ฝึกพูดภาษาอังกฤษด้วยเทคนิค Shadowing จากวิดีโอ: Stephen Fry Discovers The Hidden History Of New England
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The End
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I was so nearly born an American.
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I came that close.
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In the 1950s, my father was offered a job at Princeton University and he turned it down.
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And so I was born not in NJ, but in NW3.
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And I was born a Stephen, not a Steve.
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But ever since I found this out at a later age, I've been intensely curious.
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to discover more about the world of my other self, this strange American, Steve.
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I like the city of San Juan.
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I know, of course you can get home!
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I like the flowers in full bloom.
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Hundreds of people in each room!
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Over the next months, I and a trusty London cab, albeit one hired in the US, will be visiting each
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and every one of the 50 of the United States of America to explore the continent
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that I came so close to calling home. In this episode,
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I shall be travelling through the heart of the region called New England before heading south to New York City
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and thence to New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland and on to Washington, D .C and Pennsylvania.
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The first date on my journey is Maine
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and I'm at the very easternmost tip of the USA in the town of Eastport.
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This is the lobster capital of the world and I'm out on the water with the McFeel family, who've been harvesting the bottom of the sea for three generations.
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So what do I do?
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They can park it, big handfuls, get it nice and tight, cinch it up.
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But you've got to make sure it stays closed, so the crabs don't pick the bait out.
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Nice and tight so they pick through here.
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I see.
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What would you say is the view most Americans have of the state of Maine?
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Pine trees.
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Pine trees?
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Moose?
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Someone told me.
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Moose.
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The animal?
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A lot of people think of lobsters, but they don't realize how much art goes into it.
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Maine lobster, of course, yeah.
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Three out of four lobsters sold in America are Maine lobster.
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That's what they say.
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I don't like you, yeah.
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What about the people?
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What would they say is the characteristic of someone from Maine?
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What do you call yourselves?
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Manio?
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Maniacs?
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Easy now.
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I've been called the worst.
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What is the word?
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Is there an official word?
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Oh, hard workers, I guess.
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Is that generally the view people have of Maine people?
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I've worked away from the end.
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As soon as you mention you're from Maine, you're on the spot and there ain't no job application, no nothing.
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Really?
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That's a pretty good characteristic to have, I guess.
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Superb.
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These hardy New Englanders are mainly of Scottish and Irish descent
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and have in spades that strong Puritan work ethic which has shaped so much of this country.
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Oh, no, I've broken this one.
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That's coming out of your pay.
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So how old would you reckon that sort of size?
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This lobster?
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Yeah.
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I'd say it's probably 10, 12 years old.
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Really?
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How much would you sell that for?
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That's probably worth $20, $25.
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$25?
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Boat price.
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Then by the time got the restaurant that's probably 60 70 dollars.
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Yeah, it's not a fair world is it the farmer the fishermen We do all the work
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The hardest part I shouldn't say all the work.
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We do the hardest part.
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You said hardest part now That's a bit like Boston isn't it?
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It sounds almost Australian hardest or it's really really unusual
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Back in Eastport and the morning's catch is unloaded at Bob Del Papa's Chowder House Angus McFeel,
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lobster patriarch, has been lobstering all his life and knows a thing or two about these snappy insects of the deep.
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When you say put to sleep, what does that mean exactly?
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Well, just kind of, you know, what we usually play with them, kind of, you know, start it out, kind of put some pork in them,
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rub the back, kind of put some paralyzed sleep.
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So it's now in a trance.
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Can I try that?
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No, for sure.
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Because they're definitely awake, aren't they?
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Oh, yeah, they're alive.
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I mean that's whoa, see look he's flapping away so hang on let's put him down like this, claws in a position, is that right?
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Da -da -da -da -da -da -dee.
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Da -da -dum -dee -dum -dee -dum.
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Look at that!
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Here we go.
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I feel a bit cruel, but on the other hand...
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Yay!
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They just.. they're transformed, aren't they?
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That's so different from the little brown speckly thing you pull out of the ocean.
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It's amazing.
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It's a lobster bib.
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You put it over your head.
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Oh, yeah, tie it around your back.
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Oh, yeah.
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Oh, my.
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Maine people don't do that.
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Oh, great.
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Thank you.
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So suddenly I'm the only one with one.
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Where did this taxi cab come from?
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Did you have trouble?
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Well, the thing is, Bob, in London, I actually drive a taxi around.
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I'm not a taxi driver.
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Oh, I was going to say, is that your profession?
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No. No, many people think it should be, but...
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But it's just a very useful way of getting around the city.
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So I leave Eastport and head south, then west, towards New Hampshire, my second state.
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New Hampshire is well known for its role in the US presidential primaries.
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Over the grueling months of these preliminary elections, all the presidential hopefuls trek to every corner of this small state,
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each trying to convince the suddenly important New Hampshireite
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that they have what it takes to be chosen to lead
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their party in the race to be the most powerful person on earth.
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Oh, fabulous.
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Or leader of the free world, as Americans prefer to put it.
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How many here are Red Sox fans?
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All right, all right.
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How many are also Yankees fans?
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How many of these kind of things does he do a day?
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It depends on the schedule, but today we have two major events and then we have a house party, which is our next event.
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House party?
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Yeah, so it's a little smaller, more informal.
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Intimate, and meets more people as she shakes her hands.
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Yeah.
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But normally we can have even five in a day.
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Yeah, and you've no idea what kind of people will be or what the questions will be?
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No.
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No. He just takes them as they come in at
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that school in Maine that recently is allowing birth control for a middle school.
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It's unbelievable.
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Well, there's no question in my view that one of the ways that you help instill, if you will, family values is by having the White House be a place that demonstrates family values.
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Hi again.
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Stephen Prime from the BBC.
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Nice to see you again.
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We're lovely to hear you.
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The thing we're doing, which way?
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We've got a picture in here.
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Right here?
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Who's got the camera?
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For me, the moral line that I would not cross, and we had this in Massachusetts, which is what would we make legal?
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Well, there you are, politics on the stump.
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It's rather marvellous.
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It's very American.
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It's a mixture of Halloween and cardboard houses and sort of hokey politics, but it's rather splendid.
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I don't think we have anything like this in Britain, and I have to say, one can only approve.
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I don't think he knew any of the questions were coming, and yes, it's the house of a supporter, but we seem to answer them very well.
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I'm more interested in the process though.
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It wouldn't really matter whether he's a Democrat or a Republican.
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It's the style and I find it very likable, very amiable, very American in that sense.
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It's casual and I think all Americans have a sense of great connection
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and pride about their democratic beginnings and their sense of being involved in the democratic process.
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That's something we could learn in Britain.
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100 miles north, in the white mountains of New Hampshire that straddle the border with Canada, the Mount Washington Hotel in Bretton Woods,
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built in 1902, has an illustrious past.
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I'd heard of Bretton Woods, but was not really sure what it was.
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Well, it's this place.
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It was an international conference held here in 1944 that set up the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, tied world currencies to the dollar,
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set up the gold standard at $35 an ounce.
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Everything our prosperity depends on really started here.
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Because for the first time in history, instead of destroying the enemy, we set up conditions to rebuild.
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And that's why Germany prospered in the 50s.
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And that's why we all prospered too.
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The Bretton Woods Agreement and all
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that it stood for is an enduring monument to American enlightened self -interest at a time
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when the US was at the peak of its power at the end of World War II.
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If only it were that simple these days.
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Thank you.
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Thank you very much.
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My name is Mike.
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I'm going to be your brakeman today.
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Back in the cab, we have Joe and Pete.
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They're going to be our engineer and our fireman.
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On the world's first and still the greatest cog railway, heading all the way to the top of the highest peak in the northeast of America, Mount Washington.
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It's an exhilarating ride on a dizzying gradient.
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When was this line built?
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The line was built and established in 1869.
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I actually started working on it in 1866.
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It took three years and a hundred men to build the original set of tracks.
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And the amount of fuel that you used for one of these journeys, how much coal?
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They used a ton of coal.
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Really?
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Much more efficient than previous trains, when the original trains were actually wood trains.
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And how much water does it take?
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It takes about 1 ,000 gallons.
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Just from the base to here, we're going to burn about 300 gallons.
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Was it built for any purpose other than tourism?
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Nope, solely for tourism.
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They used to have a hotel at the top.
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A hotel at the top of the mountain?
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Yep.
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Mount Washington, or Agia Kuchuk, in the Native American language, meaning home of the great spirit, is the windiest place on the planet.
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That's official.
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231 miles per hour recorded on April 12, 1934.
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But luckily, not today.
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I'm on the summit of Mount Washington, 6 ,300 feet up.
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And around me, all of New England lies.
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There's New York State, Connecticut, Maine and Vermont.
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And we're right in the middle, of course, well, at the top half of New Hampshire.
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Vermont, literally Green Mountain, Vermont from the French who initially colonised this land, is very green, very wet, and very milky.
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Half a million cows' worth, and from that milk comes something that is as American as apple pie, yet at the very cutting edge of culinary science.
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Thirty years ago, two hippies called Ben Cohen and Jerry Greenfield started started making ice cream here in Vermont.
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Ben & Jerry's phenomenal success is built on continuously experimenting with unusual new flavors and names.
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So let's see what I can do.
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Now we're gonna start off with our base here.
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We've got some vanilla ice cream because we understand you're a vanilla fan.
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I do love vanilla, real vanilla.
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And it is a perfect base really for any inclusions that you put in, any of the pieces and chunks.
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We've got a nice variety here for you to choose from.
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Between nuts, cookie pieces.
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That's what I think of as a very Ben & Jerry's thing, is that you have real pieces, not just little bits.
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We like big hunks and chocolates.
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Can I just put these in?
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Yeah, definitely.
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I'd say dump a good number of them.
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We'll have you stir that around in there.
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Oh, yeah.
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Walnuts, I think is...
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Something a little more of your palate would be great.
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Yeah, I think walnuts.
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Stir those in there.
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Such a sophistication.
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I think that's what you're bringing to this.
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Part of the Ben and Jerry's motif is we also have to come up with a good name.
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A catchy name is gonna help a flavor greatly.
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So I was thinking possibly we could either go with Even Steven, and maybe even We do a little, like, a blend of flavors down the side.
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I tell you what, though, it's quite cold.
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Yeah, that's how we make it.
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One last one, and then we can do some of the true test, which is actually gonna be eating the product.
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Wow.
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Squeeze together in there.
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Oh.
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You were gonna win it, didn't you?
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Pretty good.
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All right, fresh samples today, folks.
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This is gonna be a real treat.
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Ladies and gentlemen, I've been mixing and I've mixed my own unique flavour, which we're calling Even Steven, and I'd like to know what you think.
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I think it's good.
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I think it's not too sweet, but it delivers.
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Anxious to know your opinion.
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Act with walnuts.
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Walnuts might be very crunchy.
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The top is chewy.
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I wanted a chewiness and a crunchiness and a yielding mouthfeel.
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I'm making these words up as I go along, but they sound reasonably professional to me.
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Oh, thanks.
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That feeling of comfort you get.
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And ice cream delivers that in a hard and harsh and unpleasant world.
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We need...
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We need ice cream.
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That's my feeling.
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And so we say farewell, Vermont, state of Ben and land of Jerry.
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And we say hail, New York.
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But not New York City, not the New York of Manhattan and Broadway.
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This is New York State, a vast land dominated by the Adirondack chain of mountains, with Niagara at the top.
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They say it's the size of England.
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MUSIC PLAYS
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The Adirondack Mountains were the first playground of the super wealthy of
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that gilded age back at the beginning of the 20th century.
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The Rockefellers and Vanderbilts built their
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so -called great camps in the cool hills to escape the humid cities where they'd made their millions
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but it was camping in a style and opulence never seen before or since.
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This is Top Ridge, built originally by breakfast cereal heiress Marjorie Meriwether Post, and now owned by a rich Texan family,
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Though it's Lawrence Lester, the long -serving caretaker, who opens up the house for me.
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For how many weeks of the year would the family be here?
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About eight weeks.
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Eight weeks?
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Eight weeks each year.
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Oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh,
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oh,
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oh What I love about this is most rich Americans try
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and build houses that look European like chateau or English castles, but this is 100 % American.
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Everything about it is America.
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There's skins and antlers.
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Everything's made of sort of...
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It's cabin, but it's cabin as reinterpreted by someone with all the money in the world, really.
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But it's not only the elite rich who come to the Adirondacks.
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Plenty of blue -collar workers come here to pursue their love of the great American outdoors, an outdoors that teems with game.
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There's a hunting season for practically everything here.
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Bear, moose, squirrel, otter, beaver, porcupine, great cat and small cat, weasel and wolverine.
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You name it, they shoot it or trap it.
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Right now, it's white -tailed deer season.
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Here we've got some fresh deer nuggets, deer poo.
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And what we do with that occasionally is we'll rub that on our clothing, get it all over us so we smell like the deer.
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Occasionally we'll roll in the leaves.
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You want to get rid of your human scent as much as possible.
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What does it actually smell like?
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Deer poo?
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Yeah.
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There's worse poo than that, but it's still poo, isn't it?
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I like my clothes and that.
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I don't wash till the end of season.
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I change my underwear once or twice.
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You do?
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Well, that's...
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Oh, yeah, a couple times.
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How does your wife respond to you smelling like that?
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My ex -wife does not respond anymore.
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Ah.
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What's the plan, Bill?
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Well, we're gonna come up here.
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We're gonna separate.
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We're gonna get a couple watchers over here to the right.
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I'm gonna wait just a couple minutes to let you guys get up in there.
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All right.
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So they're bedded right now, and we're gonna jump them right out of their nice, warm bed.
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You wouldn't mind if I said to you, shall we shoot the deer in the sense of with a camera rather than with a gun?
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We could do that.
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We can let them go.
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Because I'm a hypocrite.
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Catherine Ruiz.
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I do eat meat, but I'm afraid I don't think I could bear the sight of a deer being killed.
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We can do that.
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They call this the green side of the big apple.
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Right.
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That's very good.
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That's what they call us.
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Not the rotten core.
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Yeah, and people in New York City don't even know this is here.
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No. And the wind will make a difference, because if the wind was blowing behind us, they would smell us and avoid...
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Deer are always going to run into the wind.
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Is that right?
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They'd rather smell what's ahead of them than know what's out there and look behind them to see what's following them, if something's following them.
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But they'll always go into the wind.
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Yeah.
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I'm sorry. Do I see it?
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Just now.
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I had the crosshairs on it.
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If I would have been 50 yards lower, it would have had to come this way.
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Did you see me up on the hill at any point?
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I look and I go, look at that, there goes a tail.
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Right by Millarney's Rock.
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Instead of driving straight down to New York City, I'm heading back to the coast, and into the state of Massachusetts,
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a town most people associate with the War of Independence.
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Well, here's the city of Boston, regarded by many Americans as the cradle of the revolution.
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By revolution, they mean the independence wars, in which they fought us, the British, for the right to govern themselves.
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And it all came to a head here, actually.
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We're on the very bridge where the harbour was where a famous Tea Party took place.
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What it actually was all about was money, as so many things are.
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The colonists, as they were known, the Americans, were fed up with paying taxes to a parliament that didn't actually represent them.
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There were no American MPs, and yet they had to pay taxes.
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And so their cry was, no taxation without representation.
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And things came to a head when the British put an extra tax on tea.
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So when a ship arrived with this tea, they dressed up as what were then called Red Indians,
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Native American tribesmen, and dumped the whole lot into the harbour.
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Worth what would now be hundreds of thousands of pounds, if not millions of pounds, was one of the sparks that lit the tinder of the whole revolution.
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How fitting then that I'm dropping in on a tea party at one of the country's most famous institutions, Harvard University.
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My host is Harvard's pastor and professor of divinity Peter Gomes, a black gay Republican Baptist, the very British way with a cup of tea.
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You made my day!
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You made my year!
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I'm so thrilled to actually see you in the flesh!
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You are nice.
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I even read your books!
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Well, you're one of a glistening minority of discriminatory people.
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Sixteen years, I think I'm right in saying, after the pilgrims hit Plymouth Rock, a Cambridge man founded a university here in this very place.
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Good man, John Harvard.
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Now, I have to make one modest correction.
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He didn't found the place, but he did something far more important than founding it.
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He supported it.
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He gave it all of his books, half of his money, and the legislature gave it his name.
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Ah, so it already existed?
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It already existed.
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Not very long, and it probably would have died in its cradle were it not for benefactions from John Harvard.
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America often strikes me as entirely a land of contradictions.
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Almost anything you can say is true about it.
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The opposite is true as well.
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It's a land of the free and of a classless society.
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And yet it's ritzier in New York in certain places and certainly in Newport than it is anywhere in Britain.
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And there's more class consciousness.
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Which is what I think makes it an interesting country.
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And a country that has a fascinating present largely because it had to make up its past.
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It doesn't have this long, unbroken, romantic stretch to some primeval moment.
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So you make things happen.
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Another reason that you have these examples of conspicuous wealth is we can afford it.
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We've still got it, for better or worse.
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People still aspire to enormous wealth.
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Money is not a bad thing.
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The Puritans were not afraid of money at all.
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Yes, Paul Vidal says that the Puritans didn't leave Britain and go to America so as to be free from persecution.
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They went so they could be free to persecute.
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Well, there is a last more truth to that
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that I would like to admit as a former president of the Pilgrim Society.
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But it is true that they did not come to the New World to set up some utopian,
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I'm okay, you're okay society.
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That was not at all what it was.
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They came up to set a just and righteous society, and that usually means that somebody's unjust and unrighteous.
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And indeed, there were religious people all too ready to say
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that the reason for 9 -11 was because there were gays and decadence in New York, and that that was the reason, but you're not having any of that.
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One of the many things one can say about this country is that we dislike complexity.
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So we will make simple solutions to everything that we possibly can,
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even when the complex answer is obviously the correct answer or the more intriguing answer.
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We want a simple yes or no or a flat out this or a absolutely certain that.
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And the notion that God could have two thoughts simultaneously, and people who are dear to him who don't look and talk like us,
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is just hard for many Americans to believe.
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The persecution and intolerance
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that characterised the early days of the conquest of the New
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World were never more clearly seen than here in the town of Salem, on the outskirts of Boston.
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The witch trials of 1692 obsessed the colonies.
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Of the 150 women accused, 19 were eventually hanged.
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Today is Halloween, and modern Salem is awash with witches once more, some more serious than others.
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Laurie Cabot, the High Priestess of Salem, is a stout defender of their civil right to practise their religion.
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Are you really a witch?
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I mean, is Wiccan your religion?
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Is that the word for it?
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Witchcraft is my religion.
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Wicca has become a colloquialism, meaning witchcraft, you know, so people don't have to say the W word.
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Right.
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But it's witchcraft, yes.
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And it is a legal religion in America, you know.
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It's recognised.
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It's recognised by the Constitution.
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Right.
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And protected, supposedly, hopefully.
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Christianity wasn't kind to witchcraft or supposed witchcraft here in Salem, the most famous.
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Right, that was not witchcraft.
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That was a Christian definition of the word witch and then applied to people, you know, that they wanted to get rid of,
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I think, or take their properties.
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But it was the wrong definition.
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Christianity still has the wrong definition of what witches are.
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Tonight is the opening of both worlds, the world of our ancestors and our world.
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And you don't call it Halloween do you?
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Oh absolutely not.
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What do you call it?
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Um, Samhain.
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Samhain.
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Samhain.
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Um, it is a night at one of the most holy nights because we're starting our new year.
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Summer is over, winter's starting.
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We're calling upon our ancestors' spirits to speak to us, to come and lend us their wisdom.
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Right.
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So that's the connection with the dead rising, is it?
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Exactly.
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The frosted air blows and changes.
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Changes summer to winter.
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And the wheel of the year turns once it's messy.
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Yes.
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Happy New Year.
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Happy New Year.
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Oh!
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Well, as a matter of fact, it's no longer Halloween.
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It's actually All Hallows Day, or if you're a witch, it's the beginning of a mad merry new year.
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Or if you're a Stephen, it's bedtime.
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This is Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, and a little further down the coast is my next state, Connecticut.
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But somehow I seem to be helping crew the Weatherly, a 12 -metre class yacht, which won the America's Cup back in 1962 too.
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This is sailing as it should be, and my crew, unlike me, have that fit confidence and blonde assurance that have inspired a million Ralph Lauren and Tommy Hilfiger commercials.
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Very American, very attractive, slightly too perfect.
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The Crew were giving me a lift down the coast on my way to a different
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but no less exciting type of boat Groton in Connecticut is
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home to the US Navy nuclear submarine force the undersea guarantors of the deadly authority of the world's only superpower
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The Seas of America!
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What am I going down there?
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This is not me, my best.
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And this, Steven, is the control room.
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This is where we dive and drive the boat from.
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This guy steers the boat.
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The outboard station, or excuse me, yes, the outboard station over here, is in charge of the stern planes.
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So you really, literally, steer it in these seats rather like kind of gaming arcade, you know?
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Absolutely, absolutely.
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And is that what I think it is?
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Is that a periscope?
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It is.
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Oh, I say I couldn't, could I?
463
It's a long ambition of mine, the idea that I would one day.. raising number one periscope up the scope!
464
Oh, my God.
465
This is a little more old -fashioned than the number two periscope.
466
Old -fashioned is good.
467
Oh, my, oh, my.
468
The zoom is fantastic.
469
Oh, a kitchen.
470
Oh, my word.
471
Oh, good.
472
We're going to sit down and eat.
473
So this, what do you call this, a mess or a...
474
Cruise mess, yeah.
475
Cruise mess.
476
It's where the crew leads, the officers, have a separate messing area.
477
And a wardroom.
478
Right, they have a wardroom, yeah.
479
Oh, it's a bit.
480
Yeah, they can get looked after a bit more.
481
Did they get served?
482
They do get served.
483
Yeah, but you've got a hundred and how many Mariners 30
484
Hundred and thirty so this obviously have to do it in staggered shifts absolutely 24 at a time.
485
Oh, I like that And you find women do fall on you like that if you they've heard you volunteered today Well, I'm married Steven.
486
So you wouldn't want
487
that to happen I'll put you'll have it to all done submerged six between six and eight months
488
months And crunts in this crunt environment with 130 other men and women or just men?
489
Just men.
490
Just men.
491
We're pretty much the only submarine force left that hasn't incorporated women.
492
That's quite surprising.
493
That's interesting.
494
Is that just simply because there isn't room for the extra facilities and so on?
495
Correct, yeah.
496
We'd have to have a different head or bathroom loo, I guess you would say.
497
Yes, no, I think in the British Navy they say heads as well.
498
And different birthing areas and we just don't have facilities for that right now.
499
So six months, is that because after that people start getting mad?
500
Actually, the only thing that limits how long we can be underway is the amount of food that we can carry.
501
So six months is usually how long they'll keep us out, but we can stay out indefinitely if we can carry that much food.
502
Oh, my goodness.
503
Are these the quarters?
504
That's one of the three main birthing areas on the ship.
505
Or the boat, as we call it.
506
Privacy is not a word that you're used to.
507
No, not at all.
508
This is a torpedo?
509
It is a torpedo.
510
It's actually a fully functioning torpedo.
511
The only exception is because it's painted orange.
512
That means it's an exercise weapon, so it doesn't have explosive in it.
513
OK. And this?
514
This is a Tomahawk missile.
515
Whoa!
516
Tomahawk.
517
So that's a really serious piece of weaponry.
518
It is.
519
That can travel how far?
520
Over a thousand nautical miles and hit the area the size of a chalkboard.
521
This is Newport, Rhode Island.
522
This is the dead centre of town.
523
The dead centre of town!
524
These enormous houses, or cottages, as the rich called them, with rather knowing irony, I think.
525
They were just here for the fresh air that Newport offers, as opposed to the stifling humidity of New York in the summer months.
526
So they were only lived in for a very short period of time.
527
Now, they're mostly owned by the preservation trust that tries to keep them from falling down, because the kind of multi -billionaires who live now don't want to live in this style.
528
Amazing.
529
Oatsy Charles is the dwyenne of Newport's old money she now lives in converted stables attached to one of these
530
so -called cottages a house
531
that was once home to the celebrated novelist of Newport's heyday
532
Edith Wharton can you tell me why they call them cottages
533
and why they came here snap appeal I guess yeah they thought it was funny to build a huge mansion
534
and call it a cottage I wasn't here there no you weren't
535
but you know about the history there's your drink don't forget
536
that so there is a very beautiful girl who would
537
that be that's Mamet Whiting
538
and who's the lovely girl on the right that's me that's you I can recognize those cheekbones in
539
that jawline we dressed every night for dinner we went out practically every night the houses were still fully staffed
540
and formally stuff I mean you know footman's in livery in livery what's
541
that word livery it sounds weird in uniform yeah You don't use livery?
542
And so what kind of sizes of staff are we talking about back in the day when it was really the place?
543
I would think at a minimum ten or twelve.
544
Right.
545
One of the people who lived here was the great novelist Edith Wharton, who was the chronicler, really, the non -parais of the upper...
546
What were they called?
547
The upper...
548
Classes.
549
The upper classes.
550
It was a number.
551
400. The upper 400.
552
Why were they called that?
553
Just the 400.
554
Just the 400.
555
Why were they called the 400?
556
Because that's what Mrs. Astor's ballroom in New York could hold.
557
Oh, so if you were one of those, if you were important enough, and if you were 401, the social outcast ruin...
558
As we say in Alabama, tough titty.
559
Tough titty.
560
And I suppose the best -known family, certainly in dynastic terms in America, to a Britain at least, must be the Kennedys.
561
Well, I went to the wedding. Did you?
562
And it was too funny.
563
Because, oh my, it was really so awful.
564
All of Jackie's family friends were on the side.
565
And we all looked just the way we did.
566
Always in Newport you were sort of slightly underdressed unless there was a big occasion.
567
Right.
568
And this was just Jackie getting married.
569
And on this side were the Kennedys.
570
All in frock coats and...
571
I mean, they were dressed to the night.
572
And the difference between the two sides was simply fascinating.
573
So really the Kennedys tried a bit too hard to be into the old money.
574
They were just not part of...
575
No, because they were Boston Irish and they were Catholic and above all, of course, he was a racketeer, wasn't he, Joe?
576
Let's be honest, we can't deny that.
577
Attractive, though.
578
Joe was attractive, was he?
579
For all that he was a Nazi sympathiser and a criminal.
580
Oh, I mean, really horrible, but never mind.
581
Horrible but attractive.
582
That's fair, people are.
583
People are.
584
Because I'm the other thing.
585
I'm incredibly nice but not very attractive.
586
A short ride and it's the Big Apple.
587
I have a date with a fellow cabbie, John Mancuna, an Irish -American who lives in the predominantly Italian borough of Queens,
588
but like most cabbies, applies his actual trade, mainly in Manhattan.
589
Hello there.
590
Hey, Steve.
591
Welcome to New York.
592
Hi.
593
You must be John.
594
Yes, sir.
595
Well, as I told you when I called you up, it'd be great if I could come to a cab garage I have to have my cab looked up.
596
Do you think you know where the dipstick is in this?
597
You do?
598
Good luck.
599
See if you can find it.
600
Is it here?
601
This is it.
602
Yes.
603
You see?
604
You're right.
605
In this side.
606
Because usually the steering wheel is on this side.
607
What do you reckon?
608
We need some oil.
609
I do, don't we?
610
Yeah.
611
John, that's yours. Is it?
612
Yes, that's mine, but I think today we're going to go in the black taxi.
613
Yeah, I'm going to take you in a...
614
Yeah, I'm going to take you in a...
615
What's going on now in Manhattan is class cleansing.
616
All neighborhoods, no matter what color, are being cleansed of poor people.
617
Like Harlem, which was predominantly African -American now, that's all changing.
618
The wealthier people are buying up the brownstones.
619
The Lower East Side are moving out all the immigrants.
620
And wealthier people are moving in.
621
So all of Manhattan, it's just being cleansed of a lower and a middle class that are moving out to, say, Brooklyn, Queens, and the Bronx.
622
So that's what's going on.
623
I noticed with cam drivers that a huge number from Ukraine, from India, Bangladesh, and all kinds of countries.
624
It's quite rare now to get one who seems to have been born in New York.
625
Yeah, there's 60 ,000 drivers.
626
10 % would be native -born.
627
The yellow cab now is worth $600 ,000, and that's called the medallion that you would buy for the yellow cab.
628
Oh, wow.
629
So it's a huge investment, whoever wants to buy one.
630
Do you get used to seeing people on the street and telling from the from the body post yes, and then you just drive on dress?
631
Yeah, yeah No, like a lot of these guys like to dress like gangsters
632
They'll have the hood over their head the pants hanging around their ass right yeah, and the baseball cap So I was well I say
633
if you're gonna look like a gangster act like a gangster
634
I'm gonna pass you up like a gangster you know after
635
an 11 -hour shift you're at a light It's 3 in the morning, and you hear both doors open and guys jump in
636
and they go yo yo my man we're heading up to the south bronx
637
and like the hair in the back of the head oh not at this hour
638
you run them up
639
and then at first you're saying oh god please don't rob
640
me then as you get closer you say all right you
641
don't even have to tip me just pay me then as
642
you see the neighborhood you say listen just jump please just
643
just go i i'll take the loss i don't really care
644
and someone was asking me about you know what are the
645
benefits what's your retirement plan like i said my My retirement plan is 4 .30 in the morning, a 9mm to the back of the head in the South Bronx.
646
I said, that's when I've retired.
647
The Big Apple, of course, is not just the Isle of Manhattan.
648
I'm keen to explore the other boroughs and the people that make up the quintessential New York City.
649
So John is taking me to a rather special place in the Italian neighbourhood of Queens to meet one such tribe,
650
the Goodfellas, the petty and not -so -petty types made famous in The Godfather and The Sopranos.
651
This is their social club.
652
So this is it, eh?
653
This is it.
654
You might get in.
655
I don't know if you're going to get out.
656
Hi there.
657
There's tea, coffee, cake, soda, manufidurator.
658
Fantastic.
659
Help yourself.
660
Well, hello, gentlemen.
661
Hey, yo, hey!
662
I'm Stephen.
663
I'm Hugh, you are?
664
Rick.
665
Rick?
666
Steven, that's Larry.
667
Larry, hi.
668
Joe.
669
Joe.
670
David.
671
David.
672
Mike, there had to be a Mikey.
673
Hey, let's see the Mikey.
674
Hey, Mikey.
675
Well, this is, what a place.
676
I've always dreamt of being in one of these.
677
You seem to be pretty keen on your sports.
678
Yeah.
679
We've got racing, we've got football, we've got a whole wall of Yankee, New York Yankees.
680
Every Yankee World Series team.
681
Wow.
682
Tell me something I've always wanted to know.
683
There's a thing you get in movies, right, in which people are described as running numbers.
684
What does that mean?
685
They have the racetrack.
686
Yeah.
687
And they have how much money is bet on a racetrack.
688
Well, the whole total?
689
The whole total.
690
And it's got racetrack total.
691
And the last three numbers, if you're lucky enough to play it, you'll win some money.
692
Oh, so you predict how much in the course of the whole
693
afternoon at the racetrack let's say you wanted to play your birthday
694
and it was four tenths yeah you put a dollar on
695
four tenth next day you look at the paper at the end of the racing track total handle
696
so it could be anything from zero zero zero to zero to nine nine nine nine
697
so what are the ways to get an edge on anybody
698
to get an edge on the book here listen it's real
699
hard today to get an edge listen we wouldn't be sitting in this club
700
if they knew how to do that all right Yeah.
701
You know how you will get an edge?
702
Yeah.
703
See this phone?
704
Yeah.
705
You're in here with a bookmaker.
706
Yeah.
707
I'm out the racetrack.
708
Right.
709
The horse is going right over the finishing line.
710
He's number eight.
711
I press number eight on here.
712
You got your cell phone.
713
Your cell phone will ring.
714
The first number will be eight.
715
That's the winner of the race.
716
Now you're talking to the bookmaker, you say, excuse me, I gotta answer the phone.
717
You see number eight, you make a little conversation.
718
All right, I'll talk to you later.
719
I'm busy.
720
Give me eight.
721
Give me number eight.
722
And you got the winner.
723
Who's going to tell me why there's a bullet hole on the door here?
724
The bullet hole was a Friday, and we had a card game.
725
Somebody parked their car, and they shot six bullets into them.
726
See the one on the wall over there?
727
See, next to Cheetah?
728
There's a hole.
729
And then a mouse hole.
730
That's a bullet hole.
731
Oh, my.
732
See it?
733
Yeah.
734
One went through and hit one of the players and missed his head.
735
It grazed his forehead.
736
And another one back here.
737
That went all the way through.
738
Whoa!
739
And when he said, when my friend got grazed in his head, he called an ambulance and he says, I'm shot in the head.
740
So the ambulance driver, the person over the phone says, How do you know?
741
He says, There's a hole in my head and blood's coming out.
742
How do you think I know I got shot? So what's your nickname?
743
Big Time.
744
Why are you called Big Time?
745
Because I've done some movies.
746
I've been in about 300 movies.
747
I'm always playing a gangster in the movies.
748
Yeah.
749
I do the part De Niro played in that movie in Goodfellas.
750
Yeah?
751
Yeah, I knew the guy.
752
He played.
753
He played, well, the guy's name was Jimmy the Gent.
754
But listen, I knew the real Jimmy the Gent.
755
And I told De Niro, when he went to go visit him in jail to ask him questions, De Niro says, listen, this movie ain't going to help my parole,
756
he told De Niro.
757
So take a walk.
758
And I told him the exact phrase.
759
I don't want to mention it.
760
Yeah.
761
But the exact phrase how he told him.
762
So De Niro turned around and said, Mink, you really knew the guy, Isaac, wasn't he?
763
And that's how I became friends with De Niro.
764
Wow.
765
Goodbye, everybody.
766
Goodbye, and have a nice to see you.
767
Bye -bye.
768
Goodbye.
769
Nice to see you all.
770
Good to see you, man.
771
God bless you.
772
And later, we'll give you both a rest when you come in.
773
Before I head off to New Jersey, I have a quick fare to pick up in the shape of a more recent immigrant to the city.
774
Don't drink coffee, I take tea, my dear.
775
Like my toast on one side Taxi!
776
I've always loved it here.
777
I mean, the British here are pretty invisible.
778
We don't look like a community.
779
The only place you'll find us in numbers is maybe one of the pubs downtown.
780
If there's a football game.
781
On a Saturday morning.
782
Yes.
783
You are now an Englishman in New York, of course.
784
That's your...
785
One of the favourite songs I play here.
786
It was also adopted by Jamaican.
787
There's a Jamaican in New York, so Croatian in New York, everyone's done their own version of it.
788
Try that one.
789
I think I'm paying. Of course.
790
So people just change the one word, did it, and do a cover version?
791
Yeah.
792
That's wonderful.
793
A Bosnian Herzogovina.
794
He doesn't quite scale, Stephen.
795
This is why I'm not in your business.
796
I'm stuck to the acting.
797
Thank you.
798
He's our hero.
799
Down the coast from New York in the state of New Jersey, Atlantic City's boardwalk was between the walls the playground of America.
800
Queen of Resorts.
801
After flatlining in the 70s, it's reinvented itself as the gambling capital of the Eastern Seaboard.
802
Thank you very much.
803
I'd be very smart, won't I?
804
He he!
805
Ha ha ha!
806
Splendid!
807
Let's play cards!
808
I am to be initiated into the charmed circle of washers
809
and dealers on the blackjack table by a representative of one of the latest waves of immigrants, Vietnamese croupier Kelly.
810
You put them in there.
811
Oh, I see.
812
Yeah.
813
Now take out.
814
Now take the whole lot out.
815
I see.
816
It's just a way of squaring them off.
817
Now they've got to go in here.
818
No, no, no, no, no!
819
Oh, oh, more.
820
And then we just...
821
Wash.
822
Grab a few, square them off.
823
Oh, to you, so they don't see the...
824
Yeah, facing me, so they don't see the...
825
And then back in here?
826
So now they're going to shoot.
827
No, shuffle, shuffle.
828
Shuffle again?
829
We just shuffled them.
830
No, that's the wash.
831
That's the wash.
832
Now we shuffle.
833
Now shuffle.
834
Oh, my. So, like...
835
No?
836
Cousin head.
837
Right, two halves.
838
Like so.
839
And now sh.. into two packs?
840
Yes.
841
Like so.
842
Oh, my.
843
Oh, you're very good. So...
844
No, you pick one piece of this that's more than it.
845
I'll pick...
846
Like that?
847
And then like that?
848
Yeah, a little bit, yeah. Of course.
849
What a fool I am.
850
I am.
851
There we go.
852
They love you sir.
853
Do you want to double up?
854
I imagine they would.
855
Good situation.
856
Oh, you're taking...
857
Sorry, that's a card.
858
Oh, yes!
859
No, oh, yes, what?
860
Do a 421.
861
Don't say, oh, yes, I'm mad.
862
So, do you reckon in your gambling and your gaming, any of you have made a profit?
863
Yes.
864
Yeah, you do well?
865
A lot.
866
A fortune.
867
A fortune?
868
I built a house on it.
869
Really?
870
On this game?
871
Absolutely.
872
I wouldn't be surprised if they put a small plaque up there to commemorate them.
873
That's wonderful.
874
That's so fabulous!
875
This is a great personality.
876
You're a small part.
877
Right.
878
One more.
879
Ready?
880
What's the biggest amount you've seen someone win?
881
Like a couple of millions.
882
A couple of millions?
883
And lose the same?
884
Lose them.
885
You know.
886
Amazing, isn't it?
887
So it's a good living to be a croupier.
888
It's a desirable job, you think?
889
Is there a lot of people who want to be a croupier?
890
You have a lot of demand.
891
A lot of people come to the school.
892
And what about tips?
893
What's the biggest tip you've been given?
894
Might you get a 5 ,000 chip?
895
Yeah.
896
You really might, as a tip?
897
Wow.
898
Gambling's on the increase in America as more and more states, realising how much revenue can be gained, licence more and more legal casinos.
899
And while I have nothing against gambling per se, the effects are truly devastating.
900
Many have been ruined by their addiction, easily as toxic as any drug.
901
In the end, the house always wins.
902
It's irrefutable arithmetic.
903
And as embodied in these trashy, tawdry palaces, I personally find the whole business vulgar, tasteless, and desperately sad.
904
But maybe that's just me.
905
Well, we're crossing the Delaware River, which takes us from New Jersey to the state of Delaware.
906
And it was here on Christmas Day,
907
1776, that George Washington sneakily crossed with his Continental Army and delivered a massive defeat to the British allies, the Battle of Trenton.
908
He did it in mid -winter.
909
God knows what it must have been like.
910
There's a very famous painting, actually, which I have here, of that very scene, Washington crossing the Delaware.
911
It's entered into American myth and legend as one of the turning points in their history.
912
God, it must have been cold.
913
Delaware.
914
What can we say about Delaware?
915
Well, Delawareans will tell you proudly that theirs was the first state to be incorporated into the Union.
916
So it's important for that reason.
917
But there's a certain generation, my mother included, who were first associated with a Perry Como song.
918
What did Della wear, boys?
919
What did Della wear?
920
She wore a brand -new jersey.
921
Why did California...
922
Why did Cali phone?
923
She firms to say, Hawaii.
924
One, two, three, four.
925
Oh, why did California?
926
Why did California...
927
From Delaware, I've crossed into Maryland and over the Chesa...
928
Peak Bay and yes, I know I'm short -changing these charming states, but I have a rendezvous to keep in the nation's capital, Washington DC.
929
Not strictly a state at all, but merely a district.
930
It's an attractive mix of imposing architecture, nationalistic symbols, broad boulevards, the 19th century grandeur of Lincoln's memorial,
931
the White House and Capitol Hill.
932
It feels more European, a product of the Enlightenment, fit to stand alongside Berlin, St. Petersburg, in Paris.
933
I'm meeting up with the newest purveyor of the Enlightenment, a modern -day Diderot, Jimmy Wales, who's the founder of the most compendious encyclopedia ever, Wikipedia.
934
How many people work for Wikipedia?
935
Ten people worldwide.
936
Just ten.
937
And we're the number eight website on the Internet now.
938
So, and those ten are, other than the one guy who's the community liaison, pretty much don't edit Wikipedia at all.
939
They're tasked with keeping the servers running and answering the phones and dealing with the press and things like that.
940
So the rest of the entries are not just the entries, but the checking of other things, the checking of alterations, the acceptance or denial of little extras, all that is done by volunteers?
941
Volunteers, yeah.
942
Just the main community members, the really active people, the administrators, all volunteers.
943
And just working in their spare time.
944
So unlike Google, which is probably the best known and certainly probably at the moment $700 a share or something.
945
Well, we're actually a charity.
946
We're a non -profit organization.
947
So you haven't...
948
I'm not talking to one of the famous dot -com billionaires.
949
Oh, gosh, no. No. How extraordinary that you should create something that is so well -known, is used by so many people,
950
and still have not polluted it with adverts and things like that.
951
Well, I mean, for me Wikipedia is something, I think it's something that can be really special.
952
And I think the core community is guided by that idea.
953
So whatever criticisms we receive, we take it very seriously because we want to be good.
954
And, you know, I think when people look back on the early days of the Internet, which this still is very much the early days of the Internet, you know, 200 years from now, 500 years from now, they'll say,
955
you know, that was something that was good that there were spam
956
and there was pop -up ads and nonsense on the internet, but this is something we remember that that was worth doing.
957
To me, as an American, it is a bit of pride in that respect,
958
especially in this era when America has a very bad reputation around the world in many ways and for many reasons.
959
But what's interesting about American culture is that there is still some very strong old values that really are, to me, very good and inspirational.
960
And so it's, you know, things, freedom of speech, and the idea that ordinary people can come together and build something, and, you know, ideas about,
961
you know, sort of a can -do spirit.
962
Ladies and gentlemen, the President of the United States.
963
Thank you for that warm welcome.
964
Good evening, ladies and gentlemen, I'm George W.
965
Bush, President of the United States.
966
But on a more serious note.
967
DC is truly a company town.
968
That the company happens to be the US government makes it all the more interesting.
969
Finality, corruption, incompetence, lying, cheating, philandering, filibustering, gerrymandering are all words that come to mind here.
970
Luckily the Fourth Amendment guarantees free speech.
971
Luckily that is for satirical groups like Capitol Steps.
972
Work with me people, okay?
973
Thank you.
974
Barry Byrne, like most of the Capitol Steps troop, started off in a government job on the hill, but then turned from gamekeeper to poacher.
975
Is this the source of most of your material then?
976
This is the source of much of our material.
977
The rest of it comes from, of course, the White House.
978
Now recently I spoke to you from my library, where I admitted that we had made mistakes in the handling of the war in Iraq.
979
Many people were shocked to see me in a library.
980
I noticed on the program that, well, politicians seem to like you.
981
They were also very critical of myself and the NSA for wiretapping American citizens.
982
They feel like any publicity is good publicity.
983
But you know, I don't understand what all the fuss is about.
984
I mean, for years I have been criticized for not listening to the American people.
985
It's comedy gold.
986
It's comedy gold.
987
Freedom, courage, two -pump formation.
988
Huff -a -curdish domination.
989
Where we be free for euculation.
990
Freedom, courage, from school.
991
Freedom, courage, from school.
992
Freedom, courage, from school.
993
My name's Conor, that's a pilot in Chrome.
994
I stopped drinking when I was alone.
995
Politics is the main industry here.
996
Politics and businesses around it seem to feed into that.
997
Lobbyists, for example, there are many, a lot of associations are headquartered here.
998
It's amazing how it is a self -perpetuating business
999
that each administration will come with its own problems and we'll be sitting right there waiting to jump on them.
1000
APPLAUSE Many great men and women have filed in and out of this Willard Hotel,
1001
but none greater and certainly none more revered than Abraham Lincoln, who actually lived here at the Willard in the period between his election and his inauguration into the White House.
1002
And I suppose Lincoln is best known and remembered for a certain speech he made on a battlefield in Pennsylvania.
1003
Did you make this great address over the bodies of the slain, sort of a day after the battle?
1004
No, the graves, there still were places where people would be buried.
1005
There were caskets...
1006
80 miles to the west of the capital, the serenity of Gettysburg today belies the savagery of the battle that was fought here over three days in July 1863.
1007
The Union victory was the turning point in the civil war against the Confederates of the South.
1008
On November the 19th that year, President Lincoln came to the battlefield to dedicate this cemetery to the nation
1009
and deliver what has become the most famous speech in American history.
1010
Well, I was asked to make a few appropriate remarks.
1011
They told me I was not to be the main speaker. To...
1012
Edward Everett.
1013
Jim Getty, a perfect Aba -like, has been working the heritage trail for nearly half a century.
1014
How could you run them by me?
1015
Well, I wanted to go back to where we had started 87 years ago in Philadelphia.
1016
Four score and seven years ago, our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation,
1017
conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.
1018
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, protesting whether that nation should not require the nation to be so,
1019
that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom and the government of the people,
1020
by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
1021
The 270 words of Lincoln's address that lasted barely two minutes have entered popular culture
1022
because they so concisely
1023
and eloquently summed up the high ideals of what the Union hoped the Republic would become after the war was won.
1024
Standing here on the blood -soaked battlefield of Gettysburg, One can't help but be put in mind of the extraordinary earthquake -like fissure
1025
that opened up between the Yankee North and that romantic,
1026
mysterious, eccentric, bewitching part of America that they still call the Deep South.
1027
On the next leg of my journey, I shall be visiting coal mines and distilleries, body farms and cotton farms,
1028
snowbirds and parole boards, guitar pickers and turkey stuffers.
1029
Discovering how much or how little, since that bloody civil war, the Deep South has changed.
1030
I'm sorry.
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คำศัพท์และข้อสังเกตด้านการพูดสำหรับบทเรียนนี้
บทเรียนฝึกพูดระดับ B2 นี้ใช้วิดีโอ “Stephen Fry Discovers The Hidden History Of New England” เป็นสื่อ วิดีโอนี้มี 1029 ประโยค และ 9135 คำ สำหรับฝึกพูดตาม ช่วงที่มีเสียงพูดยาว 58:37 ผู้พูดพูดด้วยความเร็วเป็นธรรมชาติ ประมาณ 156 คำต่อนาที ใกล้เคียงกับบทสนทนาในชีวิตประจำวัน 83% ของคำอยู่ใน 3,000 คำที่ใช้บ่อยที่สุดในภาษาอังกฤษ ส่วนที่เหลือควรดูไว้ก่อนเริ่มฝึก
คำศัพท์สำคัญในวิดีโอนี้
คำที่ยากที่สุด 15 คำในวิดีโอ พร้อมคำอ่านและความหมาย:
| คำศัพท์ | คำอ่าน | ความหมาย |
|---|---|---|
| lobster คำนาม | /ˈlɑb.stɚ/ | กุ้งมังกร, ล็อบสเตอร์ |
| deer คำนาม | /dɪɹ/ | กวาง |
| witchcraft คำนาม | /ˈwɪt͡ʃkɹæft/ | เวทมนตร์ |
| taxi คำนาม | /ˈtæksi/ | แท็กซี่, รถแท็กซี่ |
| gangster คำนาม | /ˈɡæŋ.stəː/ | นักเลง, อันธพาล |
| vanilla คำนาม | /vəˈnɪl.ə/ | วานิลลา, ฝักวานิลลา |
| torpedo คำนาม | /ˌtoɹˈpi.doʊ/ | ตอร์ปิโด |
| battlefield คำนาม | /ˈbætəlˌfiːld/ | สนามรบ, สมรภูมิ |
| gambling คำนาม | /ˈɡæm.bl̩.ɪŋ/ | การพนัน |
| ancestor คำนาม | /ˈæn.sɛs.tɚ/ | บรรพบุรุษ, บรรพชน |
| cleanse คำกริยา | /klɛnz/ | ชำระ, ล้าง |
| graze คำกริยา | /ɡɹeɪz/ | เลี้ยง |
| prosper คำกริยา | /ˈpɹɑspɚ/ | เจริญ, รุ่งเรือง |
| cradle คำนาม | /ˈkɹeɪdəl/ | อู่, เปล |
| gallon คำนาม | /ˈɡælən/ | แกลลอน |
กริยาวลีที่คุณจะได้ยิน
| คำศัพท์ | ความหมาย |
|---|---|
| sit down คำกริยา | นั่ง |
ประโยคที่ควรฝึกพูดซ้ำ
ประโยคสั้น ๆ ที่สมบูรณ์จากวิดีโอ ซึ่งนำไปใช้ในบทสนทนาประจำวันได้:
- The thing we're doing, which way?
- You were gonna win it, didn't you?
- I'd be very smart, won't I?
- What's the biggest amount you've seen someone win?
- It's a desirable job, you think?
ไวยากรณ์ในวิดีโอนี้
โครงสร้างที่ผู้พูดใช้บ่อยที่สุด พร้อมคำพูดจริงจากวิดีโอ:
| โครงสร้าง | ในวิดีโอ |
|---|---|
| Present perfect continuous have/has been + -ing — การกระทำที่เริ่มก่อนหน้านี้และยังดำเนินอยู่ | who've been harvesting · has been lobstering · I've been mixing |
| Present perfect have/has + กริยาช่อง 3 — เหตุการณ์ในอดีตที่ยังเกี่ยวข้องกับปัจจุบัน | I've been · I've been called · I've worked |
| Passive voice be + กริยาช่อง 3 — เน้นสิ่งที่เกิดขึ้น ไม่ใช่ผู้กระทำ | was offered · was born · I've been called |
| Relative clauses who / which + อนุประโยค — ข้อมูลเพิ่มเติมเกี่ยวกับคนหรือสิ่งของ | ethic which has · party, which is · Massachusetts, which is |
การออกเสียงที่ควรระวัง
ผู้พูดใช้รูปย่อและรูปลดเสียง 217 ครั้ง เช่น I'm, don't, we're ให้พูดแบบสั้นตามที่ได้ยิน
- เสียง “sh” และ “zh”: shuffle /ˈʃʌfəl/, persecution /ˌpɝsəˈkjuʃən/
- คำยาว — ลงเสียงหนักให้ถูกพยางค์: persecution /ˌpɝsəˈkjuʃən/, predominantly /pɹɪˈdɒmɪnəntli/, incorporate /ɪŋˈkɔɹ.pɚ.eɪt/, characteristic /ˌkæɹ(ə)ktəˈɹɪstɪk/, publicity /pʌbˈlɪsɪti/
เสียงที่คนไทยมักออกเสียงยาก:
- เสียงท้ายคำ — ออกเสียงให้ครบ ไม่เปลี่ยนเป็นตัวสะกดแบบไทย: shuffle /ˈʃʌfəl/, cottage /ˈkɒt.ɪd͡ʒ/, cleanse /klɛnz/, graze /ɡɹeɪz/, cradle /ˈkɹeɪdəl/
- /v/ — ไม่ใช่ /w/ ให้ฟันบนแตะริมฝีปากล่าง: livery /ˈlɪv(ə)ɹi/, vanilla /vəˈnɪl.ə/, novelist /ˈnɑvəlɪst/, flavor /ˈfleɪvə/, convert /kənˈvɝt/
- /z/ — เสียงก้อง ไม่ใช่ /s/: cleanse /klɛnz/, graze /ɡɹeɪz/, accuse /əˈkjuz/
วิธีฝึกกับวิดีโอนี้
- ฟังวิดีโอให้จบหนึ่งรอบโดยยังไม่ต้องพูด แล้วจดคำที่ยังไม่รู้จัก
- เริ่มที่ความเร็ว 0.75× พูดตามทีละประโยค แล้วกลับไปใช้ความเร็วปกติเมื่อเริ่มคล่อง
- อัดเสียงตัวเองแล้วเทียบกับต้นฉบับ โดยสังเกตคำอย่าง lobster, deer, witchcraft เป็นพิเศษ
เทคนิค Shadowing คืออะไร?
Shadowing เป็นเทคนิคการเรียนรู้ภาษาที่ได้รับการรับรองทางวิทยาศาสตร์ พัฒนาขึ้นสำหรับการฝึกนักแปลมืออาชีพ วิธีการนี้เรียบง่ายแต่ทรงพลัง: คุณฟังเสียงภาษาอังกฤษจากเจ้าของภาษาและพูดตามทันที — เหมือนเงาที่ตามผู้พูดด้วยช่วงเวลาห่าง 1-2 วินาที การวิจัยแสดงว่าเทคนิคนี้ปรับปรุงความแม่นยำในการออกเสียง ทำนองเสียง จังหวะ การเชื่อมเสียง การฟังเข้าใจ และความคล่องแคล่วในการพูดได้อย่างมีนัยสำคัญ