Luyện nói tiếng Anh bằng Shadowing qua video: Minimum Window Substring - Airbnb Interview Question - Leetcode 76

Hey everyone, welcome back and let's write some more neat code today.

So today let's solve minimum window substring.

We're given two strings, s and t, and we want to return the minimum window in the string s,

which contains every single character present in string t.

And it's possible that that might not even exist, in which case we can return an empty string.

So in this case, our string S is this big long string, and our string T is this A, B, and C.

So we just need, we don't need to find A, B, C in here.

We just need to find a substring of S that contains all these characters, and we want to find the minimum string that contains all these characters.

So one possible string is this, right?

It has A, D, O, B, E, C.

So it has A, B, N, C.

But there happens to be a shorter string that has all of those as well.

This string, B, A, N, C.

So they are out of order.

So B, A, C.

And there's an N in there as well.

But this happens to be the shortest one.

It's length four.

And so that's the result that we're going to output.

So what's even a brute force way to solve this?

So we're given s and t right and we want like

if we're checking a substring right like this substring maybe this is our solution right how do we even determine

that well let's use some hash maps

so these two are our hash maps you can see i

have one for t what does this hash map represent well you look at t right

because for each of these substrings we just want to make sure

that it has at least one a right one a has at least one b

and it has at least one c

because that's what we have over here we just want to make sure

that we find the minimum substring in s that satisfies this condition

so for every possible window

that we check in s like maybe we check this window

we are going to want to have a hash map for the window

and we're going to count how many a's do we have initially we're going to start with zero right

because because initially our window is going to be just empty

or whatever we're going to start with zero b's and zero c's

but for this current window you can see we have one a one b

and one c right so we have one a one b

and one c so

so as we compare right we compare how many a's do

we have versus how many do we need right This is how many we need, and this is how many we have in our current window.

You can see we need one, and we have one, right?

So the relationship we're looking for is greater than or equal, right?

We want the counts all to be greater than or equal.

But one thing you can see is brute forcing is going to be difficult, right?

So let's say we initially start with this window, right?

See, we just added an A, so what are we going to do?

We're going to update this now let's just check is our window valid well we have at least one a

and so remembering that this is how many we have in our current window

and this is how many we need to satisfy the condition

so initially let's start with this window just one a

so then we can update our count for this window right add a single a

so now my question is have we satisfied the condition do

we have everything we need well how are we going to check

that well we have to check all of these right so

So is the have count greater than or equal to the need?

Yes, it is.

What about this?

Is the beat count greater than or equal to how many we need?

The answer is no, right?

So therefore, we don't have how many we need.

So therefore, we have to actually expand our window, right?

We have to add another character, this D, right?

But that's not actually going to update our window because we don't need any characters other than A, B, or C.

So we don't really care about the D.

The same thing is true for the O, but now we have a B, right?

That's good because we do need a B.

So we add a B.

So now we're going to have to run the same operation.

Do we have everything that we need?

So we're going to be doing some repeated work.

Do you notice this repeated work we're doing?

We have to check if we have enough A's, which we know we do because we already checked that when we first added this element.

So we notice we do have enough A's.

Do we have enough B's?

Well, this time we actually do because we just added a new B, right?

That's the most recent character we added.

Great.

So we know we have enough B's.

Do we have enough C's?

We do not have any C's in our string.

The count is zero.

Therefore, this condition is not met.

So we do not have our result yet.

We have an A and we have a B, but we need to add more.

so now we're going to add an e

which we don't really care about we're going to add a c

so finally we have so finally we can see

that we met our condition right

but we with our current algorithm our brute force way we have to repeatedly check every one of these even

if we already know the count is met

so this is basically where our repeated work this is what i'm going to show you how to eliminate

but as you can see we have enough a's we have enough b's we have enough sees.

So therefore, this is a possible result.

It might not be the minimum, but it's a possible result.

And what's the length of this?

It is six.

So we can say for now that our result is length six

and it goes from index zero all the way to index five.

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So I'll put zero five.

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That's our current result.

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So one thing we noticed is we're having to do a lot of repeated work to check

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that we have everything

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that we need we have to check every single one of these characters right

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but we don't we know we don't always have to do

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that so let me show you how to do it without repeating all of

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that work we're going to start out the same way

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so we're going to add an a right that's our first character

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so now we're going to check

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so now what we're going to say is a count is one right

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so now my question is do we have to check every single one of the halves

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because initially we know that none of the conditions have been met, right?

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Initially, we start with all zeros.

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We also know that the number of characters that we need is going to be three, right?

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Meaning we need to satisfy the count condition for three unique characters, right?

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And we know that we start out with a half value of zero because we know for each of those three characters,

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we have met the condition for none of them right initially we met the condition for none of them

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because we start out with all zeros

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but now you can see we just added an a

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so let's check just for this one character have we met

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the condition is the count greater than equal than one yes it is we have one

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and we only needed one so we met the condition

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so what does that mean we can take our have value and update it.

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So initially it was zero.

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Now we can change it to one.

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So now we have one.

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But my question now is, have we met the condition?

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Well, we need three, but we only have one.

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So we haven't met the condition.

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You can see what I'm doing here, right?

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Before we needed to check the condition for all three of these each time.

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Now we only have to check the condition for one.

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We have one value that tells us how many we have we have one value

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that tells us how many we need

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so before we were we had to continue running an operation of length t

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which is in this case three

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but who knows it could have been bigger t could have

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been 10 it could have been a hundred it could have been anything

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and we would be bounded by that but in this case we only have to do one operation for

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comparing these integers and one operation for comparing the integers of the character that we just added.

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So for each character that we add, we only have to do an O of one operation.

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So now let's add another character.

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Let's add the D.

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We know that doesn't really do anything.

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We add the O.

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That doesn't do anything.

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We add a B.

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This is good.

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So how am I going to do things differently this time?

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Well, like usual, I'm going to change this one, this zero to a one.

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We know we have one b

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so now i'm going to check has this condition been met

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or is it equal i know last time i showed you greater than

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or equal but really what we're looking for is are they exactly equal

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because that's when we know the condition has been met so

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if these are exactly equal which they are in this case one equals one so what

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that means is we can increment our half value by one

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before it was it was one now we're going to actually change it to two

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and now let's check are these equal now have we do we have what we need it's not

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because uh two is less than three so we haven't met the condition yet

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so we have to continue but notice how

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that was an o of one operation we just had to make one comparison here

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and then one comparison here we didn't have to go through the entire list

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so now we're going to add an e

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which we don't really care about now we're going to add a c

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which we do care about

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so let's update the length of this now are these exactly

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equal we know we just met the condition for these last two now have we finally met our last condition

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and yes they're both one so we can take this this two and replace it it's getting a little messy See.

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but i hope you can see it so we have a three here

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so now let's make the comparison between these two

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and yes they are exactly equal so what

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that tells us is this string contains we have exactly what we need right

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so we met the condition this is a possible result

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and i'm just going to take the two indices the start

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and the ending of it which is zero and five and i'm going to put that as our current result.

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So our current result is from zero to five.

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And the length of that result happens to be six, right?

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So now what are we going to do?

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Are we just going to keep adding elements again and again?

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Well, we want to find the minimum.

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So let's at least try to find a string that's less than six.

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So what are we going to do?

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Let's remove the leftmost character and keep doing

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that until this condition is no longer valid until we don't have what we need anymore

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so we can try to at least find a smaller result

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because ultimately we're looking for the minimum string

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so i'm going to take this character and remove it from our current window

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and so we're removing an a so what

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that means is we have to update this

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so it's no longer one we actually have a zero for count a now

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and now we know

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that this condition is this is less than what we need it to be

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so this condition is no longer valid so

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that also means we have to update this value

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so before we had a three

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but now we have to put a two we only have

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two of these conditions met right these two characters b and c

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so now we're actually just going to keep adding characters we're going to keep looking for the minimum

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so we add an o but we know we don't care about

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that we add a d we don't really care about

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that we add an e we don't care about

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that we add a b over here right we do care about b

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so what are we gonna do we're gonna take the b

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count it's one currently now we have two now that's great

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because we actually have more than what we need right we we need one

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but we have two so am i gonna take this

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and update it no because they're not equal what

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that means is we added an unnecessary character it's okay

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but it didn't help satisfy the condition we already know this

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and this were satisfied this is the one that needed to be satisfied

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so since it's not exactly equal we're not going to increment our have count

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so now let's add another character the a that we wanted

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so badly so we added an a we update the count of a we add one

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so now this is one we're gonna check are they exactly

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equal have we met the condition now by adding a character did we make these exactly equal

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and we did so what does that mean well we met one more condition

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so we update our have count it's now going to be set to three

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and now these are actually equal so we actually met we have exactly what we need so we potentially found a result.

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Now the only problem is this result goes from index 1 all the way to roughly index 10

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so it's actually bigger than our current result which is a problem.

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So we don't update our result yet

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but now we want to try to find an even smaller substring than this so let's start popping characters from the left.

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So we pop a d but d's we don't care about

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so we don't update our window

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and let's just keep popping values until this condition is no longer met

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so now let's pop a b

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so let's now we have to update our value of b

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so this was originally two now it's going to be set to one

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so now it's set to one

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so did we are did we undo this condition is this condition no longer valid nope

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because this is still greater than or equal to the count

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that we needed so the condition is still valid we don't have to update our have count yet

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so actually this string is still a possible result

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but notice this string goes from index 4 all the way to index 10

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so it's actually length 7 and that's still greater than this string

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so we cannot count this as a result yet

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so now we remove the e and then we remove the c

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so we have to actually update our count again

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so this was originally one now it's going to be zero

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and now you can see that this condition is actually no longer valid

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so even though these two are still valid this one is not valid we have to update our have count

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so our have count was three but now we removed one

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so it's going to be two so now it's no longer equal so our string is no longer valid.

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It's length five, but it doesn't have a C.

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We have a B, we have an A, but we don't have a C.

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so we can't update our result

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so let's keep adding characters now maybe we'll find another valid string

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so we add an n but we don't care about ends we add the c

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that we want so we added a c

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so we update our c count now it's set to one these are once again equal

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so since they're exactly equal that means we just now have met the condition

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so we met one more condition so we can update our have count now to three.

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That means it's exactly equal to what it needs to be.

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That means this is a valid string.

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So this goes, this goes from index six all the way to index 12.

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That's a length of seven, which is not smaller than our current result, but that doesn't mean we can't shrink this, right?

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So let's start from the left and keep popping and making it smaller, but also keep going until it's no longer valid anymore.

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So we pop an O.

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Let's remove a D.

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But we're still valid, right?

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We didn't update any of these.

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And now you see we have a string of length 5.

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So we can actually update our result.

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So now we're going from index 8 to index 12.

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And that leaves us with a length of 5.

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But we're not done yet.

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We have an E.

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We can remove that E as well.

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Now you notice we're still valid we have a b we have an a

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and we have a c we didn't have to update our

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map our have count is exactly equal to the need

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so now we can update our result one more time

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and it's gonna go from index 9 all the way to

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index 12 that's the string the length of it is four

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and lastly we are gonna remove this b character from it as well

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and once we remove the b you can see okay, we removed this one.

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Now we have zero bees remaining.

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That's less than how many we need.

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So we have to update the have count.

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So we set it to two.

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The condition is no longer valid.

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And so are we going to continue our algorithm?

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Well, we have no more characters left to add.

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We reached the end of the string.

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So since this is our current minimum and our current result, this is what we're going to end up returning

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and by the way we just solved this problem in big o of n time

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because you see we added each character once that's an o

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of one we removed each character once every time we added

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or removed a character we did at most two operations right we had to update one spot in our map

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and we had to potentially update this right okay

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so now let's finally get into the code the first thing

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i'm going to do is actually handle a edge case so

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if the input string t which is you know our string is like the substring

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that we're looking for

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if it's empty then what i'm going to do is return an empty string

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because that's just how they want us to handle it in this problem

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and i'm going to have two windows that i showed previously

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so count of t and just the current window

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that we have they're both initially going to be hash maps they're both initially going to be empty

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and the first thing i want to do is initialize our count t map

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because we know this map actually isn't going to change at all

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so for every character in string t i'm going to add one to it

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but the value i'm going to get i can't just do this

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because it's possible that c hasn't even been added to count t yet

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so i'm going to do some python stuff i'm going to use the function get

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which is good for this

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so i'm going to get c i'm going to get the count of c

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so if c exists in our map it will give me the value that's stored in here

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if it doesn't exist i can put a default value

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which is going to be zero so

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if it doesn't exist this function will return zero

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so that's just a way that i like to handle this case

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so now that we've initialized the count of t we can have our variables have and need.

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So we know have initially is going to be zero

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because we have zero of the characters we need

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and need is going to be initialized to the length of count t

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because that length of count t gives us the unique characters in the string t.

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And then I'm just going to start iterating through every character in s.

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So I'm going to use a right pointer for

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that the r is going to tell us the right boundary of our current window

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so i'm going to get the character that we just reached

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which is s at index r

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so i'm just going to put it in a variable c

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so with c we know we can update our current window

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so i'm going to do window of c

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and add one to it for the character that we just reached

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and here i'm basically doing what i did above

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if c has never been added to window we're just going to return zero with this function

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so one plus zero we'll put a one here

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if it does already exist this function will get us the count that was stored in here So we're updating our window, we're adding the count to it.

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Now we want to know, does this count completely satisfy what we were looking for?

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Does window of C equal exactly count of T?

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That means we just satisfied a condition for the first time.

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But one thing I also want to check before I check this is

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that C is even a character in count T count t

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so if c is in count t and this is true

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because we know we don't actually care about the characters

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that aren't even in the string t to begin with

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and we know if this is true we can update our have count

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so we can increment it by one this means we just satisfied a condition

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so now what we want to know does have equal need exactly

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so are they actually equal if that's true i'm going to run a loop

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and i'm going to show you why it needs to be a loop

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so if we actually met the condition let's one update our result potentially right

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so if we found a new minimum result let's update

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so this actually reminds me that i didn't even set a result

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so let's set our result and our result length

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so initially we know our result is going to be a pointer like a left

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and right pointer so i'm just going to give it a default value of negative one negative one

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and for the result length I'm going to put float infinity

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because that's a good default value in this case

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because we are looking for the minimum string

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so any value will obviously be less than infinity

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and I'm also going to initialize a left pointer

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because we know r tells us the right pointer left pointer will initially be set to zero

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but so now we can actually update our result we know the condition has been met

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so if the current length of our string

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which is going to be r minus left plus one this

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is how you just calculate the size of our current window

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if it happens to be less than the current result length

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which initially starts at infinity so this will definitely execute at least once

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if this is true we can update our result

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which is stored over here So we can set our result to left and right.

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This is the window.

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And we can set our result length equal to the size of this window, which we just computed above.

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But let's compute it again.

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This is the size of the window.

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And just like I showed you in the drawing, while the condition is met, we want to keep shrinking from the left.

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We want to make this string as small as it can possibly be

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so let's pop from the left of our window right let's try to minimize it

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so i'm going to remove the leftmost character from our window map

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so the leftmost character is is the string at index left right

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and from this i'm going to decorum it by one

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so now since we removed a character it's possible that our have

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and need condition is no longer met

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so i'm going to do something similar to what we did up here i'm gonna check

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if this character s of l was in count t meaning it's one of the characters

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that we need to satisfy our condition and

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if somehow right now for the first time

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that we took this character from our window

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and now the count is actually less than the count

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that we need which is present in count t so now

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if it's if the

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if by removing a character we just made it less than

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what it needed to be what we did is we just took our have

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and then decremented it by one right

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so this is just a part of removing a character from

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the left we update our map we update our have count

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if we need to and lastly we take our left pointer

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and increment it by one because of course we have to shift this by one

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if we're removing our character from the left of our window

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so now after we do this we're going to potentially check the have

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and need condition and it might be true it might not be true

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and whatever it is the loop is going to execute

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when it needs to

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so this is all we're doing we're taking characters adding it to our window map checking

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if the condition has been met updating the window accordingly that's

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all we need to do by the end the result

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if it exists will be stored in our result variable

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so our result pointer we can put it in left

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and right we can take result and extract it into left

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and right these these pointers in this case these new left

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and rights will tell us the result

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so what we can do is say return from string s

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going from pointer left all the way to pointer right

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but we need to add one for the off by one error

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and we're only going to do this

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if the result length has not has been changed meaning it's no longer infinity

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because we know it's actually possible that a result does not even exist.

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If that's not true, if a result doesn't exist, we know we have to return an empty string.

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So there it is.

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This is the entire code.

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I'll probably have to link this in the description

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because it's pretty long and even kind of messy and you can see it is definitely very efficient.

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This is a linear time algorithm.

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So I really hope that this was helpful.

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If it was, please like and subscribe.

419

It supports the channel a lot and hopefully I'll see you pretty soon.

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Shadowing là kỹ thuật học ngôn ngữ có cơ sở khoa học, ban đầu được phát triển cho chương trình đào tạo phiên dịch viên chuyên nghiệp và được phổ biến rộng rãi bởi nhà đa ngôn ngữ học Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Nguyên lý cốt lõi đơn giản nhưng cực kỳ hiệu quả: bạn nghe tiếng Anh của người bản xứ và lặp lại to ngay lập tức — như một "cái bóng" (shadow) đuổi theo người nói với độ trễ chỉ 1–2 giây. Khác với luyện ngữ pháp hay học từ vựng bị động, Shadowing buộc não bộ và cơ miệng phải đồng thời xử lý và tái tạo ngôn ngữ thực tế. Các nghiên cứu khoa học xác nhận phương pháp này cải thiện đáng kể phát âm, ngữ điệu, nhịp điệu, nối âm, kỹ năng nghe và độ lưu loát khi nói — đặc biệt hiệu quả cho người luyện IELTS Speaking và muốn giao tiếp tiếng Anh tự nhiên như người bản ngữ.

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