Luyện nói tiếng Anh bằng Shadowing qua video: Intro to Neuroscience, Overview and goals
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Let's talk about brains.
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Hi, my name is Bing Breton and I'm a neuroscientist at the University of Washington in Seattle.
Xin chào, tôi là Bing Breton và tôi là một nhà thần kinh học tại Đại học Washington ở Seattle.
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In this video, I'm going to introduce to you the next series of videos
Trong video này, tôi sẽ giới thiệu với các bạn loạt video tiếp theo.
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that comprise a university-level course on introduction to neuroscience.
tạo thành một khóa học cấp đại học về giới thiệu ngành khoa học thần kinh.
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This is a course that I've taught several times at University of Washington
Đây là một khóa học mà tôi đã giảng dạy nhiều lần tại Đại học Washington.
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and so I'm going to talk to you about the topics we're going to cover as well as my expectations
và vì vậy tôi sẽ nói với các bạn về những chủ đề chúng ta sẽ đề cập cũng như những kỳ vọng của tôi.
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and hopes for you in terms of what you'll get out of taking this course.
và những kỳ vọng dành cho bạn về những điều bạn sẽ nhận được khi tham gia khóa học này.
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Now I love teaching this course.
Bây giờ tôi rất thích giảng dạy môn học này.
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It's one of my favorite things to do and introducing neuroscience to people who are not yet neuroscientists.
Đó là một trong những điều tôi thích làm nhất, đó là giới thiệu ngành khoa học thần kinh cho những người chưa phải là nhà khoa học thần kinh.
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Maybe some of you will be inspired to become neuroscientists.
Có lẽ một số bạn sẽ được truyền cảm hứng để trở thành các nhà thần kinh học.
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And the reason I love talking about it so much is
Và lý do tôi thích nói về điều đó nhiều đến thế là
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because neuroscience is such an interdisciplinary field
vì khoa học thần kinh là một lĩnh vực liên ngành như vậy
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that I get to talk not only about biology
rằng tôi được phép nói chuyện không chỉ về sinh học
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but about how neuroscience connects with almost everything else that you can think of.
mà là về cách khoa học thần kinh kết nối với hầu hết mọi lĩnh vực khác mà bạn có thể nghĩ đến.
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And this includes a lot of different sciences.
Và điều này bao gồm rất nhiều ngành khoa học khác nhau.
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We have connections to physics, to chemistry, to psychology and as well as connections to engineering applications, to health, as well as to your sense of self and philosophy
Chúng ta có mối liên hệ với vật lý, hóa học, tâm lý học, cũng như các ứng dụng kỹ thuật, sức khỏe, và cả với nhận thức về bản thân cũng như triết học.
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and legal ramifications of what we know about fundamentals of neurobiology.
và những hệ quả pháp lý của những gì chúng ta biết về các nguyên tắc cơ bản của thần kinh học.
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Before we get into all of that, I wanted to talk first about my brain and your brain, because after all, this is where we all start, right?
Trước khi đi sâu vào tất cả những điều đó, tôi muốn nói trước về bộ não của tôi và bộ não của bạn, bởi vì xét cho cùng, đó chính là nơi tất cả chúng ta bắt đầu, đúng không?
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We're using our brains to understand each other right now.
Chúng ta đang dùng bộ não của mình để hiểu nhau ngay lúc này.
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So the mammalian brain, the human brain, looks something like this.
Vậy thì bộ não của động vật có vú, bộ não của con người, có cấu trúc tương tự như thế này.
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There's a picture of it on the bottom here, and you can look at it.
Ở phía dưới đây có một bức ảnh về nó, và bạn có thể xem qua.
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And you can kind of compare it to some of the other mammalian brains
Và bạn có thể so sánh nó với một số bộ não của các loài động vật có vú khác.
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that are in the animals that are in the world around us.
được tìm thấy ở các loài động vật sống trong thế giới xung quanh chúng ta.
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And what I'm going to tell you is that mammalian brain is a lot in common with other type of mammalian brains.
Và điều tôi sắp nói với các bạn là bộ não của động vật có vú có rất nhiều điểm chung với các loại bộ não của các loài động vật có vú khác.
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But there's also some key differences as well.
Nhưng cũng có một số khác biệt quan trọng.
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In particular, the human brain weighs about one and a half kilograms.
Đặc biệt, não người nặng khoảng một rưỡi kilôgam.
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And it has 86 billion neurons-ish.
Và nó có khoảng 86 tỷ tế bào thần kinh.
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Now, what does this actually mean?
Vậy thì, điều này thực sự có nghĩa là gì?
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These are just numbers here.
Đây chỉ là những con số thôi.
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What does this actually mean?
Điều này thực sự có nghĩa là gì?
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So what I want you to do is take your two fists.
Vậy điều tôi muốn bạn làm là nắm chặt hai bàn tay của bạn lại.
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Make two fists and put them together.
Hãy nắm chặt hai bàn tay lại và đặt chúng sát vào nhau.
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Go ahead and do it yourself.
Cứ tự mình làm đi.
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If you look then at your hands put together as two fists, this is going to be approximately the size of your brain Stuffed inside your skull now.
Nếu bạn đặt hai bàn tay nắm chặt lại với nhau, kích thước đó sẽ xấp xỉ bằng kích thước bộ não của bạn đang nằm trong hộp sọ.
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I don't know about you the first time I did it
Tôi không biết về bạn, nhưng lần đầu tiên tôi làm điều đó thì...
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very first time I did this I was surprised at how small it is.
Lần đầu tiên tôi làm việc này, tôi đã rất ngạc nhiên vì nó nhỏ đến thế.
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Maybe I have a big head I don't really know who knows what
Có lẽ tôi tự cao tự đại quá, tôi cũng không rõ nữa, ai mà biết được chứ.
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that means I also know that some of you are gonna have larger hands than others.
điều đó có nghĩa là tôi cũng biết rằng một số bạn sẽ có bàn tay lớn hơn những người khác.
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Don't take it too seriously This is only approximately how big
Đừng quá coi trọng chuyện này, đây chỉ là kích thước ước lượng thôi.
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your brain is now We know the brain is really important for a lot of different reasons
Bây giờ bộ não của bạn là — chúng ta đều biết bộ não thực sự quan trọng vì rất nhiều lý do khác nhau.
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And one of the reasons is
Và một trong những lý do là
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because even though for an adult human the brain weighs approximately
bởi vì mặc dù đối với người trưởng thành, não nặng khoảng
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2% of your body mass at rest It occupies approximately 20% of your metabolic costs.
Chiếm 2% khối lượng cơ thể khi nghỉ ngơi, nó tiêu tốn khoảng 20% năng lượng trao đổi chất của cơ thể.
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So about 20% of the calories You're burning at any particular moment
Vậy là khoảng 20% lượng calo bạn đang đốt cháy tại bất kỳ thời điểm nào
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when you're not doing anything This is not true
khi bạn không làm gì cả, điều này là không đúng
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If you're running a marathon is devoted to just keeping the brain alive
Nếu bạn đang chạy một cuộc marathon, toàn bộ sự tập trung của bạn chỉ dành cho việc giữ cho bộ não hoạt động ổn định.
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and functioning and ready to do the next thing
vẫn hoạt động bình thường và sẵn sàng thực hiện công việc tiếp theo
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that is getting ready to do
điều đó đang sẵn sàng để thực hiện
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So that's one indication of how important it is now a few more things about the brain
Vậy đó là một dấu hiệu cho thấy tầm quan trọng của vấn đề này, và bây giờ hãy xem xét thêm một vài điều về não bộ.
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that I think are really interesting I like thinking about size scales and time scales.
mà tôi thấy thực sự thú vị. Tôi thích suy ngẫm về các thang đo kích thước và thang đo thời gian.
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The brain has this wrinkly bits on the outside.
Bên ngoài não bộ có những nếp nhăn này.
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We'll have a later video talking about exactly what those are and why they're there.
Chúng tôi sẽ có một video sau nói rõ về những thứ đó là gì và tại sao chúng lại xuất hiện ở đó.
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The short version of the story is that that's what you're looking at.
Nói tóm lại thì đó chính là thứ bạn đang nhìn thấy.
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It's a very outer layer of the brain called the cortex.
Đó là lớp vỏ ngoài cùng của não được gọi là vỏ não.
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It's kind of like a helmet that's on the outside.
Nó hơi giống một chiếc mũ bảo hiểm được gắn ở bên ngoài.
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And it's wrinkly because it's actually a two-dimensional sheet approximately.
Và nó nhăn nhúm vì thực chất nó là một tấm hai chiều theo một cách gần đúng.
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That's quite a bit larger than what you can stuff inside your skull.
Thứ đó lớn hơn đáng kể so với thứ mà bạn có thể nhét vào trong hộp sọ của mình.
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If you took it out, if you took the cortex out, shook it out and ironed it, you get a sheet that is,
Nếu bạn lấy nó ra, nếu bạn lấy vỏ não ra, lắc nó ra và là phẳng nó, bạn sẽ có một tấm màng là,
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well, you know, it's actually approximately the size of a towel, small hand towel like this one.
Ồ, bạn biết đấy, thực ra nó có kích thước khoảng bằng một chiếc khăn tắm, một chiếc khăn tay nhỏ giống như cái này.
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So if you kind of imagine wrinkling it up and stuffing it inside your head, I don't remember actually doing this, that's approximately how large your cortex is.
Vì vậy, nếu bạn tưởng tượng việc nhăn nó lại và nhét vào bên trong đầu bạn — tôi không nhớ mình đã từng làm điều này — đó chính là kích thước xấp xỉ của vỏ não bạn.
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I told you the cortex is also a two-dimensional sheet, so what does that mean?
Tôi đã nói với bạn rằng vỏ não cũng là một tấm hai chiều, vậy điều đó có nghĩa là gì?
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Well, it's actually remarkably thin.
Ồ, thực ra nó mỏng đáng ngạc nhiên đấy.
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I have something like a credit card, okay, so if you take any credit card and look at it, you can see how thin it is.
Tôi có một thứ giống như thẻ tín dụng, được rồi, nên nếu bạn lấy bất kỳ thẻ tín dụng nào ra xem, bạn sẽ thấy nó mỏng đến mức nào.
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That's approximately two millimeters.
Đó là khoảng hai milimét.
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So the entire cortex is about that thin
Vậy toàn bộ vỏ não chỉ mỏng khoảng đó thôi.
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and in fact the size of a regular credit card is about the size of your primary visual cortex.
và trên thực tế, kích thước của một chiếc thẻ tín dụng thông thường tương đương với kích thước của vỏ thị giác sơ cấp của bạn.
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Imagine taking one of these credit cards, folding it in half and then stuffing it in the back of your brain.
Hãy tưởng tượng bạn lấy một trong những thẻ tín dụng này, gấp đôi nó lại rồi nhét nó vào phía sau bộ não của bạn.
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That is the size of your primary visual cortex.
Đó là kích thước của vỏ não thị giác sơ cấp của bạn.
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So those are kind of cool things that I like to telling people the first time I introduce them to brains.
Vậy đó là những điều khá thú vị mà tôi thường kể cho mọi người nghe khi tôi lần đầu tiên giới thiệu cho họ về bộ não.
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But anatomy is only a very small part of our understanding of neuroscience in neurobiology.
Nhưng giải phẫu học chỉ là một phần rất nhỏ trong sự hiểu biết của chúng ta về khoa học thần kinh và sinh học thần kinh.
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So as a neuroscientist, I happen to be a type of neuroscientist called computational neuroscientist.
Vì vậy, với tư cách là một nhà thần kinh học, tôi tình cờ thuộc nhóm nhà thần kinh học được gọi là nhà thần kinh học tính toán.
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And what that means is that I really like thinking about mathematical models
Và điều đó có nghĩa là tôi thực sự thích suy ngẫm về các mô hình toán học.
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and different ways that we can analyze data from both brain and behavior.
và các phương pháp khác nhau mà chúng ta có thể sử dụng để phân tích dữ liệu từ cả hoạt động não bộ và hành vi.
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And so rather than giving you a syllabus first, what I'm going to tell you first is my perspective of why I'm a neuroscientist, how it is
Vì vậy, thay vì đưa ra giáo trình cho bạn trước, điều tôi sẽ nói với bạn trước là góc nhìn của tôi về lý do tại sao tôi trở thành một nhà thần kinh học, và nó diễn ra như thế nào
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that I feel like this is a really interesting thing that's
tôi cảm thấy đây là một điều thực sự thú vị mà
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going to occupy not only the rest of my career
sẽ chiếm không chỉ phần còn lại của sự nghiệp của tôi
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but hopefully the careers of lots of other people in the world as well.
nhưng hy vọng cũng sẽ ảnh hưởng tích cực đến sự nghiệp của rất nhiều người khác trên thế giới.
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So from my perspective one of the coolest things about neuroscience is that the brain has multi-scale structures in space.
Theo quan điểm của tôi, một trong những điều thú vị nhất về khoa học thần kinh là não bộ có các cấu trúc đa cấp độ theo không gian.
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Now I'm going to break that down and tell you what I mean by that phrase.
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What we're looking at here on the vertical axis is what's called a logarithmic accessing size
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and so every tick mark is 10 times larger as we go up.
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Okay so right here is a millimeter, we have We have thousands of a millimeter and then we have a meter up here.
Được rồi, ngay đây là một milimét, chúng ta có phần nghìn của một milimét, và rồi ở trên đây là một mét.
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So the reason that the brain is cool, one of the reasons the brain is cool, is because it has really cool, interesting structures that are worth studying at every single scale of description.
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The smallest thing that we sometimes think about in neuroscience is the size of a synapse.
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So the cells of your brain are called neurons, and neurons talk to each other at these junctions called synapses.
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The human brain has 86 billion neurons.
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Every neuron in your brain makes a thousand to ten thousand synapses with other neurons And
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so there's a ton of these things inside your brain right
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now We're only looking at one of them now despite having lots
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and lots of them and you see these are really tiny structures
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They're in fact extraordinarily complicated
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and very very cool There's gonna be a video all about the synapse later on it is so cool
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That you think about the infrastructure that goes into running
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and keeping alive and functioning one of these synapses It has the complexity of a small city.
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We have things like roads, we have garbage collection, we have power plants, we have recycling plants even.
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This is very green here.
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And that is only one synapse among all of the synapses that go into running your brain and your nervous system.
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But of course that's not all because every neuron, you may have seen pictures of neurons like a couple of drawings of the ones over there.
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Neurons are also cool because they They actually have non-trivial geometry.
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They're not blobs like generic eukaryotic cells that you might have learned about when you first learned about cells in grade school.
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They're very much not spherical.
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And in fact, they're so not spherical that they have these beautiful dendritic
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and arsonic arborizations that very much look like the way
và các phân nhánh ason có hình dạng rất giống với cách
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that trees reach into the sky and their root systems reach into the ground.
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Those are just individual neurons.
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Neurons talk to each other and form networks of neurons that get larger and larger and larger.
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And a lot of things that we talk about in systems neuroscience are how all of those networks are coordinated.
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How do they work together and give rise to what we think of as thoughts and memory and our sense of identity.
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And of course your nervous system at some point has to run the rest of your body
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so you're not just the brain in the jar thinking by yourself.
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You also have to run a body and so your central nervous system, your brain and your spine, innervates the rest of your body which is on the order of a meter
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and so that includes summarizing sensations from all over your body as well as controlling the muscles and other
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Your internal organs and running all of those different structures by the nervous impulses of your nervous system
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So I'm going to tell you one of my favorite cocktail
Vậy thì tôi sẽ kể cho bạn nghe về một trong những loại cocktail yêu thích của tôi.
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party neuroscience facts The next time you find yourself with a fancy cocktail party you can share this with your friends
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The brain is really cool and these neurons have really interesting shapes
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and they're really long and thin sometimes What takes the cake is
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that you have a neuron that is super thin
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and very very long And it's so long that it's practically as tall as you are.
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In particular It is a sensory neuron called the dorsal root ganglion cell
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And there's one that's in the very last segment of your
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spinal column kind of where your tailbone is in the very back of your spine
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One end of this neuron innervates the tip of your toe
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So it carries sensory information from your tippy toe big toe
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the other end of the cell goes all the way up
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to your brainstem to the very back of where your head meets your neck.
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In other words, if you think about this neuron, it goes all the way from your toe to your head and it's practically as tall as you are.
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I think that's super cool.
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What makes it cooler is that this cell is not something that's very much unique to humans.
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In fact, presumably all vertebrates have it.
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So if you're a giraffe, there is a same cell, the dorsal ganglion cell, that goes from its toe all the way up to the base of its neck.
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Try to imagine this for a whale.
Hãy thử tưởng tượng điều này đối với một con cá voi.
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Try to imagine this for extinct dinosaurs.
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Now, the field of paleo neuroscience is fascinating.
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And you can kind of imagine how difficult it would be to study.
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But if the nervous system of these extinct dinosaurs are the same
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that it is for all vertebrates that exist in our lives right now,
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then presumably that this dinosaur had one of these neurons as well.
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And so that probably takes the record for the longest cell that has likely existed in the history of life.
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So I've now told you about how the brain has multi-straw structures in space and how that's super cool and interesting.
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You can even spend a lifetime working at any single one of these high scales, right?
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But there's cool stuff at every one of them.
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But there's more because not only does the brain have multi-scale structures in space, it also has multi-scale dynamics in time.
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Now as a computational neuroscientist, I love dynamical systems.
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I love writing models that change in time
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and this is one of the things
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that I was actually drew me to neuroscience
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and to the study of Neurobiology in the first place the fact
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that we can write down these really beautiful equations
rằng chúng ta có thể viết ra những phương trình thực sự đẹp mắt này
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That not only describe dynamics at any single timescale
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But actually allow us the ability to tie them together to
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describe multi-scale dynamics in time once again Just like on the previous plot we have a
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Logarithmic plot this time it's in time so every tick mark.
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It's actually ten times longer on the very far end we have a millisecond, which is usually the time scale on which the smallest time scale in
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which we systems neuroscience talk about because it is about the length of an action potential.
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The action potential is going to be the topic of a
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whole series of videos for the first section of this video course and you'll learn all about it.
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The basic point is
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that the action potential is the fundamental unit of communication for the electrically active neuron and the action potential, this characteristic shape, occupies approximately one millisecond.
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Now of course as you go longer and longer
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and longer there's cool things happening at every scale of description in time We have things like neuromodulation
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and synaptic plasticity The fact that these synapses how neurons talk to each other are able to change
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rapidly as well as slowly throughout your day throughout your week, okay?
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And in order to produce speech in order to move my arms
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and produce sensation and movement requires coordination of dynamics of neurons on the order of tens of milliseconds to seconds.
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We then have things that occupy a little bit longer in time, like short-term memory and long-term memory.
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Your brain and your nervous system, just like many other parts of your body, are prone to having cyclic variations that are circadian rhythms, seasonal rhythms, hormonal rhythms.
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In thinking about neurogenesis, the fact that in the world of your lifetime, you actually do produce some numbers of neurons that get incorporated into your nervous systems.
169
You're not stuck with just the ones that you were born with.
170
And of course, we can talk about long-term learning and memory, both procedural memory as well as memory of things that you know, such as the fundamentals of neurobiology that you're going to be learning about.
171
A human lives on the order of decades, right?
172
And so I feel like I'm kind of the same person I was when I was 10 years old.
173
There's some continuity there.
174
But in reality, I don't share a lot of cells and proteins in common with that person.
175
And so how it is that we have these long-term memories and learn things over time, that is something that we can think about in the context of neuroscience and neurobiology as well.
176
So those are some of the reasons that I really like neuroscience.
177
And if you wanted to come on this adventure with me, I'm going to tell you about the topics that we're going to talk about.
178
All right, I'm going to start slow and talk about the fundamentals of neurophysiology of a single neuron, a single cell of the brain and nervous system.
179
Brains occupy a really cool space because it fundamentally communicates with each other by using electricity.
180
So we're going to be talking about in a series of first videos electrical properties of a neuron, how it is we generate an action potential, how the action potential propagates,
181
and how the action potential translates to communication among different neurons through different types of synopsis.
182
And so this part is going to be approximately ten videos.
183
The second part we're going to go a little bit longer in time
184
and also larger in size scales kind of moving up
185
and to the right in those axes
186
that we had before Thinking about the organization of the nervous
187
system both the central as well as perforate nervous system We're
188
going to talk about all of the different sensory systems of vision olfaction for example
189
As well as some unusual ones like your sense of time
190
and of course nothing really happens without movements We're going to
191
talk about the neuroscience of movement as well as motor control How does your motor neurons activate
192
and excite and animate your body?
193
In the third part of our itinerary is going to be a bunch of additional topics.
194
And to be frank, these are just topics that I really like and I can't help myself, so I'm going to tell you about them.
195
They're topics that usually reach a little bit farther beyond the scope of a traditional introduction to neuroscience course.
196
And there are things like neuroscience of behavior, not only human behavior, behavior but behavior of diverse animal, including vertebrate and invertebrate insect species.
197
We're going to be talking about topics like mental health
198
and addiction and how these impact our sense of self
199
and how that ties together with society and community and the legal system.
200
And then we're also going to be going towards connections between neuroscience
201
and technology by looking at things like neuroscience and artificial intelligence,
202
the history of how these fields have evolved together into doing things like the different artificial neural networks
203
that are able to generate speech and generate images that all of you have seen all over the internet.
204
also going to be talking about topics, for example, like brain-computer interfacing, how it is that we can build machines that interact with our brains both for rehabilitation,
205
augmentation, as well as other applications.
206
And each of these parts is going to be approximately 10-ish videos, and the whole thing is supposed to be a quarter-long course at the University of Washington,
207
and so it's going to be approximately 30 hours worth of videos broken up into small sections.
208
So my goals for you in this course are the following.
209
First it is university level course on introduction neuroscience and
210
so I hope that you will learn the fundamental biological principles of neuroscience.
211
I hope to give you enough intellectual scaffolding so
212
that you can hang knowledge that you learn later on onto the fundamentals of how neurons work,
213
how neural systems work and so all of the additional topics will be added on top of that fundamental
214
layer of principles of neuroscience.
215
Next, I want you to appreciate neuroscience as a living, breathing field.
216
Rather than telling you how things are, and this is just the way things work, you know, and memorizing a bunch of terms and different pathways.
217
Frankly speaking, I can't memorize them either, so I don't really want you to.
218
What I would rather you come away from the course with is an appreciation of when we discovered something in neuroscience, what was the state of the field at the time?
219
What were the leading ideas and hypotheses of how that particular thing worked?
220
What were the technologies?
221
And so what was the process of discovery of finding
222
that thing out as well as who were the very human scientists with our very human flaws who discovered those things?
223
A Corollary of that is
224
that one of my favorite things to do as a neuroscientist
225
is thinking about future technologies This is actually what I do
226
in my research life I think about not only what can we do right now
227
but what is inevitably going to be possible in the next 5, 10, 30 years?
228
And to appreciate that neuroscience is going to grow by leaps
229
and bounds over that time framing ways that perhaps none of us can really appreciate and anticipate, but we can kind of think about it and think about,
230
okay, so if we can record not only from one single neuron at a time, but hundreds of thousands of them, what will we do with all of that data, right?
231
What can we do if we don't only are able to to monitor animal behavior in a single animal, in a single lab, in a small box,
232
but we can actually see what it does out in the wild world.
233
And so, appreciating neuroscience and the process of discovery, as well as the people who are players, is one of the things that is my goal for you.
234
And hopefully that's something you'll see throughout the course in all of the topics we'll cover.
235
The third thing that I have a goal for you is to be able to connect neuroscience with health and society.
236
The brain is an organ, just like every other organ your body.
237
And so just like every other organ in your body, if this were course on the liver or the kidney, we would most certainly talk about pathologies and diseases of the liver and the kidneys.
238
So just like that, we're also going to be talking about neurological disease.
239
But unlike those other diseases, the brain is in a way that is not true of your liver, tied to my sense of self and identity.
240
And so when there are things that change with my brain, that very much changes my connection not only with myself
241
but with the way that I interact with people around me with my community
242
and my relationship with my community and with my with my local environment
243
and so thinking about the implications of
244
that is one of my goals in throughout the course
245
and I hope to especially highlight this in the context of mental illness
246
and drug addiction because throughout the the last couple of decades, our growing appreciation for the fundamental biological basis of mental illness
247
as well as drug addiction has very much changed the discourse
248
of how people relate to themselves as well as relate to their loved ones
249
and other people around them in a social as well as legal sense.
250
At the same time, I recognize that hopefully I will inspire some of you to become career research scientists in neuroscience,
251
but I recognize that that's probably not the case for the majority of you who might find yourself watching these videos.
252
And so if this is the last course on neuroscience that you take in your life, what you're about to be bombarded with for the rest of
253
your life is a bunch of news coming out claiming to be the latest and the greatest advances in neuroscience, especially neuroscience and health.
254
You're going to see articles claiming things.
255
Now some of these are going to be genuine advances, really exciting things that are inevitably going to come out in the next several decades.
256
But some of them are going to be BS.
257
BS.
258
So I want you to learn enough about the fundamental biological principles of neuroscience
259
that you can call BS when you see it for the rest of your life.
260
Okay.
261
So our first lesson starts right now.
262
You all know that you can see with your eyes, right?
263
Okay.
264
So, but your eyes, you kind of, sometimes people think of it as a camera.
265
So you can kind of, you can take a picture with your camera.
266
You can take a picture of your eyes.
267
It kind of is the same thing, right?
268
Well, You might know that it is in fact not so.
269
What you see with your eyes is not at all what it is in reality.
270
In other words, what you think you see is oftentimes not at all what is in the physical reality, because you don't actually see with your eyes, you see with your brain.
271
It is nowhere easier to demonstrate this than with visual illusions.
272
And so I, when I'm not teaching this course, I'm actually constantly on the lookout for really cool visual illusions.
273
I save them.
274
It's like, ah, I've got to show my students about this later this later.
275
So I'm going to show you a couple of my favorite ones right now, demonstrating this observation that we don't see with our eyes.
276
Our eyes are not cameras, and we see with our brains instead.
277
Okay, so the first one is a really simple one.
278
There's two yellow dots on the screen.
279
I'm going to ask you the question, which one appears larger?
280
Hopefully, what you can tell for yourself is
281
that the one on the right that's surrounded by the relatively smaller purple circles appears larger.
282
It will not surprise you because I've already told you this is a visual illusion
283
that those two circles are in fact exactly the same size.
284
Because if they're surrounded by larger circles
285
or surrounded by smaller circles there's a relative perception
286
that one of them is larger than the other one even though it is not at all what is happening in reality.
287
Your brain is lying to you but it's lying to you for a good reason.
288
The second one, this one is a kind of a recent one
289
that I saw on social media and I kind of totally broke my brain at the time.
290
I sent it to all my friends and broke their brains and were kind of mad at me.
291
One of them was actually mad at me because it made them kind of nauseous.
292
Okay, so in this grid of dots, what you're seeing is that there's two different sides of this picture.
293
So you'll see a bunch of intersecting gray lines
294
and there's black dots on the left side as well as the right side of this image.
295
What you'll see is that there's a bunch of black dots
296
that you can see on the right side of the image and they stay there, right?
297
I'm telling you, I'm just gonna tell you have to believe me now.
298
The left side has exactly the same number of black dots as the right side.
299
But when you look at them
300
and you look away they disappear it is almost impossible for me Hopefully this works on your screen even
301
if it's a small phone screen you can see that the black dots
302
Disappear when I look at it so I'm looking right now.
303
I'm looking at up here I can see a couple of
304
black dots the ones down here have gone away once I look down I can kind of see the ones down here.
305
I can't see the ones up there anymore more.
306
Right?
307
It makes absolutely no sense how it is that these dots just disappear on you, but they don't disappear on the right-hand side.
308
If you don't believe me, I'm going to zoom in.
309
On the right-hand side, here's the gray grid with the black dots, and over here is the same gray grid with the black dots.
310
As you'll see, the only difference here is
311
that the black dots on the left side of the screen are at the intersections of those gray grids, and on the right-hand side of the screen, they are not.
312
And so that's kind of a clue kind of a clue of why it is
313
that one side the dots disappear and you can't even see them if you look away a little bit.
314
On the right hand side they stay put and you can kind of see how many there are in this grid.
315
Now visual illusions are cool for two reasons.
316
One is that humans are extraordinarily visual creatures and so demonstrating
317
that you see with your brain
318
and not with your eyes is really easy to do
319
and kind of fun and charming to do when you do it with visual illusions.
320
But of course these illusions are not, there's nothing intrinsically visual about the fact
321
that you can hack your brain by tricking it to think that something is there that it's not.
322
And so if we were in a haptic universe, I can show you the following illusion, but right now you just have to take my word for it
323
that there's these illusions that exist in other sensory modalities besides visual ones.
324
So here's one example of what's called a somatosensory or tactile illusion.
325
So it works the following way.
326
If you take your arm, okay, you take your forearm region, And what you can do is take something like a little robot arm
327
or something and then tap in rapid succession one spot tap tap tap tap tap
328
And then I'm gonna do the same thing by tapping at a second spot tap tap tap tap tap tap tap.
329
Okay, that's it I'm gonna tap one place location a and a different place location B
330
Now the percept the perception of what's happening here is not a series of taps at a
331
and a series of taps at B the percept is going to be a series of taps
332
that walk from location a
333
to location B in rapid succession as If there were a small rabbit
334
that is running on your arm
335
That is why this is called a cutaneous rabbit illusion now this illusion is pretty robust
336
But it does vary depending on exactly what locations you tap
337
for example This works on a patch of skin like your forearm
338
But it does not work on your fingertips
339
because you actually have a ton of touch receptors on your on your fingertips You can actually resolve
340
that there's two locations that are being tapped Okay, probably works on your calf and your leg too.
341
And you have to be able to tap at the right frequency
342
and with the right latency between location A and location B.
343
Otherwise, your cutaneous rabbit illusion breaks.
344
So, that's the illusion.
345
There's tons and tons more of them.
346
I can talk about this forever and I'd be tempted to, but we're not going to right now because this is just lesson A.
347
And I hope I convinced you with a couple of examples that we don't in fact see with our eyes, we see with our brains.
348
And our brains are built in such a way to represent information from the external world, not to just represent them.
349
I am not a camera.
350
I'm not interested in the reality, what I'm actually seeing right now.
351
I'm interested in looking at the aspects of the visual scene and the sensory, tactile, physical scene, the auditory scene, all of these different scenes in such a way that's relevant for me as a person
352
and as a living thing to survive in the world.
353
Okay, that's why we see with our brains and not with our eyes.
354
So to go on this adventure with me, like I said, this is a university level course.
355
And so I will assume some basic familiarity with a couple of topics.
356
Now, if these are things that you are totally familiar with, that's awesome.
357
If you're not familiar with every single one of these topics, it's actually totally okay.
358
You can come with me anyway.
359
And if it inspires you to go back and review some of these topics, that's something that you can very much do in the middle of the series of videos of videos.
360
And so because neuroscience is such an interdisciplinary field, we're going to be drawing a little bit of concepts from a lot of different fields.
361
And so here's a list of the things that I will assume that you have heard of and have some familiarity with.
362
Okay.
363
In the realm of biology, I will assume that you know about the parts of an animal cell, that eukaryotic cell, that it has a nucleus where the genome,
364
the DNA lives, that is surrounded by a lipid membrane
365
that is hydrophobic and separates the internal environment of the cell from the external environment in the cell.
366
I will assume that you have heard about the fact
367
that there are proteins in these cells that are expressed from the genome
368
and that these proteins are molecular machines that do all the work, the really cool work that we do in all of these animal cells
369
because after all in order to understand the neuron we have to understand neurons as a cell, as a cell of your body just like every other cell.
370
Because I already talked about how neurons are electrical cells
371
We're going to be drawing on a little bit of basic terminology and concepts from electricity and magnetism from physics.
372
So relatively basic things like what is a current?
373
What is a conductance?
374
What is Ohm's law?
375
Things of that nature.
376
The mathematical prereqs are not too rigorous.
377
I don't expect you to actually know calculus or differential equations, but I am going to use some notations from calculus and differential equations.
378
So for example, if you see something like the following dx dt equals f of x, you should probably have heard of of this concept at some
379
point where dx dt means a derivative of x with respect to t
380
and Oftentimes I'm going to be using t as a proxy for time.
381
So this is a time derivative of x.
382
Okay?
383
I don't expect you to be able to solve these equations
384
But I will be using this as a representation of ideas to connect them with electricity
385
and magnetism as well as to proteins as molecular machines
386
and of course the basic communication of neurons involves not only electricity but also organic molecules.
387
So I'll be assuming some basic knowledge of chemistry and organic molecules.
388
So for example, there's ions like sodium and potassium are ions.
389
They're electrically charged and aqueously soluble.
390
And there's going to be a lot of organic molecules
391
that are going to be important players in many of the things that neurons are going to do.
392
Okay, so here's the itinerary.
393
If you choose to go on this adventure with me, I hope to see you for the next series of videos.
394
I'm really excited to get started.
395
I hope to see you and
396
Because I'm a professor and I'm a pedantic neuroscientist I will have to say
397
that I hope to see you is something that people say on YouTube But I fully recognize that you might see me, but I'm not actually gonna see you
398
But I am excited to make the next series of videos
399
and I hope that you find them as interesting as I have found the exercise of teaching them.
400
Thanks
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Tại sao nên luyện nói với video này?
Luyện nói tiếng Anh là một trong những kỹ năng quan trọng nhất mà người học cần phát triển. Video này cung cấp cho bạn một cơ hội tuyệt vời để luyện tập khả năng nói của mình trong một bối cảnh thú vị và hấp dẫn. Bằng cách theo dõi và lặp lại những gì người nói truyền đạt, bạn không chỉ cải thiện khả năng phát âm tiếng anh chuẩn mà còn hiểu được cách mà ngôn ngữ được sử dụng trong thực tế. Chương trình này giúp bạn phát triển khả năng giao tiếp tự tin và tự nhiên hơn, đồng thời khuyến khích bạn khám phá các khía cạnh khác nhau của khoa học thần kinh, một chủ đề thú vị và đa dạng.
Cấu trúc ngữ pháp và biểu thức trong bối cảnh
Trong video, người nói sử dụng một số cấu trúc ngữ pháp và biểu thức quan trọng mà bạn có thể áp dụng trong giao tiếp hàng ngày. Dưới đây là một số ví dụ nổi bật:
- Câu hỏi mở: Người nói thường sử dụng các câu hỏi mở để khuyến khích sự tương tác và suy nghĩ sâu sắc. Ví dụ, "Bạn nghĩ gì về cấu trúc của não bộ?"
- Cấu trúc so sánh: Câu nói như "Não bộ của con người nặng khoảng 1,5 kg" giúp người nghe dễ hình dung và so sánh.
- Liệt kê: Việc sử dụng cấu trúc liệt kê, như "gồm sinh học, tâm lý học và triết học," giúp làm rõ các khía cạnh khác nhau của một chủ đề phức tạp.
Bằng cách luyện nói theo các cấu trúc này, bạn sẽ cải thiện khả năng sử dụng ngữ pháp trong giao tiếp một cách tự nhiên hơn.
Các cạm bẫy phát âm thường gặp
Trong video, có một số từ và cụm từ có thể gây khó khăn cho bạn trong việc phát âm. Một số điểm cần lưu ý bao gồm:
- Neuron: Phát âm đúng từ này là rất quan trọng vì nó xuất hiện thường xuyên trong các cuộc thảo luận về khoa học thần kinh.
- Thần kinh: Đây là từ có thể gây khó khăn cho người học do âm cuối và cách nhấn âm.
- Chức năng: Hãy chú ý đến âm "ch" và "g" trong từ này, vì chúng có thể dễ bị nhầm lẫn khi bạn nói nhanh.
Bằng cách sử dụng phương pháp shadow speak để luyện tập những từ này, bạn sẽ cải thiện kỹ năng phát âm và nghe hiểu của mình, giúp bạn tự tin hơn khi giao tiếp bằng tiếng Anh.
Ngữ pháp trong video
Những cấu trúc người nói dùng nhiều nhất, kèm đúng cụm từ trong video:
| Cấu trúc | Trong video |
|---|---|
| Thì hiện tại hoàn thành have/has + quá khứ phân từ — việc đã xảy ra nhưng còn liên quan đến hiện tại | I've taught · has likely existed · I've now told |
| Câu bị động be + quá khứ phân từ — nhấn vào việc xảy ra, không phải người làm | will be inspired · is devoted · are called |
| Mệnh đề quan hệ who / which + mệnh đề — thêm thông tin về người hoặc vật | people who are · body which is · millisecond, which is |
Phương Pháp Shadowing Là Gì?
Shadowing là kỹ thuật học ngôn ngữ có cơ sở khoa học, ban đầu được phát triển cho chương trình đào tạo phiên dịch viên chuyên nghiệp và được phổ biến rộng rãi bởi nhà đa ngôn ngữ học Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Nguyên lý cốt lõi đơn giản nhưng cực kỳ hiệu quả: bạn nghe tiếng Anh của người bản xứ và lặp lại to ngay lập tức — như một "cái bóng" (shadow) đuổi theo người nói với độ trễ chỉ 1–2 giây. Khác với luyện ngữ pháp hay học từ vựng bị động, Shadowing buộc não bộ và cơ miệng phải đồng thời xử lý và tái tạo ngôn ngữ thực tế. Các nghiên cứu khoa học xác nhận phương pháp này cải thiện đáng kể phát âm, ngữ điệu, nhịp điệu, nối âm, kỹ năng nghe và độ lưu loát khi nói — đặc biệt hiệu quả cho người luyện IELTS Speaking và muốn giao tiếp tiếng Anh tự nhiên như người bản ngữ.