Shadowing-Übung: GCSE Physics - Longitudinal & Transverse Waves - Labelling & Calculating Wave Speed (2027/28 exams) - Englisch Sprechen Lernen mit Video
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In today's video, we're going to look at the basics of waves, including how to label the different parts, how to calculate the wave speed,
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and the differences between transverse and longitudinal waves.
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The first thing to understand about waves is that they transfer energy from one place to another, but they don't transfer any matter.
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So when light waves pass from a phone screen to your eye, or sound waves pass from the speakers to your ear,
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only energy is being transferred.
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Sometimes though we can interpret that energy as meaningful information,
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which is why our brain is able to build up images and tunes from the light and sound that it receives.
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To travel from one place to another, the waves vibrate or oscillate, as we can see in this displacement distance graph.
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The distance is how far the wave has travelled from the starting point,
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while the displacement is how far from the equilibrium point the wave has oscillated, so how far it's gone up or down.
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The maximum displacement is known as the amplitude, while the distance of one entire oscillation is called the wavelength.
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So that could be from equilibrium, up, down, and back up.
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Or it could be from the very top of a wave, which we call the crest, down and back up to the next crest.
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It just has to be one entire oscillation.
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And the opposite of the crest is called the trough.
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Now, sometimes you might see a displacement time graph instead, which looks pretty much the same,
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but because we have time on the x -axis instead of distance,
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the length of one complete oscillation would be the time period instead of the wavelength,
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and the time period is just the time it takes for one complete oscillation.
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The benefit of knowing the time period is that we can then use this equation here to work out frequency,
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which is measured in hertz and is the number of complete oscillations per second.
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To see how it works, imagine that each oscillation takes 0 .5 seconds,
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or in other words, the time period is 0 .5 seconds.
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This means that there must be a total of 2 oscillations per second, so the frequency is 2,
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which is what we'd get if we did 1 divided by the time period of 0 .5.
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We can also use the equation the other way around, so time period equals 1 over frequency.
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So if we were told that the frequency of a wave was 4 hertz, which means 4 oscillations per second,
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then to find the time period, we're to just do 1 divided by 4,
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which tells us that each oscillation must be 0 .25 seconds.
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The next equation to know is that we can find the speed of the wave, so the wave speed, by multiplying the wavelength by the frequency.
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So basically we multiply how long each wavelength is by how many there are per second,
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and that will give us the total distance they travel per second.
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To see how this works, let's imagine we had a sound wave that had a frequency of 400 hertz and a wavelength of 70 centimeters.
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what is its wave speed well in this case all we'd
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have to do is convert the 70 centimeters to 0 .7 meters
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because we always want our wavelength in meters
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and then multiply it by the frequency of 400 hertz which gives us 280 meters per second as our wave speed
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The last thing we need to look at are the differences between transverse and longitudinal waves.
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In transverse waves, the oscillations are perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer,
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or the direction in which the wave is moving.
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Which is why on our drawing, the vibrations are going up and down, whilst the overall wave is travelling from left to right.
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Most waves we can think of are transverse, including all electromagnetic waves like light and radio waves,
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ripples and waves in water, and the waves of strings like on a guitar are.
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Longitudinal waves, on the other hand, have oscillations that are parallel to the direction of energy transfer.
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This one's a bit trickier to get your head around, but basically it leads to some regions that are more spread out,
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and other regions that are more compressed, because the wave is vibrating back and forth.
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In motion, it would look as if this area of compression is moving from the left to the right within the wave.
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Examples of longitudinal waves include sound waves and some types of shock waves, like seismic P waves.
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If you haven't heard yet, you can find all of our videos on our website, cognito .org.
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You'll also find questions, flashcards, exam -style questions, and past papers.
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And we track all of your progress so that you always know what to study next.
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So sign up for free by clicking here, or browse our playlist here on YouTube.
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Wortschatz und Sprechhinweise zu dieser Lektion
Diese Sprechübung basiert auf dem Video „GCSE Physics - Longitudinal & Transverse Waves - Labelling & Calculating Wave Speed“. Diese Wörter kommen am häufigsten vor: wave, oscillation, frequency, period, wavelength. Dieses Video enthält 52 Sätze und 807 Wörter zum Nachsprechen. Der gesprochene Teil dauert 6:26. Der Sprecher spricht gleichmäßig mit etwa 125 Wörtern pro Minute – ein angenehmes Tempo fürs Shadowing. 83 % der Wörter gehören zu den 3.000 häufigsten im Englischen; den Rest solltest du dir vor dem Üben ansehen.
Wichtiger Wortschatz in diesem Video
15 lernenswerte Wörter aus dem Video, mit Aussprache und Bedeutung:
| Wort | Aussprache | Bedeutung |
|---|---|---|
| frequency Substantiv | /ˈfɹiːkwənsi/ | Häufigkeit, Frequenz |
| displacement Substantiv | /dɪsˈpleɪsmɪnt/ | Verstellung, Verlagerung |
| meter Substantiv | /ˈmitəɹ/ | Messgerät |
| equation Substantiv | /ɪˈkweɪ.ʒən/ | Ausgleich, Gleichgewicht |
| crest Substantiv | /kɹɛst/ | Gipfel |
| divide Verb | /dɪˈvaɪd/ | aufteilen, teilen |
| graph Substantiv | /ɡɹæf/ | Graph, Funktionsgraph |
| equilibrium Substantiv | /ɛkwɪˈlɪbɹɪəm/ | Gleichgewicht, Balance |
| guitar Substantiv | /ɡɪˈtɑɹ/ | Gitarre |
| shock Substantiv | /ʃɔk/ | Schock |
| label Substantiv | /ˈleɪ.bəl/ | Etikett, Etikette |
| string Substantiv | /stɹɪŋ/ | Schnur |
| parallel Adjektiv | /ˈpæ.ɹəˌlɛl/ | parallel |
| tune Substantiv | /tjuːn/ | Melodie |
| meaningful Adjektiv | /ˈmiː.nɪŋ.fl̩/ | bedeutend, bedeutungsvoll |
Phrasal Verbs, die du hören wirst
| Wort | Aussprache | Bedeutung |
|---|---|---|
| go up Verb | hinaufgehen, steigen | |
| build up Verb | sich ansammeln, sich türmen | |
| work out Verb | /ˌwɝk ˈaʊt/ | ausrechnen |
Grammatik in diesem Video
Die Strukturen, die der Sprecher am häufigsten verwendet, mit den genauen Worten aus dem Video:
| Struktur | Im Video |
|---|---|
| Passiv be + Partizip Perfekt – wichtig ist, was geschieht, nicht wer es tut | being transferred · is known · is called |
| Present Perfect have/has + Partizip Perfekt – eine vergangene Handlung, die jetzt noch wichtig ist | has travelled · has oscillated · haven't heard |
Aussprache, auf die du achten solltest
Der Sprecher verwendet 7 Kurzformen und abgeschwächte Formen, zum Beispiel we'd, we're, don't. Sprich sie in der kurzen Form, so wie du sie hörst.
- Die „th“-Laute: wavelength /ˈweɪvˌlɛŋ(k)θ/, trough /tɹɔθ/
- Die Laute „sh“ und „zh“: equation /ɪˈkweɪ.ʒən/, shock /ʃɔk/, compression /kəmˈpɹɛʃ.ən/, vibration /vaɪˈbɹeɪʃən/, oscillation /ˌɒ.sɪˈleɪ.ʃən/
- Lange Wörter – auf die Betonung achten: equilibrium /ɛkwɪˈlɪbɹɪəm/, electromagnetic /ɪˌlɛk.tɹoʊ.mæɡˈnɛ.tɪk/, oscillation /ˌɒ.sɪˈleɪ.ʃən/, longitudinal /ˌlɔn.dʒɪˈtu.dɪ.nəl/, perpendicular /ˌpɜː.pənˈdɪk.jə.lə(ɹ)/
Laute, die Deutschsprachigen schwerfallen:
- /w/ — mit runden Lippen, nicht wie das deutsche „w“ (/v/): frequency /ˈfɹiːkwənsi/, equation /ɪˈkweɪ.ʒən/, equilibrium /ɛkwɪˈlɪbɹɪəm/, whilst /waɪlst/, wavelength /ˈweɪvˌlɛŋ(k)θ/
- Stimmhafter Auslaut — /b/, /d/, /g/, /z/, /v/ am Wortende nicht verhärten: divide /dɪˈvaɪd/, browse /bɹaʊz/, amplitude /ˈæm.plɪ.tud/, flashcard /ˈflæʃˌkɑɹd/
- /æ/ — offener als „ä“: graph /ɡɹæf/, parallel /ˈpæ.ɹəˌlɛl/, exam /ɪɡˈzæm/, axis /ˈæksɪs/, calculate /ˈkælkjʊleɪt/
So übst du mit diesem Video
- Höre dir das ganze Video einmal an, ohne zu sprechen, und notiere die Wörter, die du nicht kennst.
- Sprich Satz für Satz in normaler Geschwindigkeit nach und wiederhole jeden, bis dein Rhythmus zum Sprecher passt.
- Nimm dich auf und vergleiche mit dem Original; achte dabei auf Wörter wie frequency, displacement, meter.
Was ist die Shadowing-Technik?
Shadowing ist eine wissenschaftlich fundierte Sprachlerntechnik, die ursprünglich für die professionelle Dolmetscherausbildung entwickelt und durch den Polyglotten Dr. Alexander Arguelles populär gemacht wurde. Die Methode ist einfach aber wirkungsvoll: Du hörst englisches Audio von Muttersprachlern und wiederholst es sofort laut — wie ein Schatten, der dem Sprecher mit nur 1–2 Sekunden Verzögerung folgt. Anders als passives Hören oder Grammatikübungen zwingt Shadowing dein Gehirn und deine Mundmuskulatur, gleichzeitig echte Sprachmuster zu verarbeiten und zu reproduzieren. Studien zeigen, dass es Aussprachegenauigkeit, Intonation, Rhythmus, verbundene Sprache, Hörverständnis und Sprechflüssigkeit signifikant verbessert — was es zu einer der effektivsten Methoden für die IELTS Speaking-Vorbereitung und reale englische Kommunikation macht.