ฝึกพูดภาษาอังกฤษด้วยเทคนิค Shadowing จากวิดีโอ: The Secret to Finding Perfect Timing | Daniel Pink
กำลังสร้างบทเรียน...
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Your most recent book, When, is all about the secrets and science behind perfect timing.
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In particular, one of the things you talk about a lot in there is power of breaks
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and taking breaks and all that.
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Can you elaborate a little bit on that and why that really is so important?
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Yeah, great.
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That's a great question.
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I'm glad to talk about that.
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So, I guess the top line view of all of this is that if you look at...
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Well, let me take two steps back here.
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This work on timing, the mistake that we make is that when we make our timing decisions, we make them based on intuition and guesswork, and we should be making them based on evidence.
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And there's a lot of evidence out here on timing.
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And some of the evidence has to do with breaks.
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And what the evidence tells us about breaks is that breaks are woefully, woefully undersold.
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We should be taking more breaks, and we should be taking certain kinds of breaks.
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And so at a very top level, there's this view, I think, it's a very American view.
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It's a very, somehow like Americans from all races and walks of life, just simply stepping, I mean, true in Massachusetts, sort of, you step on the soil of America,
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and sort of through the bottom of your shoes, you begin to get these very puritanical values, even if your family has no connection to the Puritans at all.
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And these puritanical values are like, powering through is how you get more work done, powering through is good for you, powering through is morally virtuous.
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And what the evidence says is that is not true.
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And it's totally changed my view.
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And what the evidence tells us is that I used to think that amateurs took breaks and professionals don't.
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It's the exact opposite.
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Professionals take breaks, amateurs don't.
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And what we need to start thinking about is breaks as part of our performance, rather than a deviation from our performance, as integral to our performance,
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rather than a turn away from our performance.
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And you see this in a whole range of things.
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You see it in medicine, where if you give doctors and nurses breaks, they actually perform better on surgery.
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They're more vigilant in their care.
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You see it in the work of certainly in athletes.
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Athletes build breaks into things.
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You see it in a whole range of different brain power tasks, where if you give people,
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there's some really, really good research showing that kids do worse on standardized tests
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if they take the test in the afternoon versus the morning, significantly worse.
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But you can get those scores back up
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if you give them 20 minutes to run around before they take that afternoon test, scores go back up.
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So breaks matter to our performance.
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The other thing, forgive the long-winded answer, well, we need to take a break from this answer, is that we know about the right kinds of breaks to take.
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And this is really important, that all breaks are not created equal.
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What we know is we have a very good, from the evidence, a very good kind of set of design principles.
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We know that something is better than nothing.
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So even taking a one minute break is better than not taking a break at all.
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One thing I try to do, especially if I'm on deadline, is what people call the 20-20-20 break, which is that every 20 minutes,
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look at something 20 feet away for 20 seconds.
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Even that kind of thing can restore energy.
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We know that social is better than solo, so that breaks with other people are more restorative than breaks on our own, even for introverts.
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We know that some amazing, I mean, I like to see all these folks outside here.
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We know that breaks outside are more restorative than breaks inside.
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We know that breaks where you're moving are better than breaks where you're sedentary.
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And we know that breaks where you're fully detached are better than when you're semi-detached.
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So you actually have to take a break.
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Don't look at your phone.
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Don't talk about work.
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Well, I'm glad you mentioned the piece about when you're on deadline, like that sort of short example of a break.
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Because some of the things that strike me in this type of stuff is it all sounds great.
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But how do you practically do some of this stuff when maybe dictating your own break schedule isn't entirely in your control?
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Or you work with people who don't have that same mentality?
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And so do you have tips and advice for doing this, but working within a larger construct that might not be bought in?
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RICK MACLENNAN, Absolutely.
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That's just a really, really great point.
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And so one thing would be these what are called micro breaks, which are these very, very short breaks.
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They can be restorative.
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It's a lot of bang for the buck.
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The other thing is really just to start small.
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So if you're an individual in an organization that doesn't necessarily prize these kinds of things, just be smart about it.
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So don't say, oh, I'm going to take a two hour siesta today, everybody.
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See you later.
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Instead, what you do is don't ask for permission.
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I'm convinced that if everybody in the workplace took
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each afternoon one 15 minute walk outside with someone they liked talking about something other than work,
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you would see gains in productivity.
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So just start small.
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And I think that the other point you make, Lauren, is really interesting, too, about how in the maw of things going on, we sometimes neglect that.
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And so one of the things that I've started doing is actually literally scheduling a break.
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And so just like if you had a meeting on your calendar, you'd go to the meeting, right?
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Time to go to the meeting.
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And so if you schedule like 315, 15-minute walk break, you start adhering to that.
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So start small and schedule it.
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Yeah, but I have a tip because I have those in my calendar.
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But if you do them at the same time every day, people figure it out.
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So you've got to do them at random times.
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Good point.
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That's really good.
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That's really good.
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Because then they just book right over.
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Here's the other thing.
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Don't do it on Outlook.
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Just do it on your phone.
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Well, that's true, too.
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Yeah, yeah, yeah.
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Similarly, in the book, there's also some science in there around the cycles that we're all on, and some people being morning people and being productive there, some people being evening people.
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There's ratios.
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The question, though, is, again, how do you identify who you are and identify who somebody else is and work together?
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Another great question.
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Yeah.
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So what you're talking about, for the folks who haven't looked at the book, is what's called a chronotype, which is basically a morning person or evening person.
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It sounds a little like folklore is actually science.
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There's a whole field of chronobiology that studies this.
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Some of us naturally wake up early and go to sleep early.
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Some of us wake up late and go to sleep late.
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A lot of us are in the middle.
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And for yourself, there are instruments out there you can find online.
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There's something called the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire, the MCTQ.
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There's something called the Morning Eveningness Questionnaire, the MEQ.
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There's also a very simple back of the envelope way to figure out your chronotype.
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I could do it with somebody right here in 30 seconds if you wanted.
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Anybody want to have that?
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OK, yeah.
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So well, I saw I'll go to this guy right here.
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And I just happened to see him first.
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Sorry about that. can do you afterwards.
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Tell me your first name?
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Drew.
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Okay, so Drew, I want you to think about, this is what chronobiologists call a free day.
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A free day is a day you don't have to wake up to an alarm clock.
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You're also not exhausted and trying to catch up on sleep.
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You can just like wake up and go to sleep when you feel like it.
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So on a typical free day, when would you typically go to sleep?
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10.30 or 11.
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10.30, okay, so let's say 11.
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And then, and when would you typically wake up?
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Again, on a free day, you do no alarm clock, you get up whenever you want.
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7.30, okay.
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So I'm going to go with 10.30, just so I don't have to do the halves.
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So 10.30 to 7.30, so that's nine hours of sleep, four and a half.
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So what I'm trying to do is figure out your midpoint of sleep.
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So your midpoint of sleep would be 3 a.m.
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Is that right?
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Yeah.
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Midpoint of sleep would be 3 a.m.
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And here's here's what we know um
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if your midpoint of sleep is before 3 30 you're probably a lark
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if your midpoint of sleep is after 5 30 a.m you're probably an owl
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and if your midpoint of sleep is between 3 30
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and 5 30 you're in the middle
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so you would be uh you would be a lark not a super strong lark does
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that seem logical yeah yeah
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so you're better off doing like your more analytic work early in the day
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and your more insight work later later later in the day now
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when it comes to other people it's harder um and so
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but i actually think that um that knowing people's chronotypes can be really useful so
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if i'm a boss i'm not okay first of all like
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how do you feel about working all-nighters how do you feel yeah
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or how do you feel like having a boss who's like
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okay yeah we're gonna going to be here till 11 o'clock at night?
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OK, so Drew, you're the boss.
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OK, so here's the thing.
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So suppose that you have somebody who is, anybody tests much more later in the day, more of an owl.
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OK, so tell me your first name.
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Karna?
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Carla, sorry.
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So Carla is an owl.
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So suppose that Carla is in your organization, all right?
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She's an owl, all right? don't make Carla come to an 8 o'clock AM strategy meeting.
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All right.
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So it's that kind of thing.
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So just knowing a sense of people's chronotypes, you can make some adjustments based on that.
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How do you feel about eight o'clock in the morning meetings, Carla?
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Show up.
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Right.
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But Carla might be good at like maybe at nine o'clock at night, you're feeling pretty good about stuff.
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So that's it.
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So it's just a matter of just knowing that is, you know, allows us to make small decisions to do a little bit better.
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How did you come to this research?
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How did you get on the topic of timing and when and writing that book?
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You know what?
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I was actually, believe it or not, I actually had written a proposal for an entirely different book.
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And then I realized how personally frustrated I was.
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Because I was making all kinds of decisions myself.
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Like, I'm a writer.
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When in the day should I write?
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One of the things that I was really concerned about or interested in was when should I exercise?
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Is it better exercise in the morning?
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Is it better to exercise later in the day?
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And I found myself, like, I was making these decisions, and I was doing it in a totally half-assed way.
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And I said, there's got to be a better way to do it.
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And so I started looking around for some guidance, and it didn't exist.
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And so then I started looking at the science.
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I said, wow, there's a lot of science here.
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And I was like, this is a book that I wanted to read.
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No one had written it, so I had to write it myself.
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I basically had to write this so I could read it.
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Love it.
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Yeah.
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Is it possible to get too bogged down in the science of, like, I have to work out at this time because that's
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when the only time it's going to be good for me and like all of that.
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Do you have advice, I guess, to not fall into that trap?
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Yeah, I mean, I think that what you want to do is you, I mean, I think in general when it comes to how we lead our lives,
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and this is, it's interesting that we want a mix of kind of loose and tight.
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So we do want to have some kind of structure in our schedule.
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But so for me, it's like I know that I'm better off,
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you know, me getting to my office in the morning and maybe like at 8.30 or so.
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Because I'm not, I'm a little bit, I'm larky but not as strong of a lark as they drew. So 8.30.
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But if I get to my office at 8.40, it's like I'm not going to spend the next 20 minutes beating myself up on that.
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You know, it's like, okay, yeah, we're going to aspire to do that.
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And you don't want to be overly rigid.
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But you want to have some, you know, you want to have, so if you think about, let's say, Let's take exercise.
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So if you're better off exercising in the late afternoon and early evening, if you miss a day or two, that's like, you miss a day or two.
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Yeah, you miss a day or two.
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So what's the next question that you're looking for the answer for
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that you're going to need to write a book to answer?
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Oh, good question.
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I don't know.
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I'm trying to figure out that right now.
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I mean, writing a book is, some of you probably have written books.
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Some of the millions of us watching at home have probably written books.
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Writing a book is a giant pain in the ass.
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It's really, really, really.
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I mean, it is.
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It's really, really hard.
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It's really, really hard.
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So you have to find a topic that you really are really, really, really, really interested in.
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So I've actually gone down the road to research two topics, one of which I was wrong about.
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So I had an idea and it turned out to be not true.
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And then another one, it was like, oh my god, if I have to spend three years working on this, I'm going to bang my head against the wall.
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Is that the normal time frame, three years for this to come together?
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Yeah, it depends.
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Basically, I figured it out.
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Yeah, I like to have a year to research and a year to write, generally.
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And then I build in another year just for what writers do best, which is procrastination and self-loathing.
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Rachel Botsman was up here yesterday and she was talking a little bit about her process.
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And I found it really interesting.
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She said that as she's researching a topic and writing a book or anything, she draws the ideas.
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Is there anything in your sort of writing process that helps you materialize what you're thinking through?
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Yeah, there are.
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I tend to be pretty I tend to be pretty analog, even though I use Evernote and all that kind of stuff,
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and I rely on Dropbox.
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Like if the main Dropbox server ever got attacked by North Korea, my life would be over.
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I mean, I would basically have nothing to do.
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But that said, I like to see stuff.
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So I will write out just lists of words.
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I wonder what this word has to do with anything, or questions.
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I have a big thing of whiteboards in my, a big whiteboardish wall in my office.
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I also will often use giant, what do you call them?
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Like stick notes?
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Yeah, yeah, like Post-its, but like the poster-sized ones.
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And we'll write stuff on there and plaster those up.
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And I will, like, I literally sometimes will turn in my chair
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and look at an array of those giant stickies and just literally spend 45 minutes just looking at them.
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My family thinks, like, oh my god, there he is again.
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He's been day drinking.
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And so that helps me process things.
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I also use a lot of paper, believe it or not.
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I mean, paper files and things like that.
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Yeah.
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Why?
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Like, why paper?
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What does it do for you?
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Hard to put into work.
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You know, for me, I think it goes back to being able to see stuff.
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I also feel like, maybe I'm completely delusional, I feel like I read better on paper than I do on a screen.
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I feel like I process and understand more.
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It could be because it could be a generational thing, you know, because when I was a kid learning how to read and whatnot, there weren't that very many screens, you know?
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But I feel like I just, and maybe there's some kind of weird psychological thing where I just find it comforting to be able to touch something.
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I understand.
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You've been up here with us.
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You've been doing your spotlight talk.
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If you could leave this inbound audience with just one thing to hold onto and take away from your time here, what would that be?
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I think on the question of timing and even on your first question about breaks, I feel like everybody could up their,
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I hate this word, it's a little clumsy, intentionality.
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That a lot of times we're doing things based on default settings,
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based on kind of just stumbling through things.
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There's a great line from William James, taught at Harvard, father of psychology, started off as a philosopher, basically founded the field of psychology.
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And he has this great line in one of the things that he wrote called, he says, most of us go through life only half awake.
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you know and I feel like myself like sometimes I'm like I'm only half awake and
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if you just sort of say hey wait a second you know certain moments in the beginning of the day
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or somewhere in the day saying okay am I half awake
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or am I fully awake am I intentional
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or not I just think you just um it's just more
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interesting you learn a lot more Elizabeth Gilbert was here night one
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and I think she set everybody off on a good intentionality
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path oh good yeah yeah um okay we have one
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but she has this great thing where
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but just like like like you know the other thing
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that I would leave with borrowing on Liz Gilbert stuff is just showing up.
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If you want to do work, show up.
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She has this whole thing where it's like, if you sit around waiting for the muse to visit you, you're never going to get any work done.
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But if you show up every once in a while, the muse will come knock at your office door.
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Absolutely.
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One final question.
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What does inbound mean to you?
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You know what?
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I'm a big HubSpot fan.
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I've been to inbound before.
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I think that what's interesting is the overall approach of HubSpot and Inbound and the whole world of,
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say, content marketing is really interesting because it's really about education.
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We're not trying to hoodwink people.
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We're not trying to deceive people.
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We're basically saying, hey, I found out some interesting stuff.
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Let me share it with you.
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What do you think?
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And to me, that's really engaging.
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And I think that that's one reason why you have these ginormous armies of people from all over the world coming here.
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I was here a few years ago as well, and now it's like, holy moly, what the hell is going on here?
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Yeah, I know.
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Yeah.
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I know.
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It's more than doubled since the last time you were here.
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Yeah.
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Yeah.
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It's crazy.
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Well, thank you so much for coming back and being here again.
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Thank you for having me.
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Thank you for stopping by the studio and thank all of you for being here.
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Thanks a lot.
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Thanks everybody.
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คำศัพท์และข้อสังเกตด้านการพูดสำหรับบทเรียนนี้
วิดีโอนี้มี 305 ประโยค และ 3396 คำ สำหรับฝึกพูดตาม ช่วงที่มีเสียงพูดยาว 17:40 ผู้พูดพูดเร็ว ประมาณ 192 คำต่อนาที จึงมีการเชื่อมเสียงและลดเสียงค่อนข้างมาก 86% ของคำอยู่ใน 3,000 คำที่ใช้บ่อยที่สุดในภาษาอังกฤษ ส่วนที่เหลือควรดูไว้ก่อนเริ่มฝึก
คำศัพท์สำคัญในวิดีโอนี้
คำที่พบไม่บ่อย 15 คำจากวิดีโอ พร้อมคำอ่านและความหมาย:
- topic /ˈtɑpɪk/ (คำนาม) — หัวข้อ, กระทู้. A subject; a theme; a category or general area of interest.
- psychology /saɪˈkɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/ (คำนาม) — จิตวิทยา. The study of the human mind.
- calendar /ˈkæl.ən.də/ (คำนาม) — ปฏิทิน. Any system by which time is divided into days, weeks, months, and years.
- amateur /ˈæ.mə.t͡ʃɚ/ (คำนาม) — มือสมัครเล่น. A person attached to a particular pursuit, study, science, or art (such as music or painting), especially one who cultivates any study, interest, taste, or…
- deadline /ˈdɛdˌlaɪn/ (คำนาม) — เส้นตาย. A time limit in the form of a date on or before which something must be completed.
- athlete /ˈæθ.liːt/ (คำนาม) — นักกีฬา. A participant in any of a group of sporting activities including track and field, road running, cross country running and racewalking.
- necessarily /ˌnɛs.əˈsɛɹ.ə.li/ (คำกริยาวิเศษณ์) — ต้อง. Inevitably; of necessity.
- proposal /pɹəˈpoʊzəl/ (คำนาม) — ข้อเสนอ. A scheme or design.
- server /ˈsɝvɚ/ (คำนาม) — เซิร์ฟเวอร์. A program that provides services to other programs or devices, either in the same computer or over a computer network.
- soil /sɔɪl/ (คำนาม) — ดิน. A mixture of mineral particles and organic material, used to support plant growth.
- nurse /nɝs/ (คำนาม) — พยาบาล. Anyone performing this role, regardless of training or profession.
- ratio /ˈɹeɪ.ʃoʊ/ (คำนาม) — สัดส่วน, อัตราส่วน. A number representing a comparison between two named things.
- knock /nɑk/ (คำกริยา) — เคาะ. To rap one's knuckles against something, especially wood.
- principle /ˈpɹɪn.sɪ.pəl/ (คำนาม) — หลัก, คติ. A fundamental assumption, fundamental law or guiding belief.
- trap /tɹæp/ (คำนาม) — กับ, กับดัก. A machine or other device designed to catch (and sometimes kill) animals, either by holding them in a container, or by catching hold of part of the body.
กริยาวลีที่คุณจะได้ยิน
- wake up /ˌweɪk ˈʌp/ (คำกริยา) — ตื่น, ตื่นนอน. To stop sleeping; to awake.
- show up (คำกริยา) — โผล่. To appear, arrive, or attend, especially suddenly or erratically.
- come back (คำกริยา) — กลับมา. To return to a place.
- get up (คำกริยา) — ลุก. To move in an upward direction; to ascend or climb.
การออกเสียงที่ควรระวัง
ผู้พูดใช้รูปย่อและรูปลดเสียง 76 ครั้ง เช่น I'm, you're, don't ให้พูดแบบสั้นตามที่ได้ยิน
- เสียง “th”: athlete /ˈæθ.liːt/, loathe /ˈloʊð/
- เสียง “sh” และ “zh”: ratio /ˈɹeɪ.ʃoʊ/, shoe /ˈʃu/, intentional /ɪnˈtɛnʃənəl/, intuition /ˌɪn.tjuːˈɪʃ.ən/, delusional /dɪˈluːʒənəl/
- คำยาว — ลงเสียงหนักให้ถูกพยางค์: psychology /saɪˈkɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/, naturally /ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/, necessarily /ˌnɛs.əˈsɛɹ.ə.li/, similarly /ˈsɪm.ə.lə.li/, psychological /ˌsaɪ.kəˈlɑː.d͡ʒɪ.kl̩/
วิธีฝึกกับวิดีโอนี้
- ฟังวิดีโอให้จบหนึ่งรอบโดยยังไม่ต้องพูด แล้วจดคำที่ยังไม่รู้จัก
- เริ่มที่ความเร็ว 0.75× พูดตามทีละประโยค แล้วกลับไปใช้ความเร็วปกติเมื่อเริ่มคล่อง
- อัดเสียงตัวเองแล้วเทียบกับต้นฉบับ โดยสังเกตคำอย่าง topic, psychology, calendar เป็นพิเศษ
ไวยากรณ์ในวิดีโอนี้
โครงสร้างที่ผู้พูดใช้บ่อยที่สุด พร้อมคำพูดจริงจากวิดีโอ:
| โครงสร้าง | ในวิดีโอ |
|---|---|
| Present perfect have/has + กริยาช่อง 3 — เหตุการณ์ในอดีตที่ยังเกี่ยวข้องกับปัจจุบัน | I've started · haven't looked · have written |
| Relative clauses who / which + อนุประโยค — ข้อมูลเพิ่มเติมเกี่ยวกับคนหรือสิ่งของ | break, which is · people who don · breaks, which are |
| Passive voice be + กริยาช่อง 3 — เน้นสิ่งที่เกิดขึ้น ไม่ใช่ผู้กระทำ | are not created · might not be bought · are called |
เทคนิค Shadowing คืออะไร?
Shadowing เป็นเทคนิคการเรียนรู้ภาษาที่ได้รับการรับรองทางวิทยาศาสตร์ พัฒนาขึ้นสำหรับการฝึกนักแปลมืออาชีพ วิธีการนี้เรียบง่ายแต่ทรงพลัง: คุณฟังเสียงภาษาอังกฤษจากเจ้าของภาษาและพูดตามทันที — เหมือนเงาที่ตามผู้พูดด้วยช่วงเวลาห่าง 1-2 วินาที การวิจัยแสดงว่าเทคนิคนี้ปรับปรุงความแม่นยำในการออกเสียง ทำนองเสียง จังหวะ การเชื่อมเสียง การฟังเข้าใจ และความคล่องแคล่วในการพูดได้อย่างมีนัยสำคัญ