ฝึกพูดภาษาอังกฤษด้วยเทคนิค Shadowing จากวิดีโอ: How Vietnamese Tunnels Outsmarted the U.S. Military
กำลังสร้างบทเรียน...
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In 1966, the U.S.
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Army built one of its largest bases in Vietnam directly on top of 250 kilometers of enemy tunnels.
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They had no idea.
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Quchi Base Camp.
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30 kilometers northwest of Saigon.
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Thousands of American soldiers.
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Helicopters.
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Artillery.
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Tanks.
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Fortified perimeter.
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Watchtowers.
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Floodlights.
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By every measure, impenetrable.
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And every single night, soldiers inside it are dying.
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Same pattern every time.
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Darkness falls.
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Somewhere inside the perimeter, an explosion.
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Gunfire.
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Chaos.
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By the time soldiers respond, it's over.
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No retreating figures, no trails, no bodies, just dead Americans and silence.
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Every morning the same report on the commander's desk.
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Attacked last night.
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Enemy disappeared.
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No contact established for months.
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The commanders sweep the jungle daily.
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Find nothing.
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No camps.
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No supply lines.
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Nothing.
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It's like fighting ghosts.
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Then Then one patrol finds a hole, small, hidden under leaves just outside the perimeter wire.
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An engineer gets on his hands and knees, shines a light inside.
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The tunnel goes down, turns, disappears into darkness.
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He stands up.
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Sir, I think we found the problem.
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What nobody knows yet is that beneath this base, beneath the barracks, beneath the mess hall, there are 250 kilometers of tunnels.
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And over the next nine years, those tunnels will kill more Americans than any single battle in Vietnam.
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So how does an army with no heavy equipment,
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no machinery, no resources, build an underground city directly under the most powerful military force on Earth without anyone noticing?
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That's exactly what we're going to find out.
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The Kuchi tunnels didn't start as a military operation.
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They started as a way to survive French bombs in the 1940s, and by the time the Americans arrived, they had been growing for 20 years.
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The soil under Kuchi made it possible.
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Red laterite clay, Hard as concrete when dry.
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Doesn't collapse under pressure.
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Doesn't flood easily.
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Doesn't crumble when bombs hit nearby.
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The Vietnamese didn't choose this location by accident.
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They chose it because the ground itself was a building material.
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The tools were simple.
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Short-handled hose, wicker baskets, human hands, nothing else.
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Workers dug at night to avoid French patrols,
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carried the excavated soil away in baskets and scattered it across fields so aerial reconnaissance wouldn't spot fresh dirt piles.
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Every entrance was camouflaged, hidden under trapdoors covered with leaves, grass, termite mounds.
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Some entrances were submerged in ponds.
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You had to dive underwater to find them.
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The openings were deliberately tiny, 60 centimeters wide, just large enough for a small Vietnamese person to squeeze through,
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large enough to guarantee that no American soldier could follow easily.
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By the time the Americans arrived in the early 1960s, the basic network already existed.
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But the Viet Cong understood immediately what they were dealing with.
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The most powerful military in history.
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Overwhelming firepower.
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Complete air superiority.
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Fighting them above ground was suicide.
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So they went below it.
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They expanded the tunnels aggressively.
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Dug deeper.
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Added new sections.
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Connected villages.
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Connected supply routes.
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Connected everything.
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They built three levels.
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The first level, three meters down, shallow enough for quick access but deep enough to survive standard artillery.
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The second level, six meters down, safer during heavier bombardment.
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The third level, nine meters down, designed to survive direct hits from the largest conventional bombs in the American arsenal,
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each level connected by vertical shafts with trapdoors between them.
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If Americans flooded the top level, the Viet Cong dropped to the second.
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If they gassed the second, they dropped to the third.
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The system had an answer for everything, but the tunnels weren't just escape routes.
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They were a city, a fully functioning underground city.
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Hospitals with operating tables where surgeons worked by candlelight performing procedures on wounded soldiers.
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Kitchens with ventilation systems so cleverly designed that smoke was channeled horizontally
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through hundreds of meters of tunnel before emerging from the ground far from any entrance, making it impossible to locate from above.
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Weapons factories where captured American ammunition was recycled into new weapons.
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Printing presses producing propaganda.
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Wells providing fresh water.
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Sleeping quarters where thousands of people lived for months at a time without seeing daylight.
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At its peak, up to 10,000 people lived underground at Kuchi simultaneously.
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They were born there, married there, died there, an entire society operating nine meters below the boots of the American soldiers walking above them.
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And those American soldiers had absolutely no idea.
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The U.S.
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Army tried everything to destroy the Q Chi tunnels.
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Bombs, gas, fire, water, dogs, nothing worked.
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And every failed attempt taught the Viet Cong exactly how to survive the next one.
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The first attempt was the most obvious.
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Bombing.
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If the tunnels are underground, hit them from above hard enough and they collapse.
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In 1965, Operation Rolling Thunder began.
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B-52 bombers dropping thousands of tons of explosives across Kiu-Chai District.
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The surface of the earth was unrecognizable after.
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Trees gone.
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Craters everywhere.
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Jungle reduced to ash.
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The Americans looked at the aerial photos and saw total destruction.
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What they couldn't see was nine meters below.
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The bottom level of the tunnel system was untouched.
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The Viet Cong had simply moved deeper during the raids, waited for the bombing to stop, then came back up.
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The craters left by the bombs became useful.
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They collected rainwater, provided cover.
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The bombing that was supposed to destroy the tunnels accidentally improved the landscape around them.
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Second attempt, Agent Orange, a chemical defoliant sprayed from aircraft across entire regions.
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It strips every leaf from every tree, destroys crops, eliminates jungle cover.
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Without vegetation, the Viet Cong have nowhere to hide above ground.
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Entire forests died within days of exposure.
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The landscape turned brown and lifeless.
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And the tunnels underneath?
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Completely unaffected.
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You can kill every tree above a tunnel.
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The tunnel doesn't care.
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The Viet Cong stayed underground during spraying operations
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and emerged into a dead landscape
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that was now even easier to move through at night because there was no undergrowth to slow them down.
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Third attempt, flooding.
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Engineers pump water directly into tunnel entrances.
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Water fills the tunnels, forces everyone out or drowns them.
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Simple, effective, except the Viet Cong had anticipated this.
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Between every major section of tunnel, they installed watertight trap doors.
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When water entered one section, they sealed it off.
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The flooded section was sacrificed.
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The rest of the network stayed dry.
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American engineers pumped thousands of gallons of water into Kuchai.
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They flooded maybe 2% of the total network.
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The other 98% continued operating normally.
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Fourth attempt, gas.
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Pump poison gas into the tunnels it spreads through the entire network.
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Nobody survives.
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Except the tunnels were too long and too complex for gas to travel effectively.
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It dispersed.
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Weakened.
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By the time it reached the deeper sections it was barely concentrated enough to cause irritation.
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The Viet Cong also installed ventilation baffles throughout the system.
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Simple wooden panels that could be closed to block airflow between sections.
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Gas entered one area, got sealed off, dissipated.
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The engineers pumping it in had no way of knowing if it was working because nothing came out the other end.
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Fifth attempt.
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Dogs.
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Specially trained German shepherds with handlers.
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The dogs find tunnel entrances by scent, mark them for destruction.
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Except the Viet Cong learned about the dogs quickly.
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They began rubbing American soap and pepper around tunnel entrances.
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The soap masked the human scent with a smell the dogs associated with friendly forces.
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The Pepper destroyed their ability to track anything for hours.
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Handlers watched their dogs walk directly over hidden entrances without reacting.
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The dog program was quietly abandoned.
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Every single method the most powerful military in the world could devise had been defeated by people with shovels, wooden panels, and Pepper.
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So the Americans made a decision that nobody who made it would ever forget.
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If technology can't solve this problem, send in a human, someone small enough to fit through a 60-centimeter hole, armed with nothing but a pistol and a flashlight,
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and hope they come back out.
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There was no training manual for what came next, no protocol, no precedent, just a hole in the ground and a soldier small enough to fit through it.
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The U.S.
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Army needed men with specific physical characteristics, small, lean, narrow shoulders.
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The tunnels were 60 to 80 centimeters wide.
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A standard American soldier in full combat gear couldn't fit, so they looked for the smallest men in the division.
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Australians, Puerto Ricans, small-framed Americans, men who under any other circumstances would have been considered too small for combat.
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Down here, their size was the only qualification that mattered.
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They called themselves Tunnel Rats.
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Nobody assigned them that name.
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It just fit.
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They stripped down before entering.
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No helmet, no body armor, no rifle.
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A rifle couldn't be aimed in a tunnel that narrow.
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Couldn't be turned around if something came from behind.
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So they left everything above ground.
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What they took in was a Colt 1911 pistol with one spare magazine, a flashlight, sometimes a knife.
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That was it.
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The entire might of the United States military reduced to one handgun and a battery-powered light.
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They developed their own rules because nobody above them had any idea what they were facing.
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Rule 1.
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Move slowly.
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Every centimeter of tunnel floor could be a pressure plate.
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Every wall could have a wire stretched across it at throat height in the dark.
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Rule 2.
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Use the flashlight as little as possible.
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Light travels far in a tunnel.
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If you can see, you can be seen.
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Learn to move in complete darkness.
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Learn to feel the walls.
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Learn to hear breathing that isn't yours.
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Rule 3.
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If you hear movement ahead, stop.
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Wait.
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Let your eyes adjust to whatever faint light exists.
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Let your ears tell you how far away it is.
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How many? Which direction?
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Then decide.
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What they found inside was beyond anything they had been briefed on.
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The Viet Cong had spent 20 years preparing these tunnels for exactly this situation.
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The first thing most tunnel rats encountered wasn't an enemy soldier.
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It was a trap.
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Pungy sticks.
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Sharpened bamboo stakes coated in poison or feces buried in shallow pits covered with thin layers of dirt.
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You put your hand down to crawl forward and it went through the covering into the pit.
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The stakes went through your palm.
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The infection that followed was often worse than the wound itself.
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Some pits were angled so the stakes went in easily but couldn't be pulled out without tearing flesh.
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Others had stakes pointing upward from the floor and downward from a false ceiling.
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You crawled into the space between them without realizing until you tried to move forward or back.
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Then there were the animals.
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The Viet Cong placed bamboo vipers in clay pots sealed with paper and rigged to door frames.
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Open the door and the pot falls.
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The paper tears.
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The the snake lands on you in complete darkness.
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Soldiers learn to open every door from the side with their knife extended first.
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Feel for wires.
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Feel for pots.
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Feel for anything that shouldn't be there.
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Scorpion boxes hung from ceilings on threads too thin to see without light.
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Walk through the thread and the box falls open above your head.
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Some tunnels had fire ants released throughout entire sections.
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Not deadly, but impossible to move through quietly when thousands of ants are biting every exposed piece of skin simultaneously.
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And beyond the traps, there were people.
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Viet Cong soldiers who knew these tunnels better than they knew their own villages, who had lived in them for years, who could navigate them in complete darkness at a speed that seemed impossible.
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Tunnel rats reported hearing movement ahead, stopping, waiting in silence for minutes,
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then feeling displaced air as someone passed within arm's reach in the dark without making a sound.
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Firefights in the tunnels happened at distances of two to three meters, sometimes less.
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Incomplete or near-complete darkness, the psychological toll was unlike anything else in the Vietnam War.
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Above ground, soldiers dealt with fear, exhaustion, loss.
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Below ground, they dealt with something older and more fundamental.
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The fear of enclosed spaces, the fear of darkness, the fear of not knowing what was six inches in front of your face.
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Most tunnel rats served multiple tours underground.
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Most came back changed in ways they couldn't explain to people who hadn't been down there.
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The nightmares weren't about the firefights.
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They were about the silence, the darkness, the feeling of the walls closing in, and the sound of breathing that wasn't theirs.
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Here's the final score.
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Nine years, billions of dollars, the most advanced military technology ever assembled against peasants with shovels and short-handled hoes.
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The peasants won.
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By 1975, when the last American forces left Vietnam, the Coochie Tunnel System was still operational,
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still intact, still functioning exactly as it was designed to function.
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The bombs hadn't destroyed it, the gas hadn't cleared it, the water hadn't flooded it, the dogs hadn't found it, the tunnel rats hadn't broken it.
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250 kilometers of hand-dug tunnels had outlasted the full military and technological might of the United States of America.
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The human cost was staggering on both sides.
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The 25th Infantry Division stationed at Coo Chi Base Camp suffered
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some of the highest casualty rates of any American unit in Vietnam.
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Thousands of soldiers killed or wounded, many of them by an enemy they never saw, coming from a direction they never expected,
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disappearing back into the ground before anyone could respond.
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The Viet Cong losses in the tunnels were catastrophic too.
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Tens of thousands of people who lived and fought in the Coochie system died there.
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From bombs that penetrated deep enough, from gas that worked well enough, from tunnel rats who found them in the dark.
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But here's what the Coochie tunnels actually proved.
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The United States had every technological advantage imaginable.
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Air power, firepower, equipment, resources.
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The Viet Cong had dirt, shovels, and nowhere else to go.
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And when you have nowhere else to go, you go underground.
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You dig.
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You survive.
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You wait.
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Because the most powerful weapon in any war isn't the most advanced technology.
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It's the willingness to keep going when everything above ground has been taken away from you.
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The Kuchi tunnels are still there.
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250 kilometers of them.
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Dug by hand and they outlasted everything.
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บริบท & พื้นหลัง
ในปี 1966 กองทัพสหรัฐสร้างฐานทัพที่ใหญ่ที่สุดแห่งหนึ่งในเวียดนาม บนพื้นที่ที่ซ่อนอยู่ของอุโมงค์ศัตรูยาว 250 กิโลเมตร โดยที่พวกเขาไม่รู้เลย สิ่งนี้ทำให้เกิดการต่อสู้ที่สับสนและน่ากลัวที่ทำให้ทหารอเมริกันต้องเผชิญกับความตายทุกคืน ข้อมูลที่คุณจะได้เรียนรู้จากวิดีโอนี้จะช่วยให้คุณเข้าใจถึงกลยุทธ์ที่ใช้ในการจัดการกับสถานการณ์นี้ และคุณสามารถใช้ทักษะของคุณในการฝึกพูดภาษาอังกฤษได้
5 วลีที่สำคัญสำหรับการสื่อสารในชีวิตประจำวัน
- “What nobody knows yet is...” (สิ่งที่ไม่มีใครรู้จนถึงตอนนี้คือ...)
- “An engineer gets on his hands and knees...” (วิศวกรลงไปที่หน้าตัก...)
- “The tunnel goes down, turns, disappears into darkness.” (อุโมงค์ยุบลง หมุน และหายไปในความมืด)
- “It’s like fighting ghosts.” (มันเหมือนการต่อสู้กับผี)
- “The ground itself was a building material.” (พื้นดินเองเป็นวัสดุก่อสร้าง)
คู่มือชาโดว์อิ้งแบบทีละขั้นตอน
การฝึกพูดภาษาอังกฤษจากวิดีโอนี้ด้วยวิธีชาโดว์อิ้งสามารถช่วยในการ ปรับปรุงการออกเสียงภาษาอังกฤษ และพัฒนาทักษะการสื่อสารได้อย่างมีประสิทธิภาพ
- เปิดวิดีโอและฟังเสียงพูดเพื่อทำความเข้าใจบริบท
- หาวลีที่สำคัญที่คุณต้องการฝึกซ้ำ เช่น วลีที่นำเสนอข้างต้น
- ลองพูดตามเสียงในวิดีโอและใช้เสียงของคุณเอง ซึ่งจะทำให้คุณได้ฝึก ฝึกพูดภาษาอังกฤษ อย่างเป็นธรรมชาติ
- ตรวจสอบความตามใจในการออกเสียงของคุณโดยการบันทึกเสียงตัวเองเพื่อตรวจฟังและปรับปรุง
- ทำซ้ำขั้นตอนนี้ทุกวันเพื่อให้คุณสามารถพัฒนาทักษะในการพูดและการฟังของคุณได้อย่างต่อเนื่อง
ด้วยการใช้วิธี ชาโดว์อิ้งภาษาอังกฤษ คุณจะพัฒนาความมั่นใจในการสื่อสารและสามารถเรียนรู้สิ่งใหม่ ๆ จากการ เรียนภาษาอังกฤษจากยูทูป ได้อย่างมีประสิทธิภาพ มุ่งหน้าสู่การฝึกฝนและการพัฒนาอย่างต่อเนื่องเพื่อความสำเร็จในภาษาที่คุณรัก!
เทคนิค Shadowing คืออะไร?
Shadowing เป็นเทคนิคการเรียนรู้ภาษาที่ได้รับการรับรองทางวิทยาศาสตร์ พัฒนาขึ้นสำหรับการฝึกนักแปลมืออาชีพ วิธีการนี้เรียบง่ายแต่ทรงพลัง: คุณฟังเสียงภาษาอังกฤษจากเจ้าของภาษาและพูดตามทันที — เหมือนเงาที่ตามผู้พูดด้วยช่วงเวลาห่าง 1-2 วินาที การวิจัยแสดงว่าเทคนิคนี้ปรับปรุงความแม่นยำในการออกเสียง ทำนองเสียง จังหวะ การเชื่อมเสียง การฟังเข้าใจ และความคล่องแคล่วในการพูดได้อย่างมีนัยสำคัญ