跟读练习: Explanation of Vaccine Adjuvants - 通过视频学习英语口语

For our fourth lesson we're going back to where this all began

and we're talking about vaccines but specifically one component of vaccines that are known as adjuvants.

Now adjuvants are additives that are added to vaccines in order to stimulate the immune response

and typically they're added to most vaccines prior to their arrival at a pharmacy

but they can also be added right before you get

that injection and you can think of them like an alarm clock for our immune system.

They're telling our immune system to wake up, that we have something in our bodies that we need the immune system to respond to.

And they help by allowing more of our B

and T cells to create memory and antibodies against that pathogen that the vaccine is designed for.

Now for the past 50 years we've really used one main adjuvant and that's been aluminum salts.

And that's because those aluminum salts help to keep the vaccine in our bodies for a bit longer

so more of our immune system is able to respond to that vaccine.

But there's other types of adjuvants that are also used in the market, one of them being synthetic DNA.

So that DNA is made in the lab

and it's just very small pieces that is made to replicate little pieces of DNA that comes from viruses or bacteria.

So when it's in our bodies, our immune cells say, that's not supposed to be here.

They begin eliciting an immune response, but what they're actually eliciting in the immune response against is that vaccine that is now present in our bodies.

There's also a type of adjuvant called an emulsion

which is able to stimulate toll -like receptors

and these are proteins on the outside of our immune cells that once activated create a genetic response to release cytokines.

You can learn more about that in Sabrina's lesson on allergic reactions and the immune response.

Now if we use the COVID -19 vaccines as an example, we can see how sometimes adjuvants are or are not used.

The mRNA vaccines that were designed by Moderna or Pfizer -BioNTech

and the viral vector vaccines that were designed by Johnson & Johnson do not use any adjuvants.

So there's no aluminum salts, there's no synthetic DNA, there's no type of emulsions.

However, if we look at the protein subunit vaccine that does use an adjuvant, a saponin, and you can learn more about that in my Novavax explainer video.

So now that you have a better idea of what adjuvants actually are, stay tuned next week for our fifth episode where we're halfway through this science series,

and I look forward to seeing you there.

什么是跟读法？

跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。

跟读练习: Explanation of Vaccine Adjuvants - 通过视频学习英语口语

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什么是跟读法？