跟读练习: Who's at risk for colon cancer? - Amit H. Sachdev and Frank G. Gress - 通过YouTube学习英语口语
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If you were to lay your digestive tract out in a straight line, it would form a tube spanning nearly ten meters.
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If you were to lay your digestive tract out in a straight line, it would form a tube spanning nearly ten meters.
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The last 1.5 meters of that are called the colon, or large intestine.
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Cells in this organ's lining constantly renew themselves, but the genes that moderate this process occasionally go awry, leading to the excessive growth of new cells.
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That results in small growths or abnormal clumps of cells called polyps.
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The majority of these polyps won't do any harm, but some can become cancerous when their cells begin to grow and divide rapidly, projecting further into the colon.
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At that point, they can transform into colon cancer, one of the most prevalent and preventable forms of cancer in the world.
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That's a slow process: though growth times vary, it often takes around ten years for a small polyp to grow and develop into a cancerous one.
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We don't know exactly what causes the majority of colon polyps and colon cancers.
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We do know in general that colon cancer involves the activation of what's called oncogenes in the polyp, and/or the loss of tumor-suppressor genes that usually keep cancer cells in check.
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Most cells have proto-oncogenes that help them grow.
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When a proto-oncogene mutates, or there are two many copies of it, it can become a permanently active oncogene with cells that grow out of control.
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While we don't yet know exactly what underlying factors cause these changes, experts suspect a combination of both environmental and inherited genetic factors.
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In the worst cases, when cells within polyps divide and spread unchecked, they eventually break through the lining of the colon.
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Lymph and blood vessels carry those cells all over the body, and they can go on to form tumors.
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Despite these challenges, there's a solution.
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We've become extremely good at detecting and removing offending polyps before they can cause cancer.
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This happens through a process called screening, and when we do it regularly, we can prevent many cases of colon cancer.
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So, who's at risk?
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Most cases occur in people aged 50 years or older.
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This group is considered at average risk for colon cancer or colon polyps.
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There's also a higher risk group that includes people with personal or family histories of colon polyps or cancer, and those who suffer from inherited genetic syndromes, or inflammatory diseases, like Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis.
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So the best age to initiate screening varies from person to person.
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If you have access to healthcare, it's best to consult a doctor to find out when you should begin.
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Screening can be done with various tests.
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Colonoscopy involves a long, thin, flexible tube that's fitted with a video camera and light at the end and placed internally to examine the colon for polyps.
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If polyps are found, a doctor can do a polypectomy, a procedure that removes polyps from the colonic wall.
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Doctors can also then test the polyp for cancerous cells.
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Colonoscopy is the only test that can be used to both find and remove polyps.
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There are, however, other useful screening tests, including imaging and at-home tests that can allow patients to examine their stool for small amounts of blood.
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Occasionally, polyps are too large to be removed during a colonoscopy, in which case, the next step is surgery.
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If blood and imaging tests then reveal that cancerous cells have spread outside the colon, then a special treatment, like chemotherapy, may also be required to stop the cancer from escalating.
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We can also take on certain habits to reduce our likelihood of developing colon cancer in the first place.
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There's evidence that maintaining a healthy weight, not smoking, and being physically active can help.
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But most importantly, access to healthcare and regular screenings at crucial times in life are the best ways to prevent colon cancer.
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在今天的讨论中，专家阿米特·H·萨赫德夫（Amit H. Sachdev）和弗兰克·G·格雷斯（Frank G. Gress）深入探讨了结肠癌的风险因素及预防措施。在视频中，他们强调了结肠作为消化系统的关键部分，如何在细胞更新过程中可能出现问题，导致息肉的形成及进一步发展为癌症。通过分析这种病症的形成原因以及筛查的重要性，观众能够更好地理解结肠癌的复杂性和预防措施。
日常交流的五个常用短语
- 结肠癌（Colon cancer）
- 筛查（Screening）
- 息肉（Polyps）
- 手术（Surgery）
- 健康体重（Healthy weight）
这些短语在医疗和日常对话中频繁出现，掌握它们将有助于在与医疗专业人士交流时更准确地表达自己的想法。通过看YouTube学英语，能够帮助学习者以更自然的方式听懂和使用这些重要术语。
逐步跟读指南
对于想要提高口语能力和听力的学习者，可以通过以下步骤进行英语影子跟读练习：
- 选择片段：从视频中选择一小段，大约30秒到1分钟为佳。
- 分析内容：在听的过程中，注意关键词，如“筛查”和“息肉”，并理解它们在上下文中的使用方法。
- 重复跟读：暂停视频，模仿说话者的语调和发音，进行英语影子跟读练习。在这个过程中，可以尝试用不同的语速来跟读。
- 记录并比较：录下自己的声音，与视频中的原声进行对比，找出发音和语调上的差异。
- 定期复习：把这个练习融入到日常学习中，在不同的时间重复跟读，强化记忆和发音准确性。
通过这样的练习，不仅可以提升口语能力，还能更好地理解医学领域的专业语言。利用影子跟读的技巧，学习者可以在雅思口语练习中更加自信，提高自己的英语水平。在影子跟读中不断进步，能够给你的学习过程注入新的动力。
什么是跟读法？
跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。