Pratica di Shadowing: Explanation of Vaccine Adjuvants - Impara a parlare inglese con i video

Creazione lezione...
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For our fourth lesson we're going back to where this all began
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and we're talking about vaccines but specifically one component of vaccines that are known as adjuvants.
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Now adjuvants are additives that are added to vaccines in order to stimulate the immune response
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and typically they're added to most vaccines prior to their arrival at a pharmacy
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but they can also be added right before you get
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that injection and you can think of them like an alarm clock for our immune system.
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They're telling our immune system to wake up, that we have something in our bodies that we need the immune system to respond to.
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And they help by allowing more of our B
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and T cells to create memory and antibodies against that pathogen that the vaccine is designed for.
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Now for the past 50 years we've really used one main adjuvant and that's been aluminum salts.
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And that's because those aluminum salts help to keep the vaccine in our bodies for a bit longer
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so more of our immune system is able to respond to that vaccine.
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But there's other types of adjuvants that are also used in the market, one of them being synthetic DNA.
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So that DNA is made in the lab
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and it's just very small pieces that is made to replicate little pieces of DNA that comes from viruses or bacteria.
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So when it's in our bodies, our immune cells say, that's not supposed to be here.
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They begin eliciting an immune response, but what they're actually eliciting in the immune response against is that vaccine that is now present in our bodies.
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There's also a type of adjuvant called an emulsion
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which is able to stimulate toll -like receptors
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and these are proteins on the outside of our immune cells that once activated create a genetic response to release cytokines.
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You can learn more about that in Sabrina's lesson on allergic reactions and the immune response.
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Now if we use the COVID -19 vaccines as an example, we can see how sometimes adjuvants are or are not used.
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The mRNA vaccines that were designed by Moderna or Pfizer -BioNTech
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and the viral vector vaccines that were designed by Johnson & Johnson do not use any adjuvants.
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So there's no aluminum salts, there's no synthetic DNA, there's no type of emulsions.
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However, if we look at the protein subunit vaccine that does use an adjuvant, a saponin, and you can learn more about that in my Novavax explainer video.
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So now that you have a better idea of what adjuvants actually are, stay tuned next week for our fifth episode where we're halfway through this science series,
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and I look forward to seeing you there.

Informazioni su questa lezione

Cos'è la tecnica dello Shadowing?

Shadowing è una tecnica di apprendimento delle lingue supportata da studi scientifici, originariamente sviluppata per la formazione dei traduttori professionisti e resa popolare dal poliglotta Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Il metodo è semplice ma potente: ascolti un audio in inglese di madrelingua e lo ripeti immediatamente ad alta voce — come un'ombra che segue il parlante con un ritardo di solo 1–2 secondi. A differenza dell'ascolto passivo o degli esercizi di grammatica, lo shadowing costringe il tuo cervello e i muscoli della bocca a elaborare e riprodurre simultaneamente i modelli di discorso reale. La ricerca dimostra che migliora significativamente la precisione della pronuncia, l'intonazione, il ritmo, il discorso connesso, la comprensione dell'ascolto e la fluidità del parlato — rendendolo uno dei metodi più efficaci per la preparazione alla prova di speaking dell'IELTS e per la comunicazione reale in inglese.