跟读练习: Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM) Treatment | Brigham and Women's Hospital - 通过YouTube学习英语口语
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What happens when a person comes in with a brain AVM?
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What happens when a person comes in with a brain AVM?
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We talk about the natural history.
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That means if we do nothing about this brain AVM,
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what's going to happen next?
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Are they going to have a hemorrhage the next day?
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Or is it going to be five years or never?
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Well, unfortunately, we don't always know.
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We don't have a crystal ball.
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So we try to make predictions that will help this person,
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this patient and their family,
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make the best decisions for their health.
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So what goes into that decision?
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The size of the AVM,
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the location of the AVM,
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the hemorrhagic status, and a host of other risk factors that we go through in our clinic visit.
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Then we decide, well, AVMs that have never ruptured have about a 2.4% risk of hemorrhage every year.
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So if you add that up, it gets significant.
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Sounds small, but for a 20-year-old,
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over the next 60 years of his or her life,
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2.5% each year can add up very, very quickly.
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And for each hemorrhage, there could be a 30% or higher percent chance of morbidity or major mortality.
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So what are the ways that an AVM can be treated?
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Well, first, it can be observed.
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That is one observational treatment,
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understanding the risk benefits and alternatives that go into that.
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But I think another way that we specialize here at the Brigham and Women's Hospital is surgery.
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What are the advantages of surgery?
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Surgery means we can go in,
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delicately dissect out the vessels that need to be preserved for normal function of the brain
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and remove the vessels that are abnormal,
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the ones that would potentially lead to a hemorrhage or death.
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And we do that under a microscope,
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and we take our time.
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I always turn off the clock when we do this part of the operation,
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because it really just doesn't matter.
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It means that we get this thing out in one piece,
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and that patient will do well, because that's a cure.
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And they can walk out of the hospital and never have to worry about this again.
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So when it works, it's fantastic.
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And depending on the grade of the lesion,
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one through five, the risks change.
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So the smaller the size, the less risk.
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The bigger the size, the higher the risk.
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Another way that we treat brain AVMs at Brigham and Women's Hospital is through radiosurgery,
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radiation, directly shrinking down the AVM,
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perhaps in those AVMs that aren't amenable to surgery.
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Now, the good part about brain AVM radiation is that there's very little upfront risk.
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The not so good part is it takes years for the radiation to work and may not always work.
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And so we have to judge the balance and risk of all of these management decisions.
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Another way that brain AVMs can be treated is endovascular,
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something we also do, that I personally do and my partners do.
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We put a catheter inside of the blood vessels of the brain,
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go inside, find the AVM,
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fill it with embolic material to try to close it down.
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And usually that's used as an adjunct or a helpful hand for surgery.
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So the multidisciplinary approach is nothing new to neurosurgery or to medicine in general,
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but for brain AVMs it's quite useful because the different modalities of treatment are done by different specialists.
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I myself do both endovascular and surgery,
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but we have colleagues that are gonna help us with the radiation effects.
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We get together on Thursdays in a conference and discuss each patient,
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their goals, the lesion, and how we may be able to help as a team.
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And then we bring that information back to the patient and say,
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well, these were the opinions,
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but what is best for you?
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And in this circumstance, in our hospital,
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in this patient, it's all very individual.
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You know, you can't just open a book and say,
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what's the right answer for a brain AVM?
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It's just much too complex.
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It has to do with the person's goals
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and what they're going to do in their life and what age they are and what is their risk tolerance.
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So each one of these conversations has to be individualized.
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We keep track of all our patients.
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I know all of them from the very beginning.
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I want to know my results so that we know we're doing a good job.
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So we benchmark ourselves against anyone.
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And if you come to me,
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I'll show you what the last 100 were like.
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And I think that's really important.
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My goal for any patient that I encounter is
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that I deliver the best and absolute best possible care that I can for that patient.
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That means it's got to be individualized to understand that patient.
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Where are they coming from?
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Whose family are they? their mother,
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father, son, daughter, what matters to this person?
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Because in our profession, it's not just the disease we wanna treat,
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we wanna help the person.
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We want them to get back to life, be functional.
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Whatever it is their goals are become my goals.
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背景与上下文
在处理脑动静脉畸形（AVM）患者时，医疗团队需考虑多种风险因素和治疗选择。这段视频深入探讨了AVM的自然历史，包括不进行任何治疗可能出现的后果，以及如何通过观察、手术或放射治疗来制定合适的治疗方案。对于许多家庭而言，了解这些信息可以帮助他们作出更明智的健康决定。
日常交流的五个关键短语
- “自然历史” - 指未经治疗，AVM可能经历的进展。
- “风险因素” - 包括AVM的大小、位置及出血状态等。
- “外科手术” - 移除可能导致出血或死亡的血管。
- “放射治疗” - 音速缩小AVM，但治疗效果需时日。
- “内血管治疗” - 另一种治疗脑AVM的方法。
逐步影子跟读指南
想要通过视频提高英语口语能力，以下是一个分步骤的指南，帮助你在“shadowspeak”练习中获得更好的效果：
- 初步观赏：先不带字幕观看一遍视频，理解整体内容和情境。
- 逐句重播：选择一小段内容，逐句播放，同时注意说话者的语调和速度。
- 模仿发音：反复播放选定句子，模仿其发音和语调。利用“shadowing site”可以帮助你提高语音准确性。
- 记录进度：每次跟读结束后，记录下自己的语音表现，注意发音和语速的变化。
- 应用于对话：尝试将所学短语融入自己的日常对话中，进行“雅思口语练习”，以增强记忆和语感。
通过这样的影子跟读法，你不仅能提升英语口语能力，还能深入理解医疗专业术语和沟通技巧，为未来在相关领域的对话奠定良好基础。
什么是跟读法？
跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。