Pratica di Shadowing: GCSE Physics - Longitudinal & Transverse Waves - Labelling & Calculating Wave Speed (2027/28 exams) - Impara a parlare inglese con i video
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In today's video, we're going to look at the basics of waves, including how to label the different parts, how to calculate the wave speed,
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and the differences between transverse and longitudinal waves.
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The first thing to understand about waves is that they transfer energy from one place to another, but they don't transfer any matter.
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So when light waves pass from a phone screen to your eye, or sound waves pass from the speakers to your ear,
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only energy is being transferred.
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Sometimes though we can interpret that energy as meaningful information,
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which is why our brain is able to build up images and tunes from the light and sound that it receives.
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To travel from one place to another, the waves vibrate or oscillate, as we can see in this displacement distance graph.
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The distance is how far the wave has travelled from the starting point,
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while the displacement is how far from the equilibrium point the wave has oscillated, so how far it's gone up or down.
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The maximum displacement is known as the amplitude, while the distance of one entire oscillation is called the wavelength.
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So that could be from equilibrium, up, down, and back up.
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Or it could be from the very top of a wave, which we call the crest, down and back up to the next crest.
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It just has to be one entire oscillation.
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And the opposite of the crest is called the trough.
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Now, sometimes you might see a displacement time graph instead, which looks pretty much the same,
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but because we have time on the x -axis instead of distance,
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the length of one complete oscillation would be the time period instead of the wavelength,
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and the time period is just the time it takes for one complete oscillation.
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The benefit of knowing the time period is that we can then use this equation here to work out frequency,
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which is measured in hertz and is the number of complete oscillations per second.
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To see how it works, imagine that each oscillation takes 0 .5 seconds,
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or in other words, the time period is 0 .5 seconds.
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This means that there must be a total of 2 oscillations per second, so the frequency is 2,
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which is what we'd get if we did 1 divided by the time period of 0 .5.
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We can also use the equation the other way around, so time period equals 1 over frequency.
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So if we were told that the frequency of a wave was 4 hertz, which means 4 oscillations per second,
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then to find the time period, we're to just do 1 divided by 4,
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which tells us that each oscillation must be 0 .25 seconds.
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The next equation to know is that we can find the speed of the wave, so the wave speed, by multiplying the wavelength by the frequency.
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So basically we multiply how long each wavelength is by how many there are per second,
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and that will give us the total distance they travel per second.
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To see how this works, let's imagine we had a sound wave that had a frequency of 400 hertz and a wavelength of 70 centimeters.
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what is its wave speed well in this case all we'd
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have to do is convert the 70 centimeters to 0 .7 meters
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because we always want our wavelength in meters
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and then multiply it by the frequency of 400 hertz which gives us 280 meters per second as our wave speed
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The last thing we need to look at are the differences between transverse and longitudinal waves.
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In transverse waves, the oscillations are perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer,
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or the direction in which the wave is moving.
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Which is why on our drawing, the vibrations are going up and down, whilst the overall wave is travelling from left to right.
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Most waves we can think of are transverse, including all electromagnetic waves like light and radio waves,
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ripples and waves in water, and the waves of strings like on a guitar are.
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Longitudinal waves, on the other hand, have oscillations that are parallel to the direction of energy transfer.
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This one's a bit trickier to get your head around, but basically it leads to some regions that are more spread out,
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and other regions that are more compressed, because the wave is vibrating back and forth.
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In motion, it would look as if this area of compression is moving from the left to the right within the wave.
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Examples of longitudinal waves include sound waves and some types of shock waves, like seismic P waves.
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If you haven't heard yet, you can find all of our videos on our website, cognito .org.
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You'll also find questions, flashcards, exam -style questions, and past papers.
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And we track all of your progress so that you always know what to study next.
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So sign up for free by clicking here, or browse our playlist here on YouTube.
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Vocabolario e note di pronuncia per questa lezione
Questa lezione di conversazione si basa sul video “GCSE Physics - Longitudinal & Transverse Waves - Labelling & Calculating Wave Speed”. Le parole che ritornano più spesso: wave, oscillation, frequency, period, wavelength. Questo video contiene 52 frasi e 807 parole da ripetere con lo shadowing. Il parlato dura 6:26. Chi parla mantiene un ritmo costante di circa 125 parole al minuto, comodo per lo shadowing. Il 83% delle parole rientra nelle 3.000 più comuni dell’inglese; conviene studiare le altre prima di iniziare.
Vocaboli chiave di questo video
15 parole del video che vale la pena imparare, con pronuncia e significato:
| Parola | Pronuncia | Significato |
|---|---|---|
| frequency sostantivo | /ˈfɹiːkwənsi/ | frequenza |
| meter sostantivo | /ˈmitəɹ/ | metro, contatore |
| equation sostantivo | /ɪˈkweɪ.ʒən/ | equazione |
| crest sostantivo | /kɹɛst/ | cresta |
| divide verbo | /dɪˈvaɪd/ | dividere, dividersi |
| graph sostantivo | /ɡɹæf/ | grafico |
| equilibrium sostantivo | /ɛkwɪˈlɪbɹɪəm/ | equilibrio |
| guitar sostantivo | /ɡɪˈtɑɹ/ | chitarra |
| shock sostantivo | /ʃɔk/ | trauma, trauma emotivo |
| label sostantivo | /ˈleɪ.bəl/ | etichetta |
| string sostantivo | /stɹɪŋ/ | spago, stringa |
| parallel aggettivo | /ˈpæ.ɹəˌlɛl/ | parallelo |
| tune sostantivo | /tjuːn/ | melodia |
| meaningful aggettivo | /ˈmiː.nɪŋ.fl̩/ | significativo, sensato |
| convert verbo | /kənˈvɝt/ | convertire |
I phrasal verb che sentirai
| Parola | Significato |
|---|---|
| go up verbo | salire |
| build up verbo | accumulare |
La grammatica di questo video
Le strutture che chi parla usa di più, con le parole esatte del video:
| Struttura | Nel video |
|---|---|
| Forma passiva be + participio passato — conta ciò che accade, non chi lo fa | being transferred · is known · is called |
| Present perfect have/has + participio passato — un’azione passata che conta ancora adesso | has travelled · has oscillated · haven't heard |
Pronuncia a cui fare attenzione
Chi parla usa 7 contrazioni e forme ridotte, come we'd, we're, don't. Pronunciale nella forma breve, così come le senti.
- I suoni “th”: wavelength /ˈweɪvˌlɛŋ(k)θ/, trough /tɹɔθ/
- I suoni “sh” e “zh”: equation /ɪˈkweɪ.ʒən/, shock /ʃɔk/, compression /kəmˈpɹɛʃ.ən/, vibration /vaɪˈbɹeɪʃən/, oscillation /ˌɒ.sɪˈleɪ.ʃən/
- Parole lunghe — attenzione all’accento: equilibrium /ɛkwɪˈlɪbɹɪəm/, electromagnetic /ɪˌlɛk.tɹoʊ.mæɡˈnɛ.tɪk/, oscillation /ˌɒ.sɪˈleɪ.ʃən/, longitudinal /ˌlɔn.dʒɪˈtu.dɪ.nəl/, perpendicular /ˌpɜː.pənˈdɪk.jə.lə(ɹ)/
I suoni difficili per chi parla italiano:
- Consonante finale — senza aggiungere una vocale dopo: displacement /dɪsˈpleɪsmɪnt/, crest /kɹɛst/, divide /dɪˈvaɪd/, graph /ɡɹæf/, shock /ʃɔk/
- /æ/ — più aperta della “e”: graph /ɡɹæf/, parallel /ˈpæ.ɹəˌlɛl/, exam /ɪɡˈzæm/, axis /ˈæksɪs/, calculate /ˈkælkjʊleɪt/
Come esercitarsi con questo video
- Ascolta tutto il video una volta senza parlare e annota le parole che non conosci.
- Fai shadowing frase per frase a velocità normale, ripetendo ognuna finché il tuo ritmo coincide con quello di chi parla.
- Registrati e confronta con l’originale, facendo attenzione a parole come frequency, meter, equation.
Cos'è la tecnica dello Shadowing?
Shadowing è una tecnica di apprendimento delle lingue supportata da studi scientifici, originariamente sviluppata per la formazione dei traduttori professionisti e resa popolare dal poliglotta Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Il metodo è semplice ma potente: ascolti un audio in inglese di madrelingua e lo ripeti immediatamente ad alta voce — come un'ombra che segue il parlante con un ritardo di solo 1–2 secondi. A differenza dell'ascolto passivo o degli esercizi di grammatica, lo shadowing costringe il tuo cervello e i muscoli della bocca a elaborare e riprodurre simultaneamente i modelli di discorso reale. La ricerca dimostra che migliora significativamente la precisione della pronuncia, l'intonazione, il ritmo, il discorso connesso, la comprensione dell'ascolto e la fluidità del parlato — rendendolo uno dei metodi più efficaci per la preparazione alla prova di speaking dell'IELTS e per la comunicazione reale in inglese.