跟读练习: The history of chocolate - Deanna Pucciarelli - 通过YouTube学习英语口语
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If you can't imagine life without chocolate, you're lucky you weren't born before the 16th century.
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28 句
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If you can't imagine life without chocolate, you're lucky you weren't born before the 16th century.
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Until then, chocolate only existed in Mesoamerica in a form quite different from what we know.
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As far back as 1900 BCE, the people of that region had learned to prepare the beans of the native cacao tree.
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The earliest records tell us the beans were ground and mixed with cornmeal and chili peppers to create a drink - not a relaxing cup of hot cocoa, but a bitter, invigorating concoction frothing with foam.
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And if you thought we make a big deal about chocolate today, the Mesoamericans had us beat.
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They believed that cacao was a heavenly food gifted to humans by a feathered serpent god, known to the Maya as Kukulkan and to the Aztecs as Quetzalcoatl.
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Aztecs used cacao beans as currency and drank chocolate at royal feasts, gave it to soldiers as a reward for success in battle, and used it in rituals.
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The first transatlantic chocolate encounter occurred in 1519 when Hernán Cortés visited the court of Moctezuma at Tenochtitlan.
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As recorded by Cortés's lieutenant, the king had 50 jugs of the drink brought out and poured into golden cups.
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When the colonists returned with shipments of the strange new bean, missionaries' salacious accounts of native customs gave it a reputation as an aphrodisiac.
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At first, its bitter taste made it suitable as a medicine for ailments, like upset stomachs, but sweetening it with honey, sugar, or vanilla quickly made chocolate a popular delicacy in the Spanish court.
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And soon, no aristocratic home was complete without dedicated chocolate ware.
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The fashionable drink was difficult and time consuming to produce on a large scale.
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That involved using plantations and imported slave labor in the Caribbean and on islands off the coast of Africa.
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The world of chocolate would change forever in 1828 with the introduction of the cocoa press by Coenraad van Houten of Amsterdam.
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Van Houten's invention could separate the cocoa's natural fat, or cocoa butter.
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This left a powder that could be mixed into a drinkable solution or recombined with the cocoa butter to create the solid chocolate we know today.
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Not long after, a Swiss chocolatier named Daniel Peter added powdered milk to the mix, thus inventing milk chocolate.
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By the 20th century, chocolate was no longer an elite luxury but had become a treat for the public.
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Meeting the massive demand required more cultivation of cocoa, which can only grow near the equator.
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Now, instead of African slaves being shipped to South American cocoa plantations, cocoa production itself would shift to West Africa with Cote d'Ivoire providing two-fifths of the world's cocoa as of 2015.
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Yet along with the growth of the industry, there have been horrific abuses of human rights.
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Many of the plantations throughout West Africa, which supply Western companies, use slave and child labor, with an estimation of more than 2 million children affected.
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This is a complex problem that persists despite efforts from major chocolate companies to partner with African nations to reduce child and indentured labor practices.
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Today, chocolate has established itself in the rituals of our modern culture.
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Due to its colonial association with native cultures, combined with the power of advertising, chocolate retains an aura of something sensual, decadent, and forbidden.
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Yet knowing more about its fascinating and often cruel history, as well as its production today, tells us where these associations originate and what they hide.
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So as you unwrap your next bar of chocolate, take a moment to consider that not everything about chocolate is sweet.
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关于本课
本课程围绕视频“巧克力的历史”展开，学习者将深入了解巧克力的起源和发展过程。课程将帮助学生掌握与“巧克力”相关的词汇主题，包括历史、文化和经济背景，同时重点练习过去时态语法的使用。借助口语场景，学习者可以有效提高其英语口语能力，特别是在雅思口语考试中更自然地表达对文化与历史话题的看法。
重要词汇和短语
- Cacao tree（可可树）：一种原产于中美洲和南美洲的树，其种子（可可豆）用于制作巧克力。
- Aphrodisiac（春药）：一种被认为能够激发性欲的食物或药物，巧克力曾被赋予这种特性。
- Cocoa press（可可压榨机）：一种可以将可可脂与可可粉分开的机械设备，改变了巧克力的生产方法。
- Plantation（种植园）：大面积的农场，尤其是用于大规模种植某种作物的地方，在巧克力生产中尤为重要。
- Child labor（童工）：未成年人被强迫工作，巧克力产业中面临的一个严重问题。
本视频练习技巧
在练习时，建议学习者采用适中的语速进行跟读，尤其是当涉及到历史背景的部分。注意掌握不同的口音，尤其是美国和英国英语之间的微妙差异，这将有助于提升你的发音和语调。同时，视频中的文化和社会问题内容较为复杂，建议在学习时可以多重复几遍，耐心消化每一个细节，以便在对话中自信地讨论相关话题。这些技巧将帮助你更流利地表达观点，提高英语流利度，并在雅思口语考试中表现得更加从容不迫。
什么是跟读法？
跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。
如何在ShadowingEnglish上有效练习
- 选择您的视频： 挑选一段语音清晰、自然的YouTube视频。TED演讲，BBC新闻，电影片段，播客或雅思口语范例都很好。将URL粘贴到搜索栏中。从较短的视频（短于5分钟）以及您真正感兴趣的内容开始——兴趣是最重要的导师。
- 先听，理解上下文： 第一次听的时候，将速度保持在1倍速并仅仅倾听。还不要尝试重复。专注于理解其含义，收集新词汇，并注意讲话人如何强调单词，连读声音及使用停顿。
- 设置跟读模式：
- 等待模式：选择
+3s或+5s——在每句话播放完毕后，视频会自动暂停以便您有时间大声重复它。如果您想完全控制并在每次重复后由您自己点击下一步，请选择手动。 - 字幕同步：YouTube字幕有时会在音频前或后略微出现。使用
±100ms使它们完美对齐以助您准确跟读。
- 等待模式：选择
- 大声跟读（核心练习）： 这是真正发生改变的一步。当一个句子播放出来立刻——或在暂停期间——大声、清晰且自信地重复出来。千万不要只是张张嘴：要模仿说话者的准确节奏、重音、音高和连读。力求听上去就像说话者的影子，而不仅是逐字背诵。使用重复功能多次练习同一个句子，直到感觉自然为止。
- 提高难度： 当练习段落变得相对舒适后，就去挑战自我。将速度增加至 <code>1.25x</code> 或甚至 <code>1.5x</code> 以训练高速语言反射。或者将等待模式调整为 <code>关闭</code> 以进行连续跟读——这是最进阶同样收益最大的模式。持续的每日15–30分钟的练习将可以在几周内产生可见的效果。