تدريب Shadowing: 5 Gross Gifts Animals Give Their Mates - تعلم التحدث بالإنجليزية عبر الفيديو
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Humans have some odd customs around gift -giving and courtship.
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I mean, chocolate is this one specific tropical bean that's been fermented, roasted, and mixed with sugar.
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But on a date, it tends to go over pretty well.
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However, humans aren't the only ones who bring gifts to a potential mate.
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Gift -giving is a behavior that occurs in many species across the animal kingdom.
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And these gifts do more than make a good first impression.
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They generally provide substantial benefits that ensure a better outcome for the pair's offspring.
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But the gifts themselves can be, well, chocolate they ain't.
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So from poison to mucus and a few bodily fluids in between, let's explore a few creatures who take gift -giving to a whole new level.
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Six -spot burnet moths bestow upon their potential mate a toxic gift—actual poison.
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These critters have a deadly talent that develops when they're just a wee caterpillar.
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They're able to produce hydrogen cyanide, a chemical that, in high enough concentrations, can even be deadly to a potential predator.
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These critters incorporate some of the toxins that plants make as a chemical defense against pests, and their bodies convert them into hydrogen cyanide.
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This chemical causes them to have an unpleasant taste, so predators tend to steer clear.
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The red spots on the moths' bodies serve as a warning sign to keep away.
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And during the mating process, the male moths are able to transfer some of their cyanide to the females.
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Not to kill them, mind you.
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Instead, researchers believe they are passing it along for additional protection against potential predators.
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This gift is like the insect equivalent of gifting a couple dozen roses,
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because the process of creating the cyanide is fairly energetically costly for the moths.
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Female moths are capable of producing cyanide too and actually emit plumes of it to attract a mate,
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but the males still gift them a little extra during courtship,
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which allows the females to put their energy into laying eggs while keeping their defenses up.
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The female also uses some of that poison to coat her eggs with as an added layer of protection against potential predators.
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And researchers have found that the females value how much cyanide is gifted to them,
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preferentially choosing a male based on how large his cyanide gift was.
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Which may mean that these moths are becoming more toxic over time, as the females are constantly selecting for large cyanide gifts.
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Now, the red velvet mite goes to great lengths to woo a mate.
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The male doesn't just bring a gift, he builds a beautiful, intricate space for his potential mate.
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And this little mite creates an elaborate setup out of sticks, leaves, grass, and sperm.
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Researchers tactfully refer to this as a love garden.
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The sperm is dotted all over the sticks and grass,
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acting as both decoration and a sticky web holding all of the pieces of the meticulously designed space together.
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Once constructed, the male leaves an intricate path of silk leading up to the space for a mate to find.
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Then he sits in front of his masterpiece until a potential mate wanders by and notices his handiwork.
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And when a potential mate does come along,
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the male will perform a little dance in front of the space as a way of capturing her attention
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and enticing her into coming closer.
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And if the female mite is intrigued, she will enter the garden he's created to investigate the space further.
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If the female sits down in that space, the sperm can impregnate her.
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Unfortunately, the competition for a mate can be stiff among mites.
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That same trail he wove for his mate to find can be discovered by another male instead.
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The other male will immediately tear down the garden and build up his own in its place,
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as a way of ensuring that it's his sperm that contributes to the next generation.
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So red velvet mites have to be fancy and quick in order to catch a female before the competition swoops in.
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Now, it does make sense for sperm to be involved during courtship, but that's far from the only bodily fluid on offer.
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For example, some creatures will offer up their own blood to their mates during the mating process.
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Ground crickets give their mates access to their blood, or rather their hemolymph, which is the insect equivalent of blood.
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Male ground crickets have evolved large spurs on their tibia for female ground crickets to chew on during mating.
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That gives the female access to the male's hemolymph in the process.
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Researchers believe that this gift provides specialized nutrition to the females, who gain access to nutrients that they might otherwise be lacking in their diets,
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including protein, fats, and carbohydrates.
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This comes in handy for the female, particularly during egg -laying, which is energetically costly.
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In fact, researchers have found that female ground crickets have a preference for large males over smaller ones, because the larger the male,
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the more hemolymph a female can get from his spur during mating.
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While it's likely this is not really a very pleasant experience for the male, it's a sacrifice that makes sense for the survival of his offspring,
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because a well -fed female will have more energy to put towards high -quality eggs.
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As a result, much like the burnet moths are selecting more poisonous mates,
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the female ground crickets are shifting the size of the overall population towards larger males.
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Now, a gift of blood might be too much of a sacrifice to make, so how about some spit instead?
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While hocking up a big loogie in front of a date is typically considered bad form among humans,
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that's pretty much what male scorpionflies will do for their potential mates.
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Scorpion fly males have evolved enlarged salivary glands, specifically for the ability to produce large balls of spit.
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Interestingly, only well -fed scorpion flies have the ability to produce spit balls.
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Those that are malnourished will choose to offer up a dead bug instead.
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Now, if you ask me, either of these gifts sounds less than appealing, but researchers believe that much like our cricket example,
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scorpion flies offer spit to provide the females with additional nutrients prior to egg -laying.
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Which is why a dead bug proves to be a decent substitute for a giant ball of spit
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if a male is unable to produce any spit himself.
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The female snacks on the spit during the mating process, which ensures she's well -fed enough to pass the male's genes along to the next generation.
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And sometimes, whether they can't make spit or just want to avoid making it in the first place,
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male scorpionflies will pretend to be females and steal the spit snack right out from under a competitor.
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The females select a mate based on their ability to produce a lot of spit it.
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The more spit, the more likely they are to prefer that individual.
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And I say cheers to that.
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Now, our next animal has quite a pointed way of interacting with its mate.
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Mutual stabbing, with a snot -coated dagger.
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While this sounds awful, this is a behavior frequently observed in land snails.
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And this isn't just a gentle poke.
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Researchers have observed snails retracting rapidly after being stabbed, suggesting that this is a fairly painful process.
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Yet it's a behavior that they frequently frequently perform during mating.
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Most land snails are hermaphrodites, which means they have both sperm and egg -producing reproductive organs.
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And during the mating process, some species of snails will stab each other with what researchers refer to as love darts.
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These love darts are made up of a hard piece that makes them sharp and dagger -like, and they're also coated in mucus.
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The hard part can be made up of a few different compounds, depending on the species of snail.
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Some use calcium carbonate, while others use a more flexible material like chitin or cartilage.
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Now, these darts are not to be confused with a penis.
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Each snail has one of those, too.
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And the snails can mate without the love darts.
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Once they use the dart, the snails need some time to regrow it, sometimes taking up to a week to generate another one.
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But researchers have found
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that snails who mated shortly after being stabbed by a love
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dart were twice as likely to sire offspring as those who weren't stabbed.
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So scientists believe the love darts are a way to encourage successful reproduction.
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The mucus on the darts contains a pheromone -like compound that targets the snail's egg -producing organs,
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encouraging them to store the sperm they're receiving from the other snail.
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All of these gifts sound fairly unusual from a human perspective, but they're particularly interesting to consider from an evolutionary point of view.
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These unique choices for gifts play important roles in mate selection
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and have probably helped to determine the evolutionary history of these species.
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With the exception of the land snails, most of the females are actively selecting for mate that produces their preferred gift in the right size,
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shape, or quantity.
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Researchers are always eager to learn more about the process of gift -giving in creatures,
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since very little is known about how these abilities evolved and were selected for with time.
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But if you ask me, I might just stick to bringing flowers and chocolate on a date.
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That said, if you're looking for gifts for this holiday season, Brilliant is great for the relentlessly curious person in your life.
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Brilliant's online courses in math, science, engineering, and computer science are designed to help you learn through interactivity.
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It gives you the satisfaction of letting you work through problems yourself, with explanations for any time you get stuck.
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Courses are even available offline through their iOS and Android apps,
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so you or your lucky gift recipient can keep learning on the go or with a spotty internet connection.
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The first 200 people to sign up at brilliant .org .scishow can save 20 % off an annual premium subscription to Brilliant,
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which you can also apply toward a gift subscription.
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So thanks for checking them out.
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We'll be right back.
تنزيل التطبيق
كل ما تحتاجه للتحدث بطلاقة
تقييم النطق بالذكاء الاصطناعيتقييم كل جملة
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المفرداتابنِ رصيدك من الكلمات
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المفردات وملاحظات التحدث لهذا الدرس
هذا الدرس في المحادثة مبني على الفيديو “5 Gross Gifts Animals Give Their Mates”. أكثر الكلمات تكرارًا في الفيديو: gift, female, mate, male, snail. يحتوي هذا الفيديو على 95 جملة و1754 كلمة للتدرب على الترديد. مدة الكلام 8:49. يتكلم المتحدث بسرعة، نحو 199 كلمة في الدقيقة، لذا ستسمع كثيرًا من وصل الكلمات واختزال الأصوات. 74% فقط من الكلمات ضمن أكثر 3,000 كلمة شيوعًا في الإنجليزية، فالمفردات صعبة نسبيًا.
أهم المفردات في هذا الفيديو
15 كلمة من الفيديو تستحق التعلّم، مع النطق والمعنى:
| الكلمة | النطق | المعنى |
|---|---|---|
| spit فعل | /spɪt/ | بَصَقَ, بَزَقَ |
| snail اسم | /sneɪl/ | حَلَزُون |
| researcher اسم | /ˈɹiˌsɝ.t͡ʃɚ/ | بَاحِث, بَاحِثَة |
| dart اسم | /dɑɹt/ | خزاقة |
| stab فعل | /stæb/ | طَعَنَ |
| select فعل | /sɪˈlɛkt/ | اِخْتَارَ |
| coat اسم | /ˈkoʊ̯t/ | مِعْطَف |
| predator اسم | /ˈpɹɛd.ə.tɚ/ | مُفْتَرِس, ضَارٍ |
| poison اسم | /ˈpɔɪ.zən/ | سُمّ, سَمّ |
| subscription اسم | /səbˈskɹɪpʃən/ | اِشْتِرَاك |
| offspring اسم | /ˈɔfspɹɪŋ/ | ذُرِّيَّة, وَلَد |
| dagger اسم | /ˈdæɡɚ/ | خَنْجَر |
| encourage فعل | /ɪnˈkʌɹ.ɪd͡ʒ/ | شَجَّعَ |
| refer فعل | /ɹɪˈfɜː/ | أَشَارَ |
| grass اسم | /ɡɹɑːs/ | حَشِيش, عُشْب |
القواعد في هذا الفيديو
أكثر التراكيب التي يستخدمها المتحدث، مع العبارات نفسها من الفيديو:
| التركيب | في الفيديو |
|---|---|
| المبني للمجهول be + اسم المفعول — التركيز على ما يحدث لا على من يفعله | been fermented · is gifted · is dotted |
| المضارع التام have/has + اسم المفعول — حدث ماضٍ ما زال له أثر الآن | that's been fermented · have found · have evolved |
| جمل الوصل who / which + جملة — معلومة إضافية عن شخص أو شيء | ones who bring · hemolymph, which is · laying, which is |
نطق يحتاج إلى انتباه
يستخدم المتحدث 14 من الصيغ المختصرة، مثل they're, aren't, ain't. انطقها بصيغتها القصيرة كما تسمعها.
- أصوات “th”: mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/, moth /mɔθ/
- أصوات “sh” و“zh”: subscription /səbˈskɹɪpʃən/, evolutionary /ˌiː.vəˈluː.ʃən.ɛɹ.i/, sharp /ʃɑɹp/, shortly /ˈʃɔɹtli/, unusual /ʌnˈjuːʒ(u)əl/
- الكلمات الطويلة — انتبه لموضع النبر: evolutionary /ˌiː.vəˈluː.ʃən.ɛɹ.i/, unusual /ʌnˈjuːʒ(u)əl/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/, establishment /ɪˈstæb.lɪʃ.mənt/, investigate /ɪnˈvɛs.tə.ɡeɪt/
أصوات يجدها متحدثو العربية صعبة:
- /p/ — ليس /b/: انطقه مع نفخة هواء: spit /spɪt/, predator /ˈpɹɛd.ə.tɚ/, poison /ˈpɔɪ.zən/, subscription /səbˈskɹɪpʃən/, offspring /ˈɔfspɹɪŋ/
- /v/ — ليس /f/: مع اهتزاز الأوتار الصوتية: evolve /ɪˈvɑlv/, observe /əbˈzɜːv/, evolutionary /ˌiː.vəˈluː.ʃən.ɛɹ.i/, velvet /ˈvɛlvɪt/, survival /sɚˈvaɪ.vəl/
- تتابع الصوامت — لا تضف حركة بينها: spit /spɪt/, snail /sneɪl/, dart /dɑɹt/, stab /stæb/, select /sɪˈlɛkt/
كيف تتدرب بهذا الفيديو
- استمع إلى الفيديو كاملًا مرة واحدة دون أن تتكلم، ودوّن الكلمات التي لا تعرفها.
- ابدأ بسرعة 0.75×، وردّد جملة جملة، ثم عُد إلى السرعة العادية عندما يصبح الأمر سهلًا.
- سجّل صوتك وقارنه بالأصل، مع الانتباه إلى كلمات مثل spit, snail, researcher.
ما هي تقنية التظليل الصوتي؟
التظليل الصوتي (Shadowing) تقنية تعلم لغة مدعومة علمياً، طُورت أصلاً لتدريب المترجمين الفوريين المحترفين. الطريقة بسيطة لكنها قوية: تستمع لصوت إنجليزي أصلي وتكرره فوراً بصوت عالٍ — كظل يتبع المتحدث بتأخير 1-2 ثانية. تُظهر الأبحاث تحسناً كبيراً في دقة النطق والتنغيم والإيقاع وربط الأصوات والاستماع والطلاقة.