跟读练习: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Explained Clearly (OCD) - 通过视频学习英语口语

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In this video, we'll cover obsessive compulsive disorder, and you'll find free practice material including multiple choice questions,
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case scenarios and flashcards available through Wisdolia that gives feedback as you answer on what you got wrong and why.
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Find a link to the questions below.
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Obsessive-compulsive disorder, or OCD, is a condition characterized by,
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as the name suggests, obsessions that are unwanted,
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intrusive, recurrent thoughts, images, or urges that cause anxiety and distress, leading to an effort to avoid them,
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and compulsions that are repetitive tasks performed in response to obsessions in an attempt to reduce the distress,
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but are often not realistically connected.
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As a result of these obsessions and compulsions, there is impairment in the individual's daily functioning and a negative impact on their quality of life.
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Examples of common obsessions are a fear of contamination, a need for symmetry or exactness,
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a fear of causing harm or making mistakes, and sexual or religious obsessions.
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There will often There can also be avoidance of situations in which these obsessions are triggered.
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Compulsions, also known as rituals, can be behavioral or mental.
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Examples of behavioral compulsions include cleaning or hand washing, organizing or arranging, and checking,
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while mental compulsions could be repeating words silently or praying, counting, and ruminating.
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But bear in mind that the compulsions don't have to be directly connected to the obsession or the feared event.
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Around 1 in 3 people with OCD will also suffer from some form of tics,
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and up to 60% of the refer experiencing sensory phenomena preceding compulsions.
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The cause of OCD is likely to be a combination of factors,
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including genetic influence, with some evidence suggesting that it may be transmitted in an autosomal dominant fashion.
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Genes thought to be involved are related to serotonin, dopamine, and glutamate neurotransmitters.
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Some theories also explain that compulsions may be self-reinforcing,
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as they temporarily reduce the anxiety brought on by obsessions.
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PANDAS are another potential factor,
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which stands for Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infection,
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whereby through molecular mimicry, autoimmune antibodies generated during the strep infection may cross-react with those in the basal ganglia.
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Childhood acute neuropsychiatric symptoms, or CANS,
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is a term that is becoming preferred to pandas because it encompasses causes other than strep, such as toxins or metabolites.
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Between 1 and 4% of the population are thought to be affected, with onset typically in late adolescence to the early 20s.
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Females are slightly more commonly affected, however, males have a more chronic course and an earlier onset,
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as well as being more likely to encounter treatment resistance.
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In around 75% of cases, there is a coexisting anxiety disorder and 63% have mood disorders,
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most commonly major depressive disorder, and 10% of people with OCD attempt suicide.
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Features that are associated with treatment resistance include schizotypal personality disorder and structural brain abnormalities.
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A diagnosis is based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual,
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5th edition, or DSM-5 criteria that state there must be obsessions, compulsions, or both, that they are time-consuming,
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for example taking over an hour per day, and cause clinically significant distress or impairment in functioning.
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They also cannot be attributable to substances or a medical condition,
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and they cannot be better explained by another mental disorder.
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The insight of the person should also be explored, which may range from good,
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where where they are able to recognize that OCD beliefs are probably not true, to poor, where they think the OCD beliefs are true,
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to absent or delusional, where they are completely convinced the OCD beliefs are true,
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although a diagnosis of psychotic disorder should not be made on this basis alone.
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A scale known as the Yale Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale is the most widely used scale to measure OCD symptoms,
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with scores ranging from 0 to 40, with 40 being the most severe.
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It features 5 questions each on obsessions and compulsions, and can be used to track the progress of treatment.
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Overall, OCD treatment is largely divided into pharmacological and cognitive behavioral therapy first line.
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However, 40% of patients fail to see a benefit from either of these.
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Pharmacological therapy includes use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors like sertraline, fluoxetine, or paroxetine.
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However, clomipramine, which is a serotonin-specific tricyclic antidepressant is another option.
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CBT is typically in the form of exposure and response prevention, where a number of triggers are identified and graded.
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Then the patient is encouraged to expose themselves to them and then refrain from the compulsive rituals.
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And as the symptoms improve, the more severe triggers are then targeted.
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Second line agents include the addition of antipsychotics.
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Patients are considered non-responders when there is no response to two SSRIs
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and clomipramine taken for 12 weeks each with cognitive behavioral therapy.

背景与上下文

在这个视频中，我们深入探讨了强迫症（OCD）这个心理健康问题。讲者以清晰简明的方式解释了强迫症的症状、成因及治疗方法，为观众提供了可用于自我学习的免费练习材料，包括选择题、案例场景以及反馈卡片。观众可以通过这些材料更好地理解强迫症，并提高他们的英语表达能力。对于希望通过观看视频来学习英语的学生，这段内容提供了非常宝贵的实践机会。

日常交流中的五个重要短语

  • 强迫思维: 指一种不受欢迎的、持续存在的想法或冲动。
  • 强迫行为: 回应强迫思维而进行的反复行为，目的是减少焦虑。
  • 情绪困扰: 因强迫症状而感受到的明显情绪痛苦。
  • 治疗抵抗: 指患者对治疗反应不佳的情况。
  • 诊断标准: 根据DSM-5制定的强迫症诊断要求。

逐步跟读指南

对于希望提高英语口语能力的学习者来说，shadow speech和英语影子跟读是一种有效的方法。以下是一个逐步的shadowing指南：

  1. 选择合适的视频: 找到与你的英语水平相符的内容，例如关于强迫症的讲解视频。利用这些内容进行英语口语练习，尤其是当它们涉及医学或心理健康主题时，能够扩大你的专业词汇。
  2. 听懂内容: 首先完整观看视频，理解讲者讨论的强迫症的背景、症状和治疗方法。
  3. 重复跟读: 在每个短句后暂停，尝试模仿讲者的语音语调，同时用你的语言表达出主要观点。这种方法可以提升你的发音和语调。
  4. 使用关键词: 在跟读时，将上面提到的“强迫思维”、“强迫行为”等重要短语融入到你的表达中，帮助你记忆和理解这些术语。
  5. 反复练习: 持续重复这个过程，直到你能流利地使用这些短语，同时提高你的英语表达能力。你可以在各种shadowing site上找到合适的资源来支持你的学习。

通过使用这些技巧，你在看YouTube学英语时，将能有效提升你的英语口语水平，克服语言表达的障碍。英语口语练习是一个持续的过程，通过不断的shadowing，你将看到显著的进步。

什么是跟读法？

跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。