ฝึกพูดภาษาอังกฤษด้วยเทคนิค Shadowing จากวิดีโอ: Creepy Psychology Experiments That Actually Happened
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186 ประโยค
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Do you think we all experience emotions in the same way?
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In 1924, Connie Landis designed a sick little experiment to find out just that.
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He wanted to see if emotions triggered the same facial expressions in people.
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So he sat the participants in front of a camera and subjected them to various stimuli, looking for similarities in their reactions.
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He started off mellow, playing some jazz music and making them smell ammonia.
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But the results weren't exciting enough for Landis.
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So he raised the stakes.
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He began showing them gruesome photos of horrendous skin conditions, and even unexpectedly lit a firecracker under their chair.
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But still, Landis was looking for something more.
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They weren't extreme enough.
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And that's when things took a dark turn.
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He ordered the participants to close their eyes and dip their hand into a mysterious bucket.
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Only for them to realize it was filled with live, slimy, frogs.
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He coaxed them into rummaging all the way to the bottom until he had rigged it to deliver a painful electric shock.
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But the worst was yet to come.
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He handed the participant a live mouse in one hand
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and a razor -sharp knife in the other and calmly asked them to behead the mouse.
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If they them.
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The participants had mixed reactions.
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Some burst into tears, others were frozen in fear, and a few even started laughing.
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One was a 13 year old boy who was ruthlessly photographed distressed and on the verge of a mental breakdown.
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Embarrassingly, after all this depravity, he found that there was no typical facial expressions for any of the emotions aroused during this experiment.
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Everyone reacted differently.
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However, he was not a bad person.
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He was not a bad person.
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He was not a bad person.
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He was a bad person.
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He was a bad person.
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He was a bad person.
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He was a bad person.
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He was a bad person.
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He was a bad person.
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He was a bad person.
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He was a bad person.
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He was a bad person.
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He was a bad person.
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He was a bad person.
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He was a bad person.
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He was a bad person.
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He was a bad person.
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He was a bad person.
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He was a bad person.
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He was a bad person.
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He was a bad person.
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He was a bad person.
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He was a bad person.
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He was a bad person.
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He was a bad person.
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He was a bad person.
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He was a bad person.
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He was a bad person.
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He was a bad person.
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He was a bad person.
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He was a bad person.
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He was a bad person.
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He was a bad person.
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He was a bad person.
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He was a bad person.
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He was a bad person.
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He was a bad person.
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He was a bad person.
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He was a bad person.
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He was a bad person.
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He was However, one of the most common reactions to these unpleasant experiences was smiling.
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Although this experiment was a total failure at face value, future researchers did find something unsettling.
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Despite their protests, after being ordered to behead the mouse, two -thirds of the participants actually went through with it.
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How could a person be so easily convinced to commit such a horrible action against their moral and ethical judgments?
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That's actually a grim theme we'll see more of later on in this video.
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But first, you are probably in a creepy psychology experiment right now.
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Just like Facebook's emotion manipulation experiment in 2014,
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where they secretly manipulated the moods of almost 700 ,000 people without their consent.
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They did this by tampering with people's feeds, showing mainly, uh, negative content to one group, and mainly positive content to the other.
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in users' posts were analyzed, and the results were pretty obvious.
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The negative content group posted more negative thoughts, and the positive content group more positive thoughts.
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Basically, Facebook purposely made people depressed, without them knowing, for science.
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Imagine if someone was already dealing with mental health problems, and then this non -consensual experiment pushed them over the edge.
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Technically, this study was also completely legal as well.
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Facebook's data policy But I didn't realize I signed up for that.
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Well, they could probably write "Your life now belongs to Zuck" and we would still tick the box anyway.
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To this day Facebook still has major issues with hateful content and fear -inducing misinformation.
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And from this unethical experiment, the Zuck scientists are clearly aware of the harmful effects these posts have on their users.
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And yet they still allow negativity to spread without strict regulations.
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Negative posts garnering more engagement.
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And more engagement means more money.
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What, you think the green in his eyes is cause he's a lizard?
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Maybe even this video you're watching right now is part of YouTube's experiment.
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You've been selected for the positive content group.
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Now, since you're such a positive person, would you help someone if they collapsed next to you?
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How about if you were in a group of five people? of 30.
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In 1964 New York, Kitty Genovese was murdered in broad daylight, a couple steps away from her house.
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Newspapers reported that 37 people witnessed the attack, and yet no one bothered to help her.
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Why?
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This event coined the term "The Bystander Effect", where it was hypothesized that people were less likely to provide assistance if they were one among a crowd.
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To test this theory, the "Smokey Room Experiment" was devised.
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A participant was sat in a room alone and given a fake survey to fill, during which the room would then be pumped with harmless smoke.
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The results?
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When alone, 75 % of the participants reported the smoke.
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When three participants were together, 38 % reported it.
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And when there was one participant and two actors, only a shocking 10 % of participants reported it.
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Circling back to the Kitty Genovese case, could this explain why none of the witnesses did anything to help?
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Well, actually, not really.
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Multiple people did in fact call for help.
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But in a twist, the New York Police Department tried to cover up their slow
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response time to the scene by giving the media a fake news story, blaming the bystanders for the incident instead.
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But there is still some element of truth for the bystander effect, which has been proven over multiple other studies as well.
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People seem to be more concerned with fitting in instead of their own safety or the safety of others.
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So, the next time you're in trouble in a public place...
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Help me.
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Please.
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Good luck.
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Speaking of murder, if I asked you to kill someone, would you do it?
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How about now?
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Well, that's kind of like an experiment that was conducted at Yale University by Stanley Milgram in 1961.
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He'd always wondered how people could commit such atrocities during the Holocaust.
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Did they have no conscience?
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Or were they just following the orders of an authority figure?
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as the teacher and the other as a student, who was strapped to an electric chair.
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They were split into separate rooms so they couldn't see each other.
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The teacher would then begin to quiz the student, and if the student made a mistake, the teacher was told to activate the electric chair.
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Sounds pretty extreme already, doesn't it?
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What's 1 +1?
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3?
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Every time the student answered wrong, the teacher would increase the shock intensity, and the researchers would reassure that the shocks 4,
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3, Eventually, the shock intensity would get so high
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that the student would start banging on the wall and crying out in pain.
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Even if the teacher wanted to stop, the researcher would insist that they continue.
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The teacher would eventually reach the highest setting, which had a clear warning sign.
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But after delivering the maximum shock, there was no response from the student.
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The participant had delivered a voltage high enough to kill.
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Can you imagine signing up to what you thought would be a fun, interesting study, and walking out thinking that you just murdered someone?
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But that's the catch.
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The student who was being shocked was actually a paid actor, faking their sounds of distress using a recording.
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in harming someone under the influence of an authority figure.
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And disturbingly, 65 % of the participants delivered the maximum voltage of 450 volts,
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with the others delivering at least 300 volts.
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More than enough to kill in this case.
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The results proved something quite dark about humans.
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Despite hearing the cries of pain, the participants continued to torture the students, following orders.
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So who's the real monster in this scenario?
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The authority figure or the participant?
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Well, it's actually this next guy.
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Dr. Wendell Johnson was a speech pathologist who wanted to find out why some children develop stutters.
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He himself had developed a stutter at an early age, with no cure found.
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He hypothesized that stuttering was a learned behavior.
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That is, if a child was told that they were stuttering, they would continue to do so.
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He devised an experiment to prove this: the Monster Study.
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He took 22 children and split them into two groups, randomly labeling them as normal speakers and stutterers.
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The normal speakers would receive praise for their ability to speak well.
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But those in the stutterers group were gaslit into thinking they were stuttering, even if they could speak well normally.
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This continued for six months.
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So what happened?
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At the end of the experiment, there was no significant change seen in the normal speakers group.
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But what happened to the stutterer group was much darker.
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A majority of the children became withdrawn and self -conscious, with many even ending close friendships out of fear of speaking.
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In his pursuit to find the cure to stuttering, Johnson ended up creating more speech problems for the children,
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and many retained these issues for the rest of their lives.
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because the kids were orphans and were as young as five years old at the time.
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Johnson had ruthlessly used them as lab rats and destroyed their ability to speak.
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It was only a whole 60 years later
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that the victims were made aware that their speech trauma was the result of this study.
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None of them had provided consent.
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Imagine having your whole life ruined before it had really even started.
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Well, little Albert has some experience with that.
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How far would you go in the pursuit of scientific knowledge?
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Would you.. traumatize a baby?
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I know you would.
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In 1920, popular behavioral scientist John Watson conducted research into the development of phobias.
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And wanted to prove that emotional reactions could be conditioned in people.
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So he decided to start with a blank slate.
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Boom, and into the guinea pig cage.
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Meet little Albert.
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So here's how the study was conducted.
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Albie was first exposed to a bunch of stimuli, ranging from a monkey, to a burning newspaper, to a white rat.
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And he initially showed no fear to any of these.
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However, the next time Albie was exposed to the white rat, Watson took a hammer out and smacked it against a metal pipe.
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Right into the baby's ears.
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After sadistically repeating this multiple times, Albert eventually began to cry just by seeing the rat.
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In Watson's own words, he began to crawl away so rapidly
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that he was caught with difficulty before reaching the edge of the table.
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Albie was ready to end it all after seeing that rat.
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Watson was probably happy about the result though, seeing as it provided evidence for his hypothesis.
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But as it turns out, Albie wasn't just scared of white rats now.
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He began to generalize his phobia, so that he developed a fear of anything white and fluffy.
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I'm just a dumb doggo.
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Come back.
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See you next time!
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ทำไมการฝึกพูดกับวิดีโอนี้ถึงมีความสำคัญ?
การฝึกพูดภาษาอังกฤษผ่านวิดีโอนี้ช่วยให้คุณสามารถสัมผัสกับอารมณ์และสื่อสารได้อย่างมีประสิทธิภาพในสถานการณ์ต่างๆ โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งเมื่อคุณต้องพูดถึงหัวข้อที่มีความซับซ้อนหรือเฉพาะเจาะจง การฟังการสนทนาที่หลากหลายจะช่วยให้คุณเข้าใจโทนเสียงและการใช้คำศัพท์ในบริบทที่เหมาะสม นอกจากนี้ยังช่วยพัฒนาทักษะการออกเสียงและความมั่นใจในการพูดของคุณเมื่อคุณฝึกทำตามคนพูดในวิดีโอ
ไวยากรณ์และการใช้คำในบริบท
ในวิดีโอนี้มีการใช้โครงสร้างทางไวยากรณ์ที่น่าสนใจหลายอย่าง ซึ่งสามารถนำไปใช้ในการสนทนาได้ เช่น:
- การใช้คำถามเชิงสำรวจ: ตัวอย่างเช่น "Do you think...?" ซึ่งช่วยให้เริ่มต้นการสนทนาและกระตุ้นให้ผู้ฟังมีส่วนร่วม
- การใช้คำบรรยาย: เช่น "showing them gruesome photos..." ช่วยให้การสื่อสารมีความชัดเจนและน่าสนใจมากขึ้น
- การใช้คำเชื่อม: เช่น "but still..." ที่ช่วยสร้างการเชื่อมโยงระหว่างประโยคและทำให้เนื้อหามีความลื่นไหล
การเรียนรู้การใช้โครงสร้างเหล่านี้จะทำให้คุณสามารถปรับปรุงการพูดและการเขียนภาษาอังกฤษได้อย่างมีประสิทธิภาพ
กับดักการออกเสียงที่พบบ่อย
ในวิดีโอนี้มีคำที่อาจมีความยากในการออกเสียง เช่น "ammonia," "horrendous," และ "electric shock" คำเหล่านี้มีการออกเสียงที่เฉพาะตัวซึ่งอาจสร้างความสับสนให้กับผู้เรียน นอกจากนี้ การจับจังหวะและน้ำเสียงของผู้พูดยังมีความสำคัญในการสื่อสาร คุณสามารถฝึก "ชาโดว์อิ้งภาษาอังกฤษ" หรือ "shadow speech" เพื่อปรับปรุงการออกเสียงและทำให้การพูดของคุณมีความเป็นธรรมชาติยิ่งขึ้น
การสังเกตและฝึกฝนการออกเสียงคำที่ยากเหล่านี้จะช่วยให้คุณมีความมั่นใจมากขึ้นในการใช้ภาษาอังกฤษในชีวิตประจำวัน
ไวยากรณ์ในวิดีโอนี้
โครงสร้างที่ผู้พูดใช้บ่อยที่สุด พร้อมคำพูดจริงจากวิดีโอ:
| โครงสร้าง | ในวิดีโอ |
|---|---|
| Passive voice be + กริยาช่อง 3 — เน้นสิ่งที่เกิดขึ้น ไม่ใช่ผู้กระทำ | was filled · were frozen · being ordered |
| Present perfect have/has + กริยาช่อง 3 — เหตุการณ์ในอดีตที่ยังเกี่ยวข้องกับปัจจุบัน | You've been selected · has been proven |
| Relative clauses who / which + อนุประโยค — ข้อมูลเพิ่มเติมเกี่ยวกับคนหรือสิ่งของ | effect, which has · student who was |
เทคนิค Shadowing คืออะไร?
Shadowing เป็นเทคนิคการเรียนรู้ภาษาที่ได้รับการรับรองทางวิทยาศาสตร์ พัฒนาขึ้นสำหรับการฝึกนักแปลมืออาชีพ วิธีการนี้เรียบง่ายแต่ทรงพลัง: คุณฟังเสียงภาษาอังกฤษจากเจ้าของภาษาและพูดตามทันที — เหมือนเงาที่ตามผู้พูดด้วยช่วงเวลาห่าง 1-2 วินาที การวิจัยแสดงว่าเทคนิคนี้ปรับปรุงความแม่นยำในการออกเสียง ทำนองเสียง จังหวะ การเชื่อมเสียง การฟังเข้าใจ และความคล่องแคล่วในการพูดได้อย่างมีนัยสำคัญ