Luyện nói tiếng Anh bằng Shadowing qua video: Essentials: Manage Stress & Build Resilience | Dr. Elissa Epel
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Welcome to Huberman Lab Essentials, where we revisit past episodes for the most potent and actionable science -based tools for mental health, physical health, and performance.
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I'm Andrew Huberman, and I'm a professor of neurobiology and ophthalmology at Stanford School of Medicine.
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And now for my discussion with Dr. Alyssa Eppel.
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Dr. Eppel, welcome.
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Thank you.
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So great to have you here.
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I'd love to just kick off by you explaining a little bit about the different forms of stress.
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We hear stress, stress is bad, stress can kill us, no one likes to feel stressed, etc. But as you and I both know, that's not the entire picture.
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So I'd love for you to just educate us a bit on what stress is and what it isn't, where it can be problematic, and where perhaps it can even be beneficial.
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So as a stress scientist, it is a word I use a lot,
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but it has to be broken down because it has so many different kind of dimensions and meanings.
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So there's good and bad stress, there's acute and chronic stress.
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And, you know, technically, it just means anytime we feel overwhelmed, that we feel like the demands are too much for our resources.
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So that's kind of a very technical way to put it.
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But really, so much of life is about meeting challenges.
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And we're never going to get rid of different stressful situations in life.
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If anything, they are increasing.
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And so it really comes down to not the stressors of what happens to us, but really how we respond, the stress response.
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So when something happens, we mount a stress response and we recover.
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And that's beautiful.
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No harm done.
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We need that.
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That's why we're here, still alive, is that survival response.
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It's a problem these days of just, we keep it alive in our head.
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We keep it alive with our thoughts.
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Our thoughts are the most common form of stress.
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What, to your knowledge, is the best way
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or what are the best ways for us to manage overthinking and ruminating on stressful topics?
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Should we work with them in the sense that we try
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and rationalize or understand the basis of the stress or should we try and divert our thinking away?
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I like to bin it in three, um, three categories.
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So one is we, well, I'll just say, first of all, we have to have some awareness of how our mind works, or we're just like, you know,
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a subject to thinking our thoughts are real, thinking that it's helpful to keep ruminating and problem solving,
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because that's our tendency is to go toward whatever we think there's threat or risk and to problem solve that.
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But you could just be stuck there all day in this kind of threat mode or red mine state.
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And that's just a shame.
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We don't need to turn on that stress response all the time, but that's where we are as a society.
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We're so used to feeling daily stress from our urban and modern life that we don't notice it.
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We're just used to it.
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And so we're going through the day with kind of like clenched hands and And just, you know, for listeners, just even just taking a check in now
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and noticing how you might be holding stress in your body.
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That's a huge clue.
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It's a huge place where we accumulate tension.
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So we might not be aware that we're stressed, but we're clenching our hands.
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So going back to this notion of overthinking, what are the tools that are most efficient for dealing with overthinking or ruminating
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when people just can't seem to let go of the thing that's the stressor, thinking about not the stress in their body, but the thing that caused the stress,
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the difficult conversation, the thing that irked them.
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I wish I had one answer, but I'm gonna say lots of strategies tackle that.
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And so in those three bins, one are top -down strategies of awareness and things
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that we can say to ourselves since our beliefs and mindsets can really help us release stress, use stress more positively.
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The second bucket is not that the mind changes the body, but the body changes the mind.
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And those are the set of strategies that you tend to use the most, right?
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We're working stress out of the body.
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We're metabolizing it.
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We're burning it up.
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And we get relief.
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It changes our amygdala activity and moves us to more an experiential state where we're more in our somatosensory cortex.
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And then the third bucket is change the scene, just getting away from all the stress triggers
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that we have in our office or in the city and being in an environment that we find calming.
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It might even be just be a corner of the house, but implanting what I call safety signals,
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having things like comforting pets, pictures, smells, music.
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When we talk about stress, it's clear that there's short -term, medium -term, long -term stress.
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You studied all these different forms of stress.
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If you'd be so kind as to just give us an overview of the different forms of stress, how we can learn to recognize those,
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pepper our minds with knowledge about stress in all its beautiful and not so beautiful forms.
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When we think about stress, we usually think feeling stress, reporting stress, and that's important.
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What our body is doing is also important and it's not always related to our minds.
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So measuring levels of the nervous system and how vigilant we are is another way that we can understand stress.
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And that's particularly important and interesting because that's how stress gets under the skin.
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And we might not be aware, we don't report stress, but we're still holding tension and being much more sympathetically dominated,
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meaning that our body is vigilant and scanning for cues and we don't feel safe.
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And so we're mobilizing a lot more energy than we need to.
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And stress is so expensive to the body.
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The stress response uses a tremendous amount of energy, ATP, that's made by our mitochondria.
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And if we have that kind of vigilant stress response on all day, we're just going to feel exhausted.
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And we don't necessarily get so threatened that we release a lot of cortisol, but our nervous system is going up and down all day.
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Then there's kind of moderate stressful events that maybe take days or months to cope with.
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And what's important there is that noticing like right now, am I really coping acutely with something or can I restore?
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So that kind of daily restoration is very important.
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And then there are chronically stressful situations that go on for years.
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Many of us, not all of us, but many of us have those in our life.
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If these are situations, I'll just use caregiving as an example, that we can't change.
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We can't change other people.
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We can't change certain situations or resources.
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And we can be thinking about them chronically problem solving, trying to wish things were different.
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Or we can use acceptance, radical acceptance strategies and other strategies to live well with them.
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That's a really important strategy for people who feel like their life is going to be stressful forever
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because of X or Y.
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You can actually be dealing with uncontrollable chronic stress in ways that it's not going to take that toll on your body.
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I mean, I study chronic stress and how it accelerates cell aging, and I can tell you there's so much variance between people.
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People are so different.
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So among caregivers, some of them look as biologically young or younger than our controls, people with no identifiable big tough situation in their life.
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In one of your papers, you distinguish between optimal aging, typical aging, and accelerated aging.
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How does one measure optimal versus accelerated aging?
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And why would it be that some stress is better than no stress when it comes to aging ideally?
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Having no stress means we're not really living.
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Like we're not engaging in the gifts of life, which are inevitably have some challenge and risk.
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And let me give you an example.
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One study took elderly people who retired
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and society kind of labels them as you're kind of done with your meaningful work in life
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and you are pretty much not able to contribute to society.
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I mean, there's so many negative stereotypes that people then kind of embody and then live.
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And this program brought them to work in schools and tutor young at -risk students.
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And what happened to them is they went from feeling maybe safe and understressed to feeling challenged but generative.
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They were feeling more purpose.
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They were feeling like they were growing and they were feeling like their day had more meaning.
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They had these caring relationships with the students.
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And in this study, they took images of the hippocampus.
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And those who engaged in the program, particularly the men, actually had growth of their hippocampus during this program.
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So at any stage in life, we can be growing and challenging ourselves, even in our much later years, and growing our brain
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and you know more than anyone like what does
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that hippocampal growth mean for their well -being
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and their cognitive function i almost have to wonder if it's like exercise where you know so many people
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i think now everybody hopefully understands
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that exercise is going to lower blood pressure reduce resting heart rate and improve musculoskeletal function and bone density all that stuff,
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but that if you took a snapshot of the bodily response during exercise, blood pressure is way way up heart rate is way way
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up stress hormones are way up cortisol is through the roof during a hard workout
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and immediately afterwards and yet that sets in motion a series of adaptations
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that brings you to a better place most of the time is there any evidence that
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short bouts of stress provided that they're managed well meaning
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that we don't spend the next 24 or 48 hours ruminating on the stressor
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but that we're able to move through the stressor and resolve it in some way, that that's actually beneficial for us because of the mobilization of energy stores
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and maybe even changing our threshold for reacting to stressors in the future.
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We know, as you said, that physical stressors, when they're short and repeated, like high intensity interval training,
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they are promoting not just aerobic fitness, but stress fitness.
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People feel less rumination, less depression, less anxiety.
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So they're kind of tuning up the nervous system.
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What about psychological stressors?
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We know two things.
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So one is I do think
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that there is a level of engagement with moderate stressors that when we are used to them,
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we get fit and our stress resilience builds, meaning we're less threatened by them.
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Two people can approach the exact same stressor
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and one person is having a pretty overreactive stress response where they basically are feeling their survival is threatened.
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So it's high cortisol, high vasoconstriction, and blood pressure goes up equally in both.
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But the person who's feeling super threatened, either their survival or their social survival, their ego, their blood pressure went up because of the vasoconstriction.
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The other person who is viewing the same stressor as, I can do this, this is a great challenge and opportunity, I have what it takes,
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those types of thoughts generate a different hemodynamic response, which is actually more cardiac output, so blood pressure is going up, but in this healthier way,
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more oxygenation to the brain, better problem solving, they're able to maintain this positive outlook.
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So we've measured this threat challenge response in many lab studies, and we know lots of things.
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So if you're having more of the challenge response, at the end of it, you're less inflamed.
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So just in the lab, within an hour or two, we see that they didn't trigger all that pro -inflammatory response.
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And their telomeres tend to be longer, which is a measure we can talk more about.
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But basically, it looks like they have a slower speed of aging.
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So we could call this kind of, to be really simplistic, two types of psychological stress response,
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feeling threatened, like you're going to fail, you're embarrassed.
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That social pain response, we know well, that feels terrible.
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But also that huge stress response when we feel it in our stomach, our heart is pounding.
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It's just an over -exaggerated response.
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That response biologically is different, and the thoughts that go with it are different, and we recover a lot slower.
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And then there's the challenge response, which it's more of that kind of activated, excited response.
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And the beauty is that there are lots of studies out there done by emotions
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and social psychologists that tilt people toward the challenge response.
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We can actually promote that challenge response.
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And so when you asked about like, is it good to have a repeated stress response?
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Yes, if it's manageable, right?
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Then we're kind of building the muscle of stress resilience.
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what are the sorts of things
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that people i can do in order including me i should say um can do in order to wage
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that challenge response is this purely based on mindset like instead
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of saying why me why this why now i can't believe
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this is happening is it a mental pivot to okay this
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is a great opportunity for growth i don't know how i'm going to manage this
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but i'll manage this you want to stop me, you got to kill me type of mindset.
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Is that the switch that then the body follows?
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The whole trick here is that people need to find the strength statements, the stress shields, I call them, that fit them, that feels right, and that they believe.
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Be the lion instead of the gazelle.
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So the lion and gazelle are both high blood pressure, high stress, and the lion's chasing the gazelle.
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But the gazelle's having this total threat, vasoconstriction response, because she might die lion might get dinner right
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so it's needing to mount the stress response because it's
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so excited to get the tasty dinner for you know the next few days
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and so the lion is having that challenge response and
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so we can remind ourselves be the lion it's not
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that we're always lion or gazelle we get to shape
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that there's all these strategies
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and you got to use what works for you telling yourself
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i got this i can do it i can get through it i have what it takes those are all good shields.
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And another set is, you know, we've, some of us feel really stressed out by stress.
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Like once we get, feel our heart racing, that leads to, oh no, this is bad for me.
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And so rather than getting stress by stress, we actually want to remind ourselves that this stress response is empowering.
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This is going to help me cope.
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My body's excited.
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My body is doing just what it should right now.
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So that reframing in studies by Wendy Mendez and others, my colleagues who do this reappraisal research,
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they have basically train people to view stress as positive.
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During the stressful situations in the lab, people do better.
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They perform better.
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They feel more positive emotion.
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They problem solve better.
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They recover more quickly.
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So pretty powerful stuff.
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I'd love to talk a little bit about some of the other health metrics that you've explored.
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There's a graph in one of your papers.
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It's the Picard paper, 2018.
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It essentially describes the relationship between mitochondrial health and mood in the context of people who have different type of mood tendencies.
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If you would be willing to just kind of describe the top contour of
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that study and some of the points that you find most interesting.
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Yeah.
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We've done these in -depth studies where we are looking at people under a lot of daily demand, caregivers.
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And then we look at normal people, parents of neurotypical children who still have a lot of stress.
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But we then ask, do people under chronic stress have accelerated aging.
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So we look at telomeres, epigenetics, mitochondrial health, and then what explains those who look really good, who look resilient and don't look vulnerable.
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And so then we can find out like what's the magic sauce in the day that protects them from chronic stress.
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So Martin Picard, my colleague who has been obsessed with mitochondrial health as a pathway way to understanding both stress
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and really health and disease.
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He has developed a way to measure mitochondrial health in humans.
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So we can measure a bunch of enzymes and then we can adjust it for how many mitochondria we have.
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So we have this really nice index we can get from the blood.
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And in this study of young mothers who had either typical children or children with autism,
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we found that the caregiving moms had significantly lower or dampened mitochondrial activity.
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What that means is they can't produce as much energy.
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So if they're feeling more exhausted from the chronic stress, we know why.
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It was quite dramatic.
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Martin commented some of those low levels even looked like people with some genetic reasons to have low mitochondrial activity.
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But here's the beauty of that study.
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We then get to look within their day at their mood and ask,
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well, what about the caregivers who have really great mitochondrial enzymes and thus should be making a lot of ATP?
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They had more positive emotions, both waking up and in the evening, but especially in the evening.
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And what's so interesting in that is all of these daily diary studies of stress and mood,
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one of the things we know that matters for long -term health is how positive you feel at night, especially on a stressful day.
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So at the end of a stressful day, can you muster some feelings of content, ease, confidence, joy?
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Do you have any of that?
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Or has it just wiped out your positivity?
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And so for people who feel either lower negative or higher positive, they tend to have better health trajectories.
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So like a decade later, less depression, less heart disease, less early death.
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So that's why we care so much about daily moods.
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In our study, it looks like the daily mood was really quite correlated with the mitochondria levels that same day.
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And we measured mood like, you know, days away from that, it was much less correlated.
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It's just our first study on this, but it really leads us to think
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that our mitochondria are sensitive to our thoughts and our feelings probably on a daily basis.
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So for those of us that find ourselves in a state of chronic stress, chronic stress of the sort that really the stressor,
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the fact that a very close relative
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or family member is dealing with a lifelong condition or the fact that we can't extract ourselves from a situation,
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that we are not in full agency to remove the stressor, radical acceptance of that fact then can ratchet into an understanding of,
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okay, and yet there are tools that we can use to not just offset the negative health effects, but maybe even thrive in the context of this,
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essentially turning what initially was thought of as a curse into a blessing, at least biologically speaking.
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What do we know about best practices for mitigating these essentially non -negotiable stressors?
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I think it is partly how we view life and our our purpose in our own life?
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What's this game that we were born into?
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And even just the idea that bad things shouldn't happen sets us up for vulnerability,
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to feel victimized, to feel like we can't accept bad things that have happened.
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So just stepping back and asking everyone listening,
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do you have a situation in your life that is unwanted and you can't change?
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How much time do you spend thinking about this the more we spend time trying to problem solve
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or worry or just wishing things were different the more we are creating a chronic stress state
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and so just even taking
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that first kind of step back to get perspective on what are the situations in my life
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that stress me out and and which of these can i circle those that I can't change.
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Just that recognition of this isn't going to go away is incredibly powerful because we can,
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as I say, put the baggage down and give ourselves some relief
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and some freedom from the big space it holds in our mind and in our body.
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And this is not a one -time thing.
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It's a practice.
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Radical acceptance is something we practice over and over to help us loosen our grip on unwanted situations,
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on letting them control our well -being and taking up, you know, this mental real estate that's so precious, our attention.
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I'm an expert at this because I have,
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I'm a caregiver and I often need to refocus from wishing things were different,
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trying to solve things to radical acceptance of this is how things are right now.
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And by just reminding ourselves that there is freedom within that, that there are things that you can do,
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you can actually live better, live well with these situations.
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So let me tell you what we found from our caregivers.
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We measure where their mind is at night.
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We ping them and we say, in the last five minutes, how much have you been wishing things were different?
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How much have you been engaged and focused in what you're doing right before we pinged you?
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And just those two questions tell us so much about that person's well -being.
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And actually, yes, the caregivers are doing more of what I'll call suffering, wishing things were different, not being present for their lives.
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But regardless of that difference, whether people are a caregiver or not,
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this negative mind -watering state of not being present for your evening,
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wishing things were different instead of being engaged, predicts more unhappiness.
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It predicts shorter telomeres.
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So it suggests that it's a pattern that has gone on for days, months, and years that has been wearing on them.
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And so some of the metaphors
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that I think are helpful for this are think of this unwanted situation
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and think of how you're you're pulling a rope that's attached to a brick wall and you're doing that because you care.
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You want things to be better for yourself or this person or a group.
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I mean, it's it's something you're passionate about.
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And so you're pulling and pulling and every day you're pulling and and you can't move that brick wall.
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So the only thing that's happening is that you're chafing your hands.
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What if you just drop the rope?
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I say that to myself, drop the rope.
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When I start getting going on trying to solve unsolvable problems, the brick wall is still there, it's never going to move, yet my hands are free.
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And so I can be freed up to live in the ways that I do have control over.
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As you described this pulling on a brick wall,
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I find it a very compelling image and one that makes total sense to try and drop the rope,
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as you describe it, because of the incredibly high energetic demand that pulling on that rope represents.
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As you said, it's sort of a way of diverting resources toward something that has no conclusion, right?
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And in dropping the rope, you can divert those resources toward other things we really really really love control
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and we want to control the future not just
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because it makes us feel powerful and happy but
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because then we can relax if we know what's going to happen next
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if it's predictable we're that much happier we're not vigilant
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and looking ahead and being prepared for what might happen being comfortable with uncertainty is a beautiful but rare resilience factor.
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People who tolerate uncertainty have much less anxiety and depression.
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And when stressful things happen, they get over it more quickly.
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And I think there are practices we can do that help us feel ease with the uncertain future.
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Some of these mindful check -ins, noticing that we are carrying around uncertainty stress is one way.
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And then reframing uncertainty as the beauty of the mystery of life
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and the freedom that we can feel when we realize we don't control tomorrow.
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We just go with it and we do our best
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and what delight there is in just viewing things with curiosity and just seeing what emerges.
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So even just our posture, here's an exercise for dealing with uncertainty.
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Instead of like kind of that alert posture
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when we're like trying to take it all in
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and predict the next second and like just lean back and take some slow breaths.
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We know that's going to help orient us and realize
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that we can actually face time in that way by letting it come to us and receiving what happens.
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And that's a completely different body stance than our usual go mode during the day.
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And that's just a way of saying, I am in a, you know, receptive mode, and I'm going to just be curious about what arises.
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and so I actually learned that on a meditation retreat
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because I tend to be type a
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and I leave a retreat going from like very relaxed to like
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that leaning forward tense of like where's the to -do list
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and so carrying with me
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that posture of like let time unfold as it will without
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trying to control things it's really interesting it gets right to the heart of something
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that I spent a lot of time thinking about in the context of stress management and also just general thriving,
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which is that I think that about half of the messages that we get relate to stress and mind -body interventions
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relate to adopting this forward center of mass.
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This idea of when challenge arises, you smash into it, you go through it.
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On the other hand, there are these stress mitigation techniques, both mental and physical, body -oriented, mind -oriented, et cetera, that are more of the sort that you described that are,
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they're not being back on your heels, so to speak, like letting things bulldoze you, but are more of this receptive mode.
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Do you think it's fair for us to adopt a sort of a general framework
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and model that perhaps people can adopt for themselves if they like, that of course it's not an either or, but that having both of these in one's kit of tools could be valuable?
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Because one is less energetically demanding, but of course offers less opportunity for agency or at least apparently
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so that's the leaning back and then the the other certainly gives an opportunity for agency
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but we know from 100 years or more of psychology
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and psychiatric literature and from the emerging literature on stress mitigation
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that it's work it's not something
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that is without a cost it can get you far better results than it were you to just let stress bulldoze you, but that it's work.
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And so we have to emphasize that work in very deliberate ways.
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When we know it's productive, we should work.
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And when we know there's a brick wall, we should let go.
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So I think of it, I like this forward mass idea.
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I think of it as you muscle it and, or you release it and we need both.
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And so that letting go is a really important,
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wise, you know, discerning way to mitigate stress in the right situations in the right time.
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And, you know, we can't muscle through everything.
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Right.
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So another way I like to think about it is just the waves of life.
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Like, I mean, we are in an ocean and we have small waves.
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We have big waves.
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We're always going to be hit by the next wave.
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And so it's this skillful surfing or navigating that we can do better when we realize,
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when we control things, when we can't, when we can truly feel safe and have ease versus when we need to kind of gently paddle.
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For people that are listening to this and that want to start to adopt practices,
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do you think that spending some time creating a written or a spoken narrative is helpful?
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I mean, we hear this, but are there any data that support the use of journaling as a tool?
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Definitely.
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Creating a coherent narrative is critical to our ability to make sense,
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find meaning, find resolution, have a social identity around our lived experience, what happens to us.
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So narrative is kind of everything, right?
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In stress research, it's not what happens to us, it's how we're interpreting it and how we're responding to it.
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And I've heard you say the exact same thing when you've talked about.
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what is stress?
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It's really what narrative we're creating around it.
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So I think a narrative of purpose, fill in the blank about what's meaningful to you,
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but that is why we're different than just the rats that we study or the monkeys.
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We have the ability to do this projection to the future, to ask what is our purpose in life, to see and know that we are going to die
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and we can and have some control over how we live
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and maybe even how we die and how we want to be remembered.
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That is so beautiful.
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That helps us rise above this being monkeys in clothes.
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I want to, first of all, just say thank you for doing the incredibly important work you do.
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I also just want to thank you for taking the time today to share this information.
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I know I speak on behalf of many, many people, and I just really want to extend my gratitude.
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Thank you so much.
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And thank you for your podcast.
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Well, it's a labor of love and it's days like today and discussions like this that make it worthwhile.
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Thank you, Andrew.
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✨ Video gợi ý
![[C1] Stop Overthinking | English Listening & Speaking Practice](https://img.youtube.com/vi/p7oFZJmTjv0/mqdefault.jpg)
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The truth about peptides, NAD, & other longevity treatments | Rachele Pojednic, Ph.D.
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When Stress Stops Helping You (And Starts Hurting You)
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Lower Cortisol to Turn Your Body Into a Fat-Burning Machine
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The Science of Stress: How Does Stress Affect Our Brains and Bodies?
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How To Beat Fear And Anxiety | Jordan Peterson | Powerful Life Advice
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Từ vựng và ghi chú luyện nói cho bài học này
Video này có 369 câu và 5084 từ để luyện shadowing. Phần lời nói dài 30:41. Người nói nói với tốc độ tự nhiên, khoảng 166 từ mỗi phút, gần với hội thoại hằng ngày. 85% số từ nằm trong 3.000 từ tiếng Anh thông dụng nhất; phần còn lại nên xem trước khi luyện.
Từ vựng quan trọng trong video
15 từ đáng học trong video, kèm phiên âm và nghĩa:
| Từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa |
|---|---|---|
| chronic tính từ | /ˈkɹɑ.nɪk/ | mãn tính, mạn tính |
| solve động từ | /sɒlv/ | giải quyết |
| mood danh từ | /muːd/ | tâm trạng, tính khí |
| lion danh từ | /ˈlaɪən/ | sư tử |
| rope danh từ | /ɹoʊp/ | dây |
| narrative danh từ | /ˈnæɹ.ə.tɪv/ | kể chuyện, tường thuật |
| brick danh từ | /ˈbɹɪk/ | gạch |
| threaten động từ | /ˈθɹɛt.n̩/ | doạ |
| radical danh từ | /ˈɹædɪkəl/ | bộ thủ |
| muscle danh từ | /ˈmʌs.əl/ | cơ, bắp thịt |
| helpful tính từ | /ˈhɛlp.fl̩/ | hay giúp đỡ |
| incredibly trạng từ | /ɪŋˈkɹɛdɪbli/ | khó tin nổi |
| recover động từ | /ɹɪˈkʌvɚ/ | lấy lại, giành lại |
| adopt động từ | /əˈdɑpt/ | nhận làm con nuôi |
| emotion danh từ | /ɪˈməʊ.ʃən/ | cảm xúc |
Cụm động từ bạn sẽ nghe
| Từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa |
|---|---|---|
| go up động từ | lên | |
| break down động từ | hỏng, hỏng hóc | |
| wake up động từ | /ˌweɪk ˈʌp/ | thức dậy, dậy lên |
Phát âm cần chú ý
Người nói dùng 96 dạng rút gọn, ví dụ we're, can't, you're. Hãy nói theo dạng ngắn đúng như bạn nghe.
- Âm “th”: threaten /ˈθɹɛt.n̩/, threshold /ˈθɹɛʃ(h)oʊld/
- Âm “sh” và “zh”: essentially /ɪˈsɛnʃəli/, emotion /ɪˈməʊ.ʃən/, shield /ˈʃild/, tension /ˈtɛnʃən/, beneficial /ˌbɛn.ɪˈfɪʃ.əl/
- Từ dài — đặt trọng âm cho đúng: uncertainty /ʌnˈsɜːtənti/, essentially /ɪˈsɛnʃəli/, incredibly /ɪŋˈkɹɛdɪbli/, accelerate /ɪkˈsɛl.əˌɹeɪt/, resilience /ɹɪˈzɪl.ɪ.əns/
Cách luyện với video này
- Nghe hết video một lần, chưa cần nói, và ghi lại những từ bạn chưa biết.
- Bắt đầu ở tốc độ 0,75×, nói đuổi từng câu, rồi quay lại tốc độ bình thường khi đã quen.
- Ghi âm giọng mình rồi so với bản gốc, chú ý các từ như chronic, solve, mood.
Ngữ pháp trong video
Những cấu trúc người nói dùng nhiều nhất, kèm đúng cụm từ trong video:
| Cấu trúc | Trong video |
|---|---|
| “Used to” used to + động từ — thói quen hoặc tình trạng trong quá khứ nay không còn | used to feeling · used to it |
| Câu bị động be + quá khứ phân từ — nhấn vào việc xảy ra, không phải người làm | be broken · be stuck · is threatened |
| Mệnh đề quan hệ who / which + mệnh đề — thêm thông tin về người hoặc vật | people who feel · life, which are · people who retired |
| Thì hiện tại hoàn thành have/has + quá khứ phân từ — việc đã xảy ra nhưng còn liên quan đến hiện tại | we've measured · you've explored · We've done |
Phương Pháp Shadowing Là Gì?
Shadowing là kỹ thuật học ngôn ngữ có cơ sở khoa học, ban đầu được phát triển cho chương trình đào tạo phiên dịch viên chuyên nghiệp và được phổ biến rộng rãi bởi nhà đa ngôn ngữ học Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Nguyên lý cốt lõi đơn giản nhưng cực kỳ hiệu quả: bạn nghe tiếng Anh của người bản xứ và lặp lại to ngay lập tức — như một "cái bóng" (shadow) đuổi theo người nói với độ trễ chỉ 1–2 giây. Khác với luyện ngữ pháp hay học từ vựng bị động, Shadowing buộc não bộ và cơ miệng phải đồng thời xử lý và tái tạo ngôn ngữ thực tế. Các nghiên cứu khoa học xác nhận phương pháp này cải thiện đáng kể phát âm, ngữ điệu, nhịp điệu, nối âm, kỹ năng nghe và độ lưu loát khi nói — đặc biệt hiệu quả cho người luyện IELTS Speaking và muốn giao tiếp tiếng Anh tự nhiên như người bản ngữ.