Luyện nói tiếng Anh bằng Shadowing qua video: Explanation of Vaccine Adjuvants

For our fourth lesson we're going back to where this all began

and we're talking about vaccines but specifically one component of vaccines that are known as adjuvants.

Now adjuvants are additives that are added to vaccines in order to stimulate the immune response

and typically they're added to most vaccines prior to their arrival at a pharmacy

but they can also be added right before you get

that injection and you can think of them like an alarm clock for our immune system.

They're telling our immune system to wake up, that we have something in our bodies that we need the immune system to respond to.

And they help by allowing more of our B

and T cells to create memory and antibodies against that pathogen that the vaccine is designed for.

Now for the past 50 years we've really used one main adjuvant and that's been aluminum salts.

And that's because those aluminum salts help to keep the vaccine in our bodies for a bit longer

so more of our immune system is able to respond to that vaccine.

But there's other types of adjuvants that are also used in the market, one of them being synthetic DNA.

So that DNA is made in the lab

and it's just very small pieces that is made to replicate little pieces of DNA that comes from viruses or bacteria.

So when it's in our bodies, our immune cells say, that's not supposed to be here.

They begin eliciting an immune response, but what they're actually eliciting in the immune response against is that vaccine that is now present in our bodies.

There's also a type of adjuvant called an emulsion

which is able to stimulate toll -like receptors

and these are proteins on the outside of our immune cells that once activated create a genetic response to release cytokines.

You can learn more about that in Sabrina's lesson on allergic reactions and the immune response.

Now if we use the COVID -19 vaccines as an example, we can see how sometimes adjuvants are or are not used.

The mRNA vaccines that were designed by Moderna or Pfizer -BioNTech

and the viral vector vaccines that were designed by Johnson & Johnson do not use any adjuvants.

So there's no aluminum salts, there's no synthetic DNA, there's no type of emulsions.

However, if we look at the protein subunit vaccine that does use an adjuvant, a saponin, and you can learn more about that in my Novavax explainer video.

So now that you have a better idea of what adjuvants actually are, stay tuned next week for our fifth episode where we're halfway through this science series,

and I look forward to seeing you there.

Phương Pháp Shadowing Là Gì?

Shadowing là kỹ thuật học ngôn ngữ có cơ sở khoa học, ban đầu được phát triển cho chương trình đào tạo phiên dịch viên chuyên nghiệp và được phổ biến rộng rãi bởi nhà đa ngôn ngữ học Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Nguyên lý cốt lõi đơn giản nhưng cực kỳ hiệu quả: bạn nghe tiếng Anh của người bản xứ và lặp lại to ngay lập tức — như một "cái bóng" (shadow) đuổi theo người nói với độ trễ chỉ 1–2 giây. Khác với luyện ngữ pháp hay học từ vựng bị động, Shadowing buộc não bộ và cơ miệng phải đồng thời xử lý và tái tạo ngôn ngữ thực tế. Các nghiên cứu khoa học xác nhận phương pháp này cải thiện đáng kể phát âm, ngữ điệu, nhịp điệu, nối âm, kỹ năng nghe và độ lưu loát khi nói — đặc biệt hiệu quả cho người luyện IELTS Speaking và muốn giao tiếp tiếng Anh tự nhiên như người bản ngữ.

Luyện nói tiếng Anh bằng Shadowing qua video: Explanation of Vaccine Adjuvants

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Phương Pháp Shadowing Là Gì?