ฝึกพูดภาษาอังกฤษด้วยเทคนิค Shadowing จากวิดีโอ: Heaps in 3 minutes — Intro

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Today we're going to learn about heaps.
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You'll often hear the word heap when discussing storage for garbage collection in languages such as Java,
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but this video is about the heap data structure that is used to manage information.
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Heaps are sometimes called binary heaps and are nearly complete binary trees.
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Here's an example of a heap.
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By a nearly complete binary tree, I mean that all levels are filled except the lowest,
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and the lowest level is filled up to a certain point starting from the left.
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Uses of heaps include heap sort and priority queues.
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And there are two kinds of heaps, max heaps and min heaps.
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On the left we have a max heap.
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The condition for a max heap is
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that the value of the node i is less than or equal to the value of its parent.
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Max heaps are used for heap sort.
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Similarly, for the min heap, the value of the node i is greater than or equal to the value of its parent.
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min heaps are great for priority queues.
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Because we said heaps are nearly complete binary trees, we know that the height of a heap is O of log n,
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which you'll see in various operations that we'll learn later.
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I'd also like to show heaps represented as an array.
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Here's our max heap and here it is as an array.
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The root of the tree is at index 1 of the array.
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To get a node's left child, you simply take the index times by 2.
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And to get the node's right child, you take the index times by 2 and add 1.
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Finally, to retrieve a node's parent is the floor of the node's index divided by 2.
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We choose to put the root at index 1 instead of 0,
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as it keeps this arithmetic cleaner and most computers can do these operations with fewer instructions.
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Let's take a look at 15, which is at index 3.
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The left child of 15 is equal to 2 times 3 which is the sixth index and a node value of 12.
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The right child of 15 is 2 times 3 plus 1 which is the index of 7 or the node 13.
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Lastly, the parent of 15 is the floor of 3 divided by 2, which is the first index and the root of our tree, 21.
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You know I prefer brevity, so we'll end the video here
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and in the next one I'll show you how to create a heap from an unordered array.

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Vocabulary and speaking notes for this lesson

This speaking lesson is built on the video “Heaps in 3 minutes — Intro”. The speaker keeps coming back to these words: heap, index, max, tree, value. This video has 5 sentences and 409 words to shadow. The speech runs for 3:28. The speaker talks at a steady 118 words per minute, a comfortable pace for shadowing. Only 79% of the words are among the 3,000 most common in English, so the vocabulary is demanding.

Key vocabulary in this video

15 words from the video worth learning, with pronunciation and meaning:

WordPronunciationMeaning
array noun/əˈɹeɪ/Clothing and ornamentation; raiment.
binary adjective/ˈbaɪ.nə.ɹi/Being in one of two mutually exclusive states.
node noun/noʊd/A knot, knob, protuberance or swelling.
priority noun/pɹaɪˈɒɹɪti/An item's relative importance.
divide verb/dɪˈvaɪd/To split or separate (something) into two or more parts.
sixth adjective/sɪksθ/The ordinal form of the number six.
fewer/ˈfjuː.ɚ/Less; a smaller amount of something non-integral commonly expressed as an integer
similarly adverb/ˈsɪm.ə.lə.li/In a like style or manner.
garbage noun/ˈɡɑɹ.bɪd͡ʒ/Food waste material of any kind.
instruction noun/ɪnˈstɹʌkʃən/The act of instructing, teaching, or providing with information or knowledge.
java noun/ˈd͡ʒɑː.və/A blend of coffee imported from the island of Java.
queue noun/kju/A line of people, vehicles or other objects, usually one to be dealt with in sequence (i.e., the one at the front end is dealt with first, the one behind is…
cue noun/kju/An action or event that is a signal for somebody to do something.
lastly adverb/ˈlæstli/Used to mark the beginning of the last in a list of items or propositions.
retrieve verb/ɹɪˈtɹiːv/To regain or get back something.

Pronunciation to watch

The speaker uses 6 contractions and reduced forms, such as we'll, I'd, I'll. Say them the short way, as you hear them.

  • The “th” sounds: sixth /sɪksθ/, arithmetic /æɹɪθˈmɛtɪk/
  • Long words — get the stress right: priority /pɹaɪˈɒɹɪti/, similarly /ˈsɪm.ə.lə.li/, arithmetic /æɹɪθˈmɛtɪk/

How to practise with this video

  1. Listen to the whole video once without speaking and note the words you do not know.
  2. Shadow it sentence by sentence at normal speed, repeating each one until your rhythm matches the speaker.
  3. Record yourself and compare with the original, paying attention to words like array, binary, node.

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