跟讀練習: Evolution FAILS in the Human Body - 通過影片學習英語口語

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Hey smart people, Joe here.

Bodies. We’ve all got ‘em.

Couldn’t live without ‘em!

But why are they so dumb and unreliable?!

I don’t know if it’s because I just got over a sinus infection or because my wife just had knee surgery, or maybe it’s just me getting older and hurting more… I’M A MILLENNIAL!! but I have been noticing lately that the human body… it’s got a lot of problems.

And this video is a big long rant about a bunch of ‘em.

I mean don’t get me wrong, humans are really awesome.

Look at all we can do!

It’s just that, there’s so much about our bodies that is flawed.

Like, so many of our parts wear down or are easy to break, and others look like Ikea furniture would look if you accidentally threw away the instructions before putting it together… in that it basically functions, but you’re pretty sure something’s backwards and somehow you have like three of those little twisty things left over?!

The great American poet John Mayer once said “your body is a wonderland”, but I think he meant “your body is a blunderland”.

From eyes that don’t work right and backs that ache to needy diets and extra bones… what I’m saying is… sure, our bodies look cool–especially if they’re wearing an awesome shirt–but who the heck designed these things?!

Well, no one did.

We’ll get back to that, but first, instead of talking about how great we are, let’s talk about some of our critical weaknesses.

The first example… it’s staring right at ya.

I mean, I don’t wear these things to look cool and smart.

I mean, they do make me look cool and smart, but I wear them because I can’t see!

Like nearly half of Americans and Europeans or nearly 7 in 10 people in Asian countries, my peepers don’t peep right.

I’ve worn glasses since elementary school.

Space shuttle.

Nice! Very on brand, younger me.

Anyway, before the invention of corrective lenses a few centuries ago, people who couldn’t see just… couldn’t see.

And back in our prehistoric hunter-gatherer days, that could’ve meant starvation and death.

Bad eyes, empty stomachs, you lose.

Thing is, even if you don’t wear glasses, you have eye problems.

While looking at this image, cover your left eye, and look at the dot while keeping your face centered in front of the screen.

Slowly move closer or farther from your screen and the cross will disappear.

Did it work?

Around 30 cm or 12 inches away works for me.

Pretty weird huh?

You can try it with the other eye too.

Cover your right one, stare at the cross, and move until the dot disappears.

That’s your blind spot, and every animal with a backbone has a blind spot in each eye because of how the eye is built.

The light sensitive layer inside your eye is filled with tiny cells called photoreceptors.

They’re like little microphones.

One end turn photons of light into electrical signals, and the other end’s a wire that carries the signal away.

Except our retinas are built so the cables are pointed towards the light, like talking into the back of a microphone.

The cables from all those little microphones have to pass through a hole in the retina to get to the brain.

And where that hole is, we have a blind spot.

We just don’t usually notice it because our brain lies to us and fills in the image.

Why do we have it?

Because at some point way back in evolution, when our ancestors started to evolve the first light-sensitive tissues, that’s just the direction the cells were facing.

And later, when those patches morphed into actual eyes, it was too late.

The backwards pattern was already set.

Evolution can’t suddenly flip a whole eye around.

It can only make tweaks to what’s already there.

But cephalopods–like octopuses, squid, and cuttlefish–they don’t have a blind spot.

This branch of animals evolved eyes completely on their own, and in early octopus ancestors, the cables on all their microphone-shaped light-sensing cells pointed toward the back, so their retina is unbroken.

Am I saying that cephalopods have better eyes than us?

Mmm, yes. Point, cephalopods.

And another point for having eight legs.

Ok, enough about eyes!

Why is there so much empty space in our skulls?

You know I can take you off the set any time right?

Watch it, globie.

When we breathe, air enters our nose and passes through four chambers called sinuses where the air gets warmed up, humidified, and filtered by mucous membranes.

The mucus then drains ure is plenty in YOUR skullout and back down your throat to your stomach.

Mmm, gross.

That works pretty well for the sinuses on top, they have gravity to help them.

But the big ones behind your cheeks?

They drain up.

Up! And that difficult drainage is why humans get so many head colds and sinus infections.

You know who doesn’t get sinus infections?

Dogs. Dogs and other animals that rely mainly on smell tend to have elongated nasal cavities, which drain down and back with gravity, the correct way.

But as our ancestors became more dependent on vision and less dependent on smell, our snouts got smushed up into our flat faces, and now we have tiny noses and get sick all the time.

If you accidentally eat some air, no biggie.

You can just burp it out.

But if you breathe in your food, you’re gonna choke and maybe die.

What’s up with that?

It comes down to the fact that like most other vertebrates, we breathe and eat through the same throat hole, another one of evolution’s amazing bright ideas.

But I once saw a bird swallow a fish as big as its head.

It did not die.

If I did that, I would die.

But snakes and birds can swallow huge meals whole because their nostrils connect directly to their breathing parts without going through the throat.

Like an alternate breathing system.

But in every mammal, we’ve just got the one tube, and all that separates the digesting part from the breathing part is a little flap called the epiglottis.

Epiglottis open?

You’re breathing.

Epiglottis closed, you can eat or drink.

Mess up that order, here’s how to do the Heimlich maneuver.

Now, lots of animals can choke.

Even whales can choke if fish get stuck in their blowholes.

Yes, that actually happens.

But humans are especially prone to choking because our voice box, or larynx, has moved up so high in our throats.

I tell ya, these throats were made for talkin’.

Some languages even make vocal sounds using the epiglottis, like in some African languages.

That higher voice box has squished up the swallowing parts of our throat so there’s not a lot of room for error.

But on the plus side, we can yodel.

So maybe we can call this bad evolutionary trait a tie.

So. Walking upright.

Pros: We can run, kick a soccer ball, dunk a basketball, do sports things with all the other balls, ride a pogo stick, surf, ice skate, dance, and dance dance revolution.

Cons: So many unique and painful ways to injure ourselves.

Some of your body’s joints are beautiful.

I’m a huge fan of the jaw.

And the hip?

That ball, that socket.

It’s like Michaelangelo sculpted it.

But the human knee and ankle look like an elementary school art project held together by rubber bands.

Back when our ancestors walked on all fours, they had twice as many limbs and muscles to carry their weight.

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But when they transitioned to walking on two legs, it put a lot more stress on our knees and ankles.

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When you quickly change direction while running, the anterior cruciate ligament is basically the only thing holding the two halves of your leg together.

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It has basically no blood vessels, and if you tear it, the only way to fix it is surgery, which we only invented like a hundred years ago.

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I have personally known at least a dozen people who have torn their ACL.

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If we were hunter gatherers or ancient hominids, every one of them would probably be dead.

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I don’t even know why I’m laughing, that’s horrible.

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And right under that is the Achilles tendon.

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Since we walk on the balls of our feet, that tendon takes basically all the force of the lower leg like a big fleshy rubber band.

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If you tear that one, you also can’t walk.

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It’s maybe the most important tendon in your body, so of course it sits there on the back of our leg completely exposed, waiting for the person behind us at the grocery store to ram it with their cart or your mythical arch nemesis to hit you with a poison arrow.

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This is not how you’d engineer bipedal legs from the ground up.

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This is way too many weak spots for any crucial structural system.

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But when the assignment was “turn an animal that walks on all fours into a fancy dancing ape on two legs”, evolution had to work with what it was given.

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Body parts are one thing, but evolution has messed up our insides too.

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Like, we are really poorly cut out for eating.

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Pretty much every animal needs the same nutrients in order to function.

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Stuff like amino acids, vitamins, a few minerals.

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But most animals make most of these things for themselves.

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But we have to get a literal grocery list of nutrients from our diet.

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Take “vitamins”.

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That’s what we call essential macronutrients that we have to get from our diet to survive.

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Vitamin C, for example.

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More than half a dozen proteins need vitamin C around to do their job.

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Without it, your bones get brittle, your tissue breaks down, you just bleed.

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Oh, and your teeth fall out.

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Scurvy is no fun.

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Pretty important stuff, this Vitamin C!

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So of course, we can’t make any.

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At all. We have to get every bit we need from our diet.

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Almost every animal on Earth makes their own Vitamin C. My dog never has to drink orange juice.

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Neither does a cow, or a cat.

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But I do. Strangely, humans have all the genes necessary to make vitamin C in our DNA.

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Yet somewhere in our evolutionary history, in some ancestor of all primates, one piece of the vitamin C machinery mutated and broke, and now we have to eat it or die, along with all these.

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Of the 20 amino acids we need to build proteins, our bodies only make 11.

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Many animals can make all twenty, but we have to get almost half from our diet.

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Needing to have ready sources of these essential nutrients has placed restrictions on where and how our species could live, at least before we could walk into any pharmacy and get them all in pill form.

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Pretty much everywhere you look, it seems like our body has room for evolutionary improvement.

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Our teeth? Most people grow a third set of molars–wisdom teeth–that won’t fit in their mouth and have to be removed.

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Do I need to mention the fact that a male’s gamete producing organs sit dangerously exposed outside the body?

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And the pelvis?

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Most women can’t deliver a baby without medical assistance because the human head is so large.

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Who came up with all these bad ideas?

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The answer, of course, is no one.

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Thanks to science, we know that the human body isn’t engineered, or designed.

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It’s evolved.

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Everything is the way it is because it got that way, making tiny tweaks to what was there before.

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That means that our backs hurt because we’re walking upright with a spine that used to be horizontal.

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We get fooled and we fool ourselves because our brains evolved in a different world than the one we invented in the past few decades.

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Sure, our bodies are full of parts that barely get the job done, full of things that could be built way better.

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And that can be frustrating, sometimes even painful.

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But nobody, and I literally mean “no body”, is perfect.

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Because surviving isn’t about being perfect, it’s about being good enough.

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It’s about being imperfect in the perfect way.

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If you’re watching this today, then you are good enough.

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Because you’re a survivor of a 4 billion year story.

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Our flaws make us who we are, because evolution and natural selection made us who we are.

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Flaws and all.

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Stay curious.

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本課概述

在這一課中，學習者將通過分析人類身體的進化缺陷，深入理解英語表達和聽力技巧。我們將討論一些身體的普遍問題，比如視力障礙和眼睛的盲點，這些話題不僅引人入勝，還能幫助你擴充套件英語詞彙與表達能力。通過結合影片的內容，使用shadow speaks的技巧，你將可以更好地理解和練習英語口語。

關鍵詞彙與短語

進化 (Evolution)
身體 (Body)
視力障礙 (Vision problems)
盲點 (Blind spot)
細胞 (Cells)
訊號 (Signals)
影像 (Image)
微生物 (Microbes)

練習技巧

為了有效地進行口語練習，建議你嘗試shadow speech的方法。你可以通過觀察這段影片，模仿說話者的語調與節奏。首先，觀看影片時，集中注意力於說話者的語速和情感表達。然後，重複他們的每句話，努力做到與他們的發音和語氣保持一致。這個練習不僅可以幫助你提高聽力，還能增強你的口語流利度。

此外，嘗試在觀看影片的同時，進行雅思口語練習。可以選擇一小段內容，反覆練習直到可以流暢複述。通過這種方式，你可以加深對內容的理解，並學習如何在實際交流中使用相應的詞彙。

記得，學習英語也可以是一個有趣的過程，觀看看YouTube學英語的影片來擴充套件你的知識面，並結合這些練習技巧，幫助你在口語表達上更加自信。

影片中的語法

說話人最常用的結構，並附上影片中的原話：

結構	影片中的用法
被動語態 be + 過去分詞 — 強調發生了什麼，而不是誰做的	is flawed · is built · is filled
現在完成時 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去發生但與現在仍有關聯的事	I've worn · has moved · has squished
定語從句 who / which + 從句 — 補充說明人或事物	people who couldn · people who have

什麼是跟讀法？

跟讀法 (Shadowing) 是一種有科學依據的語言學習技巧，最初開發用於專業口譯員的培訓，並由多語言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。這個方法簡單而強大：您在聽英語母語原聲的同時立即大聲重複——就像是一個延遲1-2秒緊跟說話者的影子。與被動聽力或語法練習不同，跟讀法強迫您的大腦和口腔肌肉同時處理並模模擬實的講話模式。研究表明它能顯著提高發音準確性，語調，節奏，連讀，聽力理解和口語流利度——使其成為雅思口語備考和真實英語交流最有效的方法之一。

影子跟讀法: 閱讀完整分步指南 →

跟讀練習: Evolution FAILS in the Human Body - 通過影片學習英語口語

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本課概述

關鍵詞彙與短語

練習技巧

影片中的語法

什麼是跟讀法？