second restatements bargained for rule that neither a benefit nor an actual detriment is essential.
103
Finally, a close reading of the case reveals that the uncle in Hamer v.
104
Sidway made two separate promises, one on March 20th at a wedding anniversary,
105
and the second one in a letter of February 6, 1875.
106
The court's analysis of the case focuses entirely on whether the first promise was supported by consideration,
107
but the suit is more,
108
I think, accurately premised on the second promise The nephew's consideration for The uncle's second promise was different.
109
promise not to drink or smoke was the consideration for the first promise, And even if there was no consideration for that first promise,
110
the second promise might well be supported by consideration.
111
For the second promise, the nephew gave up a plausible
112
lawsuit for breach of the first promise in exchange for the uncle's promise to pay $5 ,000 plus interest.
113
Giving up the right to sue was arguably a settlement of a claim and separately enforceable.
114
So, what have we learned?
115
Consideration is a requirement for a contractual promise to be enforced.
116
under Hammer, consideration could be either a promise or benefit, or more likely, a legal detriment to the promisee.
117
And finally, because of the problems with the legal detriment test being manipulated,
118
modern courts tend now to require that the promisor's return promise was bargained for.
119
that the return promise actually induced the promisor to make his or her promise.
ดาวน์โหลดแอป
ทุกอย่างที่ต้องใช้เพื่อพูดได้คล่อง
AI ให้คะแนนการออกเสียงให้คะแนนทุกประโยค
ฝึก IPAเชี่ยวชาญทุกเสียง
คำศัพท์สร้างคลังคำของคุณ
เกมคำศัพท์เล่นไปเรียนไป
ช่องเดียวกัน
C11
The Renovations of Notre-Dame | The Age of Cathedrals with R. Howard Bloch
University StudentsWorking Adults
C11
1. Introduction: What is Political Philosophy?
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C23
1. Introduction
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C15
2. Foundations: This Is Your Brain
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C16
2. Socratic Citizenship: Plato's Apology
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepCambridge Exam Prep
FOR YOU
วิดีโอแนะนำ
C16
114 ประโยค
Introduction to Contract Law
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C290
21 ประโยค
Hamlet (6/11) Movie CLIP - To Be or Not To Be (2000) HD
Cambridge Exam PrepUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C14
108 ประโยค
The Problem Elizabeth and Darcy Never Escaped | the One Family Obligation That Never Went Away
Cambridge Exam PrepUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C12
165 ประโยค
British Accent Shadowing | The Mayor of Casterbridge by Thomas Hardy | Reading Aloud (B2-C1)
British AccentCambridge Exam PrepBusiness EnglishUniversity Students
C126
13 ประโยค
22 June 2026
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepCambridge Exam Prep
C123
95 ประโยค
Walter Demands To Be Respected | Say My Name | Breaking Bad
American AccentBusiness EnglishDaily ConversationUniversity Students
C18
39 ประโยค
Why We Should Refuse to Get Into Arguments
British AccentBusiness EnglishDaily ConversationUniversity Students
C13
82 ประโยค
😮12 MUST-KNOW irregular verbs for lawyers
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
207 ประโยค
Criminal case very enthusiastic Argument by senior Advocate
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C12
123 ประโยค
First Amendment | Constitution 101
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B24
122 ประโยค
Study motivation from Elle Woods | Legally Blonde
Business EnglishInterview EnglishHigh School Students
C16
224 ประโยค
Justice: What's The Right Thing To Do? Episode 01 "THE MORAL SIDE OF MURDER"
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepCambridge Exam Prep
บริบท&พื้นฐาน
ในวิดีโอนี้ ผู้บรรยายจะพาเราไปทำความเข้าใจเกี่ยวกับแนวคิดเรื่องการพิจารณา โดยการสำรวจคดีที่รู้จักกันดีซึ่งคือ Hamer vs. Sidway ที่ตัดสินโดยศาลอุทธรณ์นิวยอร์กในปี 1891 คดีนี้เกี่ยวข้องกับข้อพิพาทภายในครอบครัวเกี่ยวกับสัญญาระหว่างลุงและหลาน ซึ่งจำเป็นต้องเรียนรู้เพื่อให้เข้าใจว่าการพิจารณาคืออะไรและทำไมถึงจำเป็นต่อการบังคับใช้สัญญา
5 วลีที่สำคัญสำหรับการสื่อสารประจำวัน
- “Thank you.” - ขอบคุณ
- “I promise.” - ฉันสัญญา
- “What do you think?” - คุณคิดว่าอย่างไร?
- “Let's agree.” - มาตกลงกันเถอะ
- “It’s a contract.” - นี่คือสัญญา
การเรียนรู้วลีเหล่านี้สามารถช่วยให้คุณ ฝึกพูดภาษาอังกฤษ ได้ดีขึ้น และสามารถนำไปใช้ในสถานการณ์ประจำวันได้
คู่มือการฝึกพูดทีละขั้นตอน
เพื่อช่วยให้คุณเข้าใจวิดีโอนี้และปรับปรุงการออกเสียงภาษาอังกฤษ คุณสามารถใช้วิธีการ shadow speak หรือ shadow speech โดยทำตามขั้นตอนดังนี้:
- ฟังและอ่านข้อความ: เริ่มฟังวิดีโอพร้อมกับอ่านทรานสคริปต์ไปด้วย เพื่อให้คุณคุ้นเคยกับสำเนียงและการออกเสียง
- หยุดและทำซ้ำ: หยุดวิดีโอเป็นระยะและลองพูดตามผู้บรรยาย เพื่อฝึกการออกเสียง
- ฝึกแยกเสียง: แยกเสียงแต่ละคำที่อาจจะยาก ใช้การฟังซ้ำเพื่อให้เสียงชัดเจนขึ้น
- พูดซ้ำหลายครั้ง: พยายามพูดซ้ำวลีหรือประโยคที่คุณได้ฟังอย่างน้อย 3-5 ครั้ง เพื่อปรับปรุงความถูกต้องในการออกเสียง
- ลงมือปฏิบัติ: นำวลีเหล่านี้ไปใช้ในบทสนทนาประจำวันของคุณ เพื่อเสริมสร้างความมั่นใจในทักษะการสนทนา
การใช้เทคนิคเหล่านี้จะช่วยให้คุณ ปรับปรุงการออกเสียงภาษาอังกฤษ และเพิ่มความคล่องแคล่วในการสนทนา ทำให้การเรียนภาษาอังกฤษจากยูทูปเป็นเรื่องง่ายและสนุกยิ่งขึ้น!
ไวยากรณ์ในวิดีโอนี้
โครงสร้างที่ผู้พูดใช้บ่อยที่สุด พร้อมคำพูดจริงจากวิดีโอ:
| โครงสร้าง | ในวิดีโอ |
|---|---|
| Passive voice be + กริยาช่อง 3 — เน้นสิ่งที่เกิดขึ้น ไม่ใช่ผู้กระทำ | was decided · would be held · was brought |
| Present perfect have/has + กริยาช่อง 3 — เหตุการณ์ในอดีตที่ยังเกี่ยวข้องกับปัจจุบัน | has largely won · has offered · have we learned |
| Relative clauses who / which + อนุประโยค — ข้อมูลเพิ่มเติมเกี่ยวกับคนหรือสิ่งของ | Sidway, which was · anyone who promises |
เทคนิค Shadowing คืออะไร?
Shadowing เป็นเทคนิคการเรียนรู้ภาษาที่ได้รับการรับรองทางวิทยาศาสตร์ พัฒนาขึ้นสำหรับการฝึกนักแปลมืออาชีพ วิธีการนี้เรียบง่ายแต่ทรงพลัง: คุณฟังเสียงภาษาอังกฤษจากเจ้าของภาษาและพูดตามทันที — เหมือนเงาที่ตามผู้พูดด้วยช่วงเวลาห่าง 1-2 วินาที การวิจัยแสดงว่าเทคนิคนี้ปรับปรุงความแม่นยำในการออกเสียง ทำนองเสียง จังหวะ การเชื่อมเสียง การฟังเข้าใจ และความคล่องแคล่วในการพูดได้อย่างมีนัยสำคัญ