跟读练习: The 3 best predictors of how well you’ll age - Juulia Jylhävä - 通过YouTube学习英语口语
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The The The The The The The If you want to learn a fish's age,
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The The The The The The The If you want to learn a fish's age,
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simply take one of its scales and count the number of bands radiating from its center.
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For trees, you can count their rings.
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For narwhals, their tusk layers.
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And for blue whales, their layers of earwax.
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When it comes to humans,
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scientists have yet to find any visible traits that mark our age with anywhere near the same specificity.
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But in the past few decades,
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they've discovered small, invisible markers hidden within the body that do change over time.
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And they may hold even more information about our health, history, and future.
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The first of these markers was discovered in the 1990s.
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Telomeres are repetitive sequences at the ends of DNA strands that protect chromosomes from fusing together.
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However, each time a cell divides,
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part of the telomere is cut off.
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These small losses can add up over time,
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and once telomeres get too short,
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cells lose their ability to replicate and eventually die.
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This gradual shrinking process led scientists to identify telomere length as a promising,
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albeit imperfect, marker of aging.
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As technology has advanced, scientists learned how to detect even more discrete changes to DNA,
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like the addition of individual molecular tags called methyl groups.
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This DNA methylation can control gene expression,
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including switching genes on and off.
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It can occur rapidly and frequently,
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allowing cells to respond to different situations and perform normal functions.
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Yet researchers noticed that at certain sites in the genome,
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methylation levels tend to change more gradually and predictably as we age.
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The reason for this is still unknown,
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but these changes may be associated with stress or caused by random errors during DNA replication.
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By measuring DNA methylation patterns from hundreds or thousands of these sites,
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scientists have developed what they call epigenetic clocks as another way to measure aging.
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A third way our bodies change over time is through inflammation.
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Proteins that are important components of the immune system generally increase when we get sick,
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then decrease again once our body has recovered.
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But as we get older,
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their baseline levels rise, resulting in chronic, low-level inflammation.
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This process is called inflammation.
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Scientists are still unsure why it occurs,
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but it could be due to repeated encounters with pathogens and other stresses.
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Another explanation could be the process of cellular senescence.
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When cells get old and stop dividing, they secrete inflammatory proteins.
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And by measuring the level of these proteins,
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scientists have developed yet another clock that can accurately measure aging aging.
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While all three of these markers are great additions to the age estimation toolbox,
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they don't perfectly correlate with chronological age.
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Instead, they're best at estimating something called biological age.
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Biological age is a measure of how well your body is functioning,
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how much damage your cells and organs have accumulated,
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and your overall risk for certain health problems.
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Unlike chronological clocks, biological clocks tick at different rates for for different people due to genetic differences,
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as well as health, stress,
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and many other environmental factors.
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And different tissues and organs within the body may even biologically age at different speeds.
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In many ways, these clocks are still a work in progress.
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For example, most experts recommend against personalized biological age testing.
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While these tests are commercially available,
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the value and accuracy of these measurements remain unclear.
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Currently, these tools work best at the population level,
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when data from many individuals are analysed.
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However, many scientists hope to change this in the future,
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as accurately tracking this information could revolutionise personalised healthcare.
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For example, one day, a person's accelerated biological age might help doctors detect an unknown health condition much earlier.
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And other researchers are searching for ways to slow down or even turn back these biological clocks.
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Though so far, most attempts at this have been largely unsuccessful.
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Besides, researchers still don't know if telomeres,
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inflammation, or epigenetics are actually to blame for aging,
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or if they are simply neutral markers of other processes happening in the body.
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We may be learning to read the language of aging,
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but we still have a way to go in understanding its grammar.
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Do you ever feel like you don't know enough about your own body?
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Subscribe to this channel to learn about everything from baldness to muscle growth to why we have hair in such random places.
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Stay tuned and stay curious.
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在這段視頻中，Juulia Jylhävä 探討了影響我們衰老過程的三個重要因素。她提到了科學家如何透過探索身體內部的小標記來了解人類的衰老過程，這些標記隨著時間的推移而變化，並可能提供我們有關健康狀況的深入信息。對於學習英語的學生來說，理解這類科學討論不僅能提升語言能力，還能擴展對健康和衰老的知識。
每日溝通的五個重要短語
- 蛋白質水平上升 (Protein levels rise): 用來描述免疫系統在生病時的反應。
- 生物年齡 (Biological age): 衡量身體運作與健康風險的一個重要概念。
- 細胞老化 (Cellular senescence): 用來描述細胞停止分裂的過程。
- 慢性低水平炎症 (Chronic low-level inflammation): 描述隨著年齡增長，身體出現的持續性炎症。
- DNA甲基化 (DNA methylation): 順應情況改變基因表達的一種機制。
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要有效地進行影子跟讀，特別是針對如此深入的內容，您可以參考以下步驟：
- 選擇短片段: 先從視頻中選擇一小段，約20到30秒，這樣可以更容易集中注意力。
- 聆聽重複: 多次聆聽這段音頻，語音和語調都是學習的重點。
- 分解句子: 將每個句子分解為更小的片段，然後逐句跟讀。這能幫助您掌握發音和節奏。
- 提高語速: 在熟悉內容後，嘗試加快跟讀的速度，這將增強您的語音流暢性。
- 固化記憶: 最後，重複整段對話，直到您能自然地說出它。這將有助於提高您的口語能力和自信心。
運用這些技巧，您將能更有效地進行雅思口語練習，提升您的英語影子跟讀能力，無論在語法還是發音上都能有所進步。
什么是跟读法？
跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。