Shadowing Practice: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Explained Clearly (OCD) - Learn English Speaking with Video

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In this video, we'll cover obsessive compulsive disorder, and you'll find free practice material including multiple choice questions,
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case scenarios and flashcards available through Wisdolia that gives feedback as you answer on what you got wrong and why.
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Find a link to the questions below.
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Obsessive-compulsive disorder, or OCD, is a condition characterized by,
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as the name suggests, obsessions that are unwanted,
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intrusive, recurrent thoughts, images, or urges that cause anxiety and distress, leading to an effort to avoid them,
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and compulsions that are repetitive tasks performed in response to obsessions in an attempt to reduce the distress,
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but are often not realistically connected.
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As a result of these obsessions and compulsions, there is impairment in the individual's daily functioning and a negative impact on their quality of life.
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Examples of common obsessions are a fear of contamination, a need for symmetry or exactness,
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a fear of causing harm or making mistakes, and sexual or religious obsessions.
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There will often There can also be avoidance of situations in which these obsessions are triggered.
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Compulsions, also known as rituals, can be behavioral or mental.
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Examples of behavioral compulsions include cleaning or hand washing, organizing or arranging, and checking,
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while mental compulsions could be repeating words silently or praying, counting, and ruminating.
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But bear in mind that the compulsions don't have to be directly connected to the obsession or the feared event.
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Around 1 in 3 people with OCD will also suffer from some form of tics,
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and up to 60% of the refer experiencing sensory phenomena preceding compulsions.
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The cause of OCD is likely to be a combination of factors,
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including genetic influence, with some evidence suggesting that it may be transmitted in an autosomal dominant fashion.
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Genes thought to be involved are related to serotonin, dopamine, and glutamate neurotransmitters.
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Some theories also explain that compulsions may be self-reinforcing,
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as they temporarily reduce the anxiety brought on by obsessions.
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PANDAS are another potential factor,
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which stands for Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infection,
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whereby through molecular mimicry, autoimmune antibodies generated during the strep infection may cross-react with those in the basal ganglia.
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Childhood acute neuropsychiatric symptoms, or CANS,
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is a term that is becoming preferred to pandas because it encompasses causes other than strep, such as toxins or metabolites.
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Between 1 and 4% of the population are thought to be affected, with onset typically in late adolescence to the early 20s.
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Females are slightly more commonly affected, however, males have a more chronic course and an earlier onset,
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as well as being more likely to encounter treatment resistance.
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In around 75% of cases, there is a coexisting anxiety disorder and 63% have mood disorders,
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most commonly major depressive disorder, and 10% of people with OCD attempt suicide.
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Features that are associated with treatment resistance include schizotypal personality disorder and structural brain abnormalities.
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A diagnosis is based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual,
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5th edition, or DSM-5 criteria that state there must be obsessions, compulsions, or both, that they are time-consuming,
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for example taking over an hour per day, and cause clinically significant distress or impairment in functioning.
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They also cannot be attributable to substances or a medical condition,
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and they cannot be better explained by another mental disorder.
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The insight of the person should also be explored, which may range from good,
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where where they are able to recognize that OCD beliefs are probably not true, to poor, where they think the OCD beliefs are true,
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to absent or delusional, where they are completely convinced the OCD beliefs are true,
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although a diagnosis of psychotic disorder should not be made on this basis alone.
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A scale known as the Yale Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale is the most widely used scale to measure OCD symptoms,
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with scores ranging from 0 to 40, with 40 being the most severe.
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It features 5 questions each on obsessions and compulsions, and can be used to track the progress of treatment.
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Overall, OCD treatment is largely divided into pharmacological and cognitive behavioral therapy first line.
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However, 40% of patients fail to see a benefit from either of these.
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Pharmacological therapy includes use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors like sertraline, fluoxetine, or paroxetine.
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However, clomipramine, which is a serotonin-specific tricyclic antidepressant is another option.
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CBT is typically in the form of exposure and response prevention, where a number of triggers are identified and graded.
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Then the patient is encouraged to expose themselves to them and then refrain from the compulsive rituals.
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And as the symptoms improve, the more severe triggers are then targeted.
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Second line agents include the addition of antipsychotics.
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Patients are considered non-responders when there is no response to two SSRIs
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and clomipramine taken for 12 weeks each with cognitive behavioral therapy.
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Bu dersin kelimeleri ve konuşma notları

Bu C1 seviyesindeki konuşma dersi “Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Explained Clearly” videosuna dayanıyor. En çok tekrarlanan kelimeler: compulsions, obsession, Ocd, disorder, compulsive. Bu videoda gölgeleme çalışması için 56 cümle ve 781 kelime var. Konuşma bölümü 6:21 sürüyor. Konuşmacı dakikada yaklaşık 123 kelimelik dengeli bir hızla konuşuyor; gölgeleme için rahat bir tempo. Kelimelerin yalnızca %71’i İngilizcede en sık kullanılan 3.000 kelime arasında, bu yüzden kelime dağarcığı zorlayıcı.

Bu videodaki önemli kelimeler

Videodaki en ileri düzey 15 kelime, telaffuzu ve anlamıyla:

KelimeTelaffuzAnlam
obsession isim/əbˈsɛʃən/saplantı, takıntı
behavioral sıfat/bɪˈheɪvjəɹəl/davranışsal
obsessive sıfat/əbˈsɛs.ɪv/obsesif, takıntılı
serotonin isim/ˌsɛɹəˈtoʊnɪn/serotonin
symptom isim/ˈsɪm(p)təm/semptom, belgi
distress isim/dɪˈstɹɛs/bun, kaygı
autoimmune sıfat/ˌɔːtəʊɪˈmjuːn/otoimmün
pharmacological sıfat/ˌfɑɹməkəˈlɒd͡ʒɪkəl/farmakolojik
ritual isim/ˈɹɪt͡ʃ.u.əl/ayin, ritüel
abnormality isim/ˌæbˌnɔɹˈmæl.ət.i/anormallik
adolescence isim/ˌædəˈlɛsəns/ergenlik, ilk gençlik
antibody isim/ˈæn.tɪˌbɑ.di/antikor
autosomal sıfatotozomal
characterize fiil/ˈkɛɹəktəɹaɪz/karakterize etmek
criterion isim/kɹaɪˈtɪɹ.i.ən/ölçüt, kriter

Dikkat edilecek telaffuzlar

Konuşmacı don't, we'll, you'll gibi kısaltılmış biçimleri 3 kez kullanıyor. Bunları duyduğunuz gibi kısa söyleyin.

  • “sh” ve “zh” sesleri: compulsion /kəmˈpʌlʃən/, obsession /əbˈsɛʃən/, flashcard /ˈflæʃˌkɑɹd/, delusional /dɪˈluːʒənəl/, contamination /kənˌtæm.əˈneɪ.ʃən/
  • Uzun kelimeler — vurguyu doğru yere koyun: behavioral /bɪˈheɪvjəɹəl/, serotonin /ˌsɛɹəˈtoʊnɪn/, pharmacological /ˌfɑɹməkəˈlɒd͡ʒɪkəl/, abnormality /ˌæbˌnɔɹˈmæl.ət.i/, adolescence /ˌædəˈlɛsəns/

Türkçe konuşanların zorlandığı sesler:

  • /w/ — dudaklar yuvarlak, /v/ değil: whereby /wɛə(ɹ)ˈbaɪ/, unwanted /ʌnˈwɒntɪd/
  • Kelime başındaki ünsüz kümesi — araya ünlü eklemeyin: criterion /kɹaɪˈtɪɹ.i.ən/, flashcard /ˈflæʃˌkɑɹd/, fluoxetine /fluːˈaksətiːn/, glutamate /ˈɡluː.tə.meɪt/, precede /pɹɪˈsid/
  • /æ/ — “e”den daha açık: abnormality /ˌæbˌnɔɹˈmæl.ət.i/, adolescence /ˌædəˈlɛsəns/, antibody /ˈæn.tɪˌbɑ.di/, flashcard /ˈflæʃˌkɑɹd/, ganglion /ˈɡæŋ.ɡli.ən/

Bu videoyla nasıl çalışılır

  1. Videonun tamamını konuşmadan bir kez dinleyin ve bilmediğiniz kelimeleri not edin.
  2. Normal hızda cümle cümle tekrar edin; ritminiz konuşmacıyla aynı olana kadar her cümleyi yineleyin.
  3. Kendinizi kaydedin ve orijinaliyle karşılaştırın; obsession, behavioral, obsessive gibi kelimelere özellikle dikkat edin.

Gölgeleme Tekniği Nedir?

Gölgeleme, başlangıçta profesyonel tercüman eğitimi için geliştirilen ve çok dilli Dr. Alexander Arguelles tarafından popüler hale getirilen, bilim destekli bir dil öğrenme tekniğidir. Yöntem basit ama güçlüdür: ana dili İngilizce olan bir sesi dinler ve hemen yüksek sesle tekrar edersiniz — konuşmacıyı 1-2 saniye gecikmeyle takip eden bir gölge gibi. Pasif dinleme veya dilbilgisi alıştırmalarının aksine, gölgeleme beyninizi ve ağız kaslarınızı gerçek konuşma kalıplarını eşzamanlı olarak işlemeye ve yeniden üretmeye zorlar. Araştırmalar, telaffuz doğruluğu, tonlama, ritim, bağlı konuşma, dinleme anlama ve konuşma akıcılığını önemli ölçüde geliştirdiğini göstermektedir — bu da onu IELTS Konuşma hazırlığı ve gerçek dünya İngilizce iletişimi için en etkili yöntemlerden biri yapar.

Shadowing tekniği: adım adım eksiksiz rehberi okuyun →