Prática de Shadowing: 5 Gross Gifts Animals Give Their Mates - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo
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Humans have some odd customs around gift -giving and courtship.
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I mean, chocolate is this one specific tropical bean that's been fermented, roasted, and mixed with sugar.
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But on a date, it tends to go over pretty well.
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However, humans aren't the only ones who bring gifts to a potential mate.
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Gift -giving is a behavior that occurs in many species across the animal kingdom.
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And these gifts do more than make a good first impression.
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They generally provide substantial benefits that ensure a better outcome for the pair's offspring.
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But the gifts themselves can be, well, chocolate they ain't.
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So from poison to mucus and a few bodily fluids in between, let's explore a few creatures who take gift -giving to a whole new level.
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Six -spot burnet moths bestow upon their potential mate a toxic gift—actual poison.
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These critters have a deadly talent that develops when they're just a wee caterpillar.
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They're able to produce hydrogen cyanide, a chemical that, in high enough concentrations, can even be deadly to a potential predator.
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These critters incorporate some of the toxins that plants make as a chemical defense against pests, and their bodies convert them into hydrogen cyanide.
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This chemical causes them to have an unpleasant taste, so predators tend to steer clear.
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The red spots on the moths' bodies serve as a warning sign to keep away.
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And during the mating process, the male moths are able to transfer some of their cyanide to the females.
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Not to kill them, mind you.
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Instead, researchers believe they are passing it along for additional protection against potential predators.
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This gift is like the insect equivalent of gifting a couple dozen roses,
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because the process of creating the cyanide is fairly energetically costly for the moths.
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Female moths are capable of producing cyanide too and actually emit plumes of it to attract a mate,
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but the males still gift them a little extra during courtship,
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which allows the females to put their energy into laying eggs while keeping their defenses up.
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The female also uses some of that poison to coat her eggs with as an added layer of protection against potential predators.
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And researchers have found that the females value how much cyanide is gifted to them,
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preferentially choosing a male based on how large his cyanide gift was.
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Which may mean that these moths are becoming more toxic over time, as the females are constantly selecting for large cyanide gifts.
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Now, the red velvet mite goes to great lengths to woo a mate.
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The male doesn't just bring a gift, he builds a beautiful, intricate space for his potential mate.
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And this little mite creates an elaborate setup out of sticks, leaves, grass, and sperm.
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Researchers tactfully refer to this as a love garden.
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The sperm is dotted all over the sticks and grass,
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acting as both decoration and a sticky web holding all of the pieces of the meticulously designed space together.
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Once constructed, the male leaves an intricate path of silk leading up to the space for a mate to find.
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Then he sits in front of his masterpiece until a potential mate wanders by and notices his handiwork.
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And when a potential mate does come along,
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the male will perform a little dance in front of the space as a way of capturing her attention
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and enticing her into coming closer.
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And if the female mite is intrigued, she will enter the garden he's created to investigate the space further.
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If the female sits down in that space, the sperm can impregnate her.
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Unfortunately, the competition for a mate can be stiff among mites.
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That same trail he wove for his mate to find can be discovered by another male instead.
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The other male will immediately tear down the garden and build up his own in its place,
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as a way of ensuring that it's his sperm that contributes to the next generation.
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So red velvet mites have to be fancy and quick in order to catch a female before the competition swoops in.
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Now, it does make sense for sperm to be involved during courtship, but that's far from the only bodily fluid on offer.
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For example, some creatures will offer up their own blood to their mates during the mating process.
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Ground crickets give their mates access to their blood, or rather their hemolymph, which is the insect equivalent of blood.
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Male ground crickets have evolved large spurs on their tibia for female ground crickets to chew on during mating.
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That gives the female access to the male's hemolymph in the process.
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Researchers believe that this gift provides specialized nutrition to the females, who gain access to nutrients that they might otherwise be lacking in their diets,
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including protein, fats, and carbohydrates.
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This comes in handy for the female, particularly during egg -laying, which is energetically costly.
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In fact, researchers have found that female ground crickets have a preference for large males over smaller ones, because the larger the male,
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the more hemolymph a female can get from his spur during mating.
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While it's likely this is not really a very pleasant experience for the male, it's a sacrifice that makes sense for the survival of his offspring,
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because a well -fed female will have more energy to put towards high -quality eggs.
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As a result, much like the burnet moths are selecting more poisonous mates,
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the female ground crickets are shifting the size of the overall population towards larger males.
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Now, a gift of blood might be too much of a sacrifice to make, so how about some spit instead?
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While hocking up a big loogie in front of a date is typically considered bad form among humans,
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that's pretty much what male scorpionflies will do for their potential mates.
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Scorpion fly males have evolved enlarged salivary glands, specifically for the ability to produce large balls of spit.
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Interestingly, only well -fed scorpion flies have the ability to produce spit balls.
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Those that are malnourished will choose to offer up a dead bug instead.
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Now, if you ask me, either of these gifts sounds less than appealing, but researchers believe that much like our cricket example,
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scorpion flies offer spit to provide the females with additional nutrients prior to egg -laying.
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Which is why a dead bug proves to be a decent substitute for a giant ball of spit
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if a male is unable to produce any spit himself.
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The female snacks on the spit during the mating process, which ensures she's well -fed enough to pass the male's genes along to the next generation.
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And sometimes, whether they can't make spit or just want to avoid making it in the first place,
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male scorpionflies will pretend to be females and steal the spit snack right out from under a competitor.
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The females select a mate based on their ability to produce a lot of spit it.
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The more spit, the more likely they are to prefer that individual.
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And I say cheers to that.
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Now, our next animal has quite a pointed way of interacting with its mate.
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Mutual stabbing, with a snot -coated dagger.
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While this sounds awful, this is a behavior frequently observed in land snails.
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And this isn't just a gentle poke.
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Researchers have observed snails retracting rapidly after being stabbed, suggesting that this is a fairly painful process.
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Yet it's a behavior that they frequently frequently perform during mating.
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Most land snails are hermaphrodites, which means they have both sperm and egg -producing reproductive organs.
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And during the mating process, some species of snails will stab each other with what researchers refer to as love darts.
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These love darts are made up of a hard piece that makes them sharp and dagger -like, and they're also coated in mucus.
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The hard part can be made up of a few different compounds, depending on the species of snail.
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Some use calcium carbonate, while others use a more flexible material like chitin or cartilage.
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Now, these darts are not to be confused with a penis.
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Each snail has one of those, too.
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And the snails can mate without the love darts.
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Once they use the dart, the snails need some time to regrow it, sometimes taking up to a week to generate another one.
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But researchers have found
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that snails who mated shortly after being stabbed by a love
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dart were twice as likely to sire offspring as those who weren't stabbed.
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So scientists believe the love darts are a way to encourage successful reproduction.
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The mucus on the darts contains a pheromone -like compound that targets the snail's egg -producing organs,
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encouraging them to store the sperm they're receiving from the other snail.
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All of these gifts sound fairly unusual from a human perspective, but they're particularly interesting to consider from an evolutionary point of view.
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These unique choices for gifts play important roles in mate selection
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and have probably helped to determine the evolutionary history of these species.
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With the exception of the land snails, most of the females are actively selecting for mate that produces their preferred gift in the right size,
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shape, or quantity.
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Researchers are always eager to learn more about the process of gift -giving in creatures,
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since very little is known about how these abilities evolved and were selected for with time.
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But if you ask me, I might just stick to bringing flowers and chocolate on a date.
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That said, if you're looking for gifts for this holiday season, Brilliant is great for the relentlessly curious person in your life.
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Brilliant's online courses in math, science, engineering, and computer science are designed to help you learn through interactivity.
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It gives you the satisfaction of letting you work through problems yourself, with explanations for any time you get stuck.
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Courses are even available offline through their iOS and Android apps,
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so you or your lucky gift recipient can keep learning on the go or with a spotty internet connection.
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The first 200 people to sign up at brilliant .org .scishow can save 20 % off an annual premium subscription to Brilliant,
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which you can also apply toward a gift subscription.
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So thanks for checking them out.
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We'll be right back.
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Vocabulário e dicas de fala para esta lição
Esta aula de conversação usa o vídeo “5 Gross Gifts Animals Give Their Mates”. As palavras que mais se repetem: gift, female, mate, male, snail. Este vídeo tem 95 frases e 1754 palavras para praticar shadowing. A fala dura 8:49. O falante fala rápido, cerca de 199 palavras por minuto, então espere sons ligados e reduzidos. Apenas 74% das palavras estão entre as 3.000 mais comuns do inglês, por isso o vocabulário é exigente.
Vocabulário principal deste vídeo
15 palavras do vídeo que vale a pena aprender, com pronúncia e significado:
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| spit verbo | /spɪt/ | cuspir |
| snail substantivo | /sneɪl/ | caramujo, caracol |
| researcher substantivo | /ˈɹiˌsɝ.t͡ʃɚ/ | pesquisador, pesquisadora |
| dart substantivo | /dɑɹt/ | dardo |
| stab verbo | /stæb/ | apunhalar, esfaquear |
| select verbo | /sɪˈlɛkt/ | escolher, selecionar |
| coat substantivo | /ˈkoʊ̯t/ | casaco, agasalho |
| predator substantivo | /ˈpɹɛd.ə.tɚ/ | predador |
| poison substantivo | /ˈpɔɪ.zən/ | veneno, tóxico |
| subscription substantivo | /səbˈskɹɪpʃən/ | subscrição, assinatura |
| evolve verbo | /ɪˈvɑlv/ | desenvolver, elaborar |
| offspring substantivo | /ˈɔfspɹɪŋ/ | descendência |
| dagger substantivo | /ˈdæɡɚ/ | adaga, punhal |
| encourage verbo | /ɪnˈkʌɹ.ɪd͡ʒ/ | encorajar, incentivar |
| refer verbo | /ɹɪˈfɜː/ | encaminhar |
Phrasal verbs que você vai ouvir
| Palavra | Significado |
|---|---|
| get off verbo | sair |
Gramática neste vídeo
As estruturas que o falante mais usa, com as palavras exatas do vídeo:
| Estrutura | No vídeo |
|---|---|
| Voz passiva be + particípio passado — o foco está no que acontece, não em quem faz | been fermented · is gifted · is dotted |
| Present perfect have/has + particípio passado — uma ação passada que ainda importa agora | that's been fermented · have found · have evolved |
| Orações relativas who / which + oração — informação extra sobre uma pessoa ou coisa | ones who bring · hemolymph, which is · laying, which is |
Pronúncia para ficar de olho
O falante usa 14 contrações e formas reduzidas, como they're, aren't, ain't. Diga-as na forma curta, do jeito que você ouve.
- Os sons de “th”: mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/, moth /mɔθ/
- Os sons de “sh” e “zh”: subscription /səbˈskɹɪpʃən/, evolutionary /ˌiː.vəˈluː.ʃən.ɛɹ.i/, sharp /ʃɑɹp/, shortly /ˈʃɔɹtli/, unusual /ʌnˈjuːʒ(u)əl/
- Palavras longas — acerte a sílaba tônica: evolutionary /ˌiː.vəˈluː.ʃən.ɛɹ.i/, unusual /ʌnˈjuːʒ(u)əl/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/, establishment /ɪˈstæb.lɪʃ.mənt/, investigate /ɪnˈvɛs.tə.ɡeɪt/
Sons difíceis para falantes de português:
- Consoante final — sem acrescentar um “i” depois: spit /spɪt/, dart /dɑɹt/, stab /stæb/, select /sɪˈlɛkt/, coat /ˈkoʊ̯t/
- /l/ final — a língua toca o céu da boca, não vira “u”: snail /sneɪl/, awful /ˈɔːfʊl/, trail /tɹeɪl/, unusual /ʌnˈjuːʒ(u)əl/, steal /stiːl/
- /h/ — um sopro suave, diferente do “r”: hydrogen /ˈhaɪdɹəd͡ʒ(ə)n/, carbohydrate /kɑɹboʊˈhaɪdɹeɪt/, handiwork /ˈhændiˌwɝk/, hock /hɑk/
Como praticar com este vídeo
- Ouça o vídeo inteiro uma vez sem falar e anote as palavras que você não conhece.
- Comece na velocidade 0,75×, faça shadowing frase por frase e volte à velocidade normal quando ficar fácil.
- Grave a sua voz e compare com o original, prestando atenção a palavras como spit, snail, researcher.
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.