Pratica di Shadowing: We Traveled Back in Time. Now Physicists Are Angry. - Impara a parlare inglese con i video
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You're going forward through time, one second every second.
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Congratulations, you're a time traveler.
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A bit lame, but let's start here to get to the fun real -time travel to ride on dinosaurs and high -five Einstein.
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Time isn't really a thing that passes, but a dimension, a direction you can move in.
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We think our universe is four -dimensional, with three spatial and one time dimensions smooshed together into a fancy thing we call space -time.
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What you experience as time passing and your life happening is actually you moving through the time dimension.
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And this dimension is a bummer.
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While you can go forward, backward, left and right, up and down in the space dimensions, in time you can only go forward.
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You only get older, never younger.
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You can't make detours.
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But this is an illusion.
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You have far more control over how you move through time.
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To explain how this actually works, without making a maths video, we have to make a lot of physicists grumpy,
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so please keep in mind that we're simplifying and lying a bit.
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Okay, so there's a very strange rule.
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Everything in our universe moves at the speed of light through four -dimensional space -time.
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Your speed through space -time is the sum of your separate speeds through time and space.
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It's impossible for you to stay still.
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Even if you're not moving through space dimensions, you're moving through the time dimension, blasting face first into the future.
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You can slow down in the time dimension by moving faster through the space dimensions,
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but in total, you will always move at the speed of light through space -time.
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If you could somehow truly stand still in space, you'd still move through time at the speed of light, and the other way around.
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Photons, light particles, move at the speed of light through space.
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They don't experience any time passing because their speed in that time dimension is zero.
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In the time dimension, they're frozen in place.
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If you see light on Earth, from the photon's perspective, it was just on the surface of the sun
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and then suddenly crashed into your eye with nothing happening in between.
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Remember, we're telling a science story here.
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In real life, things are more complicated.
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For one, it's impossible to truly stand still relative to space itself.
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You can only be standing still relative to other things in space.
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And you can't really define a reference frame for photons as we just did.
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For details, check out our sources.
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But now, back to our story.
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Okay, so everything in the universe moves at the same breathtaking speed, but this speed is split between space and time.
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Which leads to all sorts of wacky things and where we can see time travel happen.
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Real and easy time travel.
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When a bus drives past you, it's moving a little bit faster through space than you are.
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So, it moves slower through time than you.
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Or how it's usually worded, the bus is moving slower through time relative to you.
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While this makes things feel like weird physics magic, it's very simple move faster through space,
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go slower in time, move slower through space, go faster in time.
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And if you had another person moving way faster or slower than you, both end up traveling different distances in the time dimension.
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The story that's usually told to demonstrate this is to get twins, force one of them into a rocket against their will,
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shoot them through space super fast while the other twin chills on Earth.
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And because one twin moves very fast through space while the other moves slowly on Earth, They move at different speeds through time.
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When the rocket finally gets home, they're no longer the same age,
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and the younger space twin is ready to start years of therapy for being abducted by theoretical physicists.
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This is the twin paradox, and it makes perfect sense within the rules of the universe.
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If you want to learn more about the paradoxes of time, we made a video about it.
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But in a nutshell, you're using time dilation, the fact that your position in time is subjective and only true for yourself.
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With sufficiently fast rockets, you could get as far as you want into the future.
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Technically, this way you can witness the end of the universe or look at the final thing that will ever happen.
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We also made videos about that.
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We should mention that there's another way to jump forward in time.
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Massive objects bend space -time, causing time to go slower near them.
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On Earth, the effect is tiny.
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The gravity of our planet makes time pass 0 .00000007 % slower than in deep space,
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far from any gravitational fields.
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Hardly useful for time travel, but it's a start.
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If you move into a really strong gravitational field, like around a black hole, the closer you get to the event horizon,
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the slower time passes for you.
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If we kidnap our twin again, they won't notice it at all.
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Their watch ticks as fast as it always does.
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But from the outside, they seem to almost stand still.
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Only when the twin leaves the gravitational field and comes back to Earth do they realize they'd time -traveled.
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Okay, so you can time travel to the future by going fast or near a black hole.
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But this is pretty lame and has literally only downsides except for people who want to sort of teleport into the future.
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And it makes building a gigantic human space empire super hard, because even if we develop the technology to go really super fast between stars,
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going on a far away journey will always mean leaving your home as you knew it forever.
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But now that we know all of this, there's actually a way we could use the rules of our universe to travel backwards through time.
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The past is a far away land.
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Let's go there.
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So you always move through space -time at the speed of light.
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If you go fast through the space dimension, you slow down in the time dimension.
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And here we find an actual opening for backwards time travel.
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The theory of relativity, which may be the most solid scientific theory we know, does not forbid faster -than -light motion through space.
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If you move through the space dimension faster than the speed of light, superluminal, you need to move through the time dimension with negative speed.
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That means you go backwards through time relative to the rest of the universe, into the past.
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Actually, scientists have been looking for superluminal particles and given them a name, tachyons.
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They could exist and would have wild properties, like getting faster when they lose energy, and, of course, traveling backwards in time.
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Finally, real time travel.
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Just like with photons, it isn't really possible to clearly define how time passes for tachyons themselves.
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It depends on how you move through space -time relative to them.
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But now, for the first time, some observers could actually see tachyons literally traveling backwards in time,
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which means they could be used to directly interact with the past.
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In theory, you could use them to send messages to your past self
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and change all sorts of things that have already happened.
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Maybe with some tachyon -powered sci -fi future tech, you could see a star die before it was born,
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meet your great -grandparents, prevent your past self from making that one dumb mistake, win the lottery or get eaten by dinosaurs,
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and create juicy time paradoxes that also kind of break the universe.
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Oh, what's that?
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Right.
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Hmm.
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It seems there are things in our universe that are impossible to mix.
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Unfortunately, the theory of relativity specifically forbids anything
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that starts out traveling slower than the speed of light to reach the speed of light.
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Because moving faster through space requires energy, and the energy required to reach the speed of light is literally infinite.
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Even if you could gather all the energy of the universe, you couldn't accelerate a grain of sand to the speed of light.
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You can get as close as you like, but you can never reach it.
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It is possible to move at the speed of light as photons do, but they always move at the speed of light.
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If you move superluminally, you will always move superluminally.
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And sadly, so far, we don't have the tiniest bit of evidence that tachyons exist.
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While they work on paper, most scientists think they're not real.
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So for now, it seems that time travel into the past is strictly impossible, no matter how hard we try.
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The past is a faraway land, and while we can look at it in pictures and movies and our memories, it's locked away.
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Forever outside of our reach.
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While this is sad, it leaves you with the most important time there is.
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Right now, the moment where you actually exist, and a future that's yours to forge.
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If you want, you could even time travel to it.
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Luckily, shaping the future is much easier than trying to change the past.
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With the right knowledge and problem -solving skills, you'll be ready for whatever obstacles or opportunities lie ahead,
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which is where our friends at Brilliant come in.
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Brilliant will make you a better thinker and problem solver, with thousands of interactive bite -sized lessons on just about anything you may be curious about,
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from physics and maths to technology, data analysis and beyond.
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You can build real knowledge in just minutes a day, a terrific use of your precious present moments. On Brilliant,
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you'll learn through discovery by trying things yourself their course on scientific thinking for example gets
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you hands on with fascinating questions like the ones in this video
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and since each course is like an immersive workshop you'll gain knowledge of key concepts
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while building your intuition helping
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you learn to think like a scientist kurzgesagt has also partnered
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with brilliant to create a series of lessons to take your
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scientific knowledge to the next level each one is like a one -on -one version of a Kurzgesagt video,
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letting you further explore the topics of popular videos like Rabies, Mammalian Metabolism, or Climate Science and Supernovae.
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And you can get started whenever, wherever, right from whatever device you'd like.
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To get hands -on with Kurzgesagt lessons and explore everything
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Brilliant has to offer, from AI and programming to math,
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science and beyond, start your free 30 -day trial by signing up at brilliant .org slash nutshell.
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There's even an extra perk for Kurzgesagt viewers.
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Anyone signing up through our link will get 20 % off an annual membership once their trial ends.
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We found a way to evade the laws of the universe and go on a truly breathtaking time travel adventure.
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Are you ready?
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Well, too bad.
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Here we go!
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Look, it's the human era.
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12 ,000 years of human innovation brought to life.
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Absolutely incredible how our ancestors laid the foundation for the life we lead today.
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Let's go back even further and take a look at the timeline of life.
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Wow, humans are only a tiny blip at this scale.
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Mammals haven't been around for long either.
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Here's the age of the dinosaurs.
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And going further back, we can see where it all began.
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You can now go on your very own time travel adventure with our Timeline of Human History
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and Timeline of Complex Life posters.
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They're expert approved and designed with great love and care.
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Get them both to get the full time travel effect and to support everything we do on this channel.
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We
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Vocabolario e note di pronuncia per questa lezione
Questa lezione di conversazione si basa sul video “We Traveled Back in Time. Now Physicists Are Angry”. Le parole che ritornano più spesso: space, speed, dimension, travel, universe. Questo video contiene 38 frasi e 1958 parole da ripetere con lo shadowing. Il parlato dura 11:03. Chi parla ha un ritmo naturale di circa 177 parole al minuto, vicino a una conversazione quotidiana. Il 86% delle parole rientra nelle 3.000 più comuni dell’inglese; conviene studiare le altre prima di iniziare.
Vocaboli chiave di questo video
15 parole del video che vale la pena imparare, con pronuncia e significato:
| Parola | Pronuncia | Significato |
|---|---|---|
| dimension sostantivo | /daɪˈmɛn.ʃən/ | aspetto |
| twin sostantivo | /twɪn/ | gemello, gemella |
| backward aggettivo | /ˈbækwɚd/ | indietro, retromarcia |
| relative sostantivo | /ˈɹɛl.ə.tɪv/ | parente, congiunto |
| lesson sostantivo | /ˈlɛs.ən/ | lezione |
| rocket sostantivo | /ˈɹɑk.ɪt/ | motore a razzo, razzo |
| scientist sostantivo | /ˈsaɪəntəst/ | scienziato, scienziata |
| mathematics sostantivo | /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/ | matematica |
| timeline sostantivo | /ˈtaɪmˌlaɪn/ | linea temporale, linea del tempo |
| dinosaur sostantivo | /ˈdaɪnəsoɹ/ | dinosauro |
| paradox sostantivo | /ˈpæ.ɹəˌdɒks/ | paradosso |
| adventure sostantivo | /ədˈvɛn.t͡ʃə/ | avventura |
| physics sostantivo | /ˈfɪz.ɪks/ | fisica |
| define verbo | /dɪˈfaɪn/ | definire, determinare |
| explore verbo | /ɪkˈsploɹ/ | esplorare, investigare |
I phrasal verb che sentirai
| Parola | Significato |
|---|---|
| check out verbo | investigare |
| end up verbo | andare a finire, finire |
| get off verbo | scendere |
| go back verbo | tornare |
Frasi da ripetere
Frasi brevi e complete del video che puoi riutilizzare nella conversazione di tutti i giorni:
- You’re going forward through time one second every second.
- Congratulations, you’re a time traveler!
- It's impossible for you to stay still.
La grammatica di questo video
Le strutture che chi parla usa di più, con le parole esatte del video:
| Struttura | Nel video |
|---|---|
| Frasi condizionali if + frase, will/would + verbo — una condizione e il suo risultato | If you move superluminally, you will always |
| Present perfect have/has + participio passato — un’azione passata che conta ancora adesso | have already happened · has also partnered · haven't been |
| Forma passiva be + participio passato — conta ciò che accade, non chi lo fa | is split · being abducted · was born |
Pronuncia a cui fare attenzione
Chi parla usa 16 contrazioni e forme ridotte, come you'll, can't, don't. Pronunciale nella forma breve, così come le senti.
- I suoni “th”: mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/, breathtaking /ˈbɹɛθˌteɪ.kɪŋ/, gather /ˈɡæðɚ/, theoretical /ˌθi.əˈɹɛt.ɪ.kəl/, thinker /ˈθɪŋ.kɚ/
- I suoni “sh” e “zh”: dimension /daɪˈmɛn.ʃən/, dimensional /daɪˈmɛn.ʃə.nəl/, innovation /ˌɪn.əˈveɪ.ʃən/, workshop /ˈwɝk.ʃɑp/, illusion /ɪˈl(j)uːʒ(ə)n/
- Parole lunghe — attenzione all’accento: mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/, dimensional /daɪˈmɛn.ʃə.nəl/, complicated /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/, innovation /ˌɪn.əˈveɪ.ʃən/, interactive /ˌɪn.tɚˈæk.tɪv/
I suoni difficili per chi parla italiano:
- /h/ — va soffiata, non è muta: wherever /(h)wɛɹˈɛvɚ/, horizon /həˈɹaɪ.zən/
- Consonante finale — senza aggiungere una vocale dopo: backward /ˈbækwɚd/, relative /ˈɹɛl.ə.tɪv/, rocket /ˈɹɑk.ɪt/, scientist /ˈsaɪəntəst/, mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/
- /æ/ — più aperta della “e”: backward /ˈbækwɚd/, mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/, paradox /ˈpæ.ɹəˌdɒks/, sand /sænd/, fancy /ˈfæn.si/
Come esercitarsi con questo video
- Ascolta tutto il video una volta senza parlare e annota le parole che non conosci.
- Inizia a velocità 0,75×, fai shadowing frase per frase e torna alla velocità normale quando diventa facile.
- Registrati e confronta con l’originale, facendo attenzione a parole come dimension, twin, backward.
Cos'è la tecnica dello Shadowing?
Shadowing è una tecnica di apprendimento delle lingue supportata da studi scientifici, originariamente sviluppata per la formazione dei traduttori professionisti e resa popolare dal poliglotta Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Il metodo è semplice ma potente: ascolti un audio in inglese di madrelingua e lo ripeti immediatamente ad alta voce — come un'ombra che segue il parlante con un ritardo di solo 1–2 secondi. A differenza dell'ascolto passivo o degli esercizi di grammatica, lo shadowing costringe il tuo cervello e i muscoli della bocca a elaborare e riprodurre simultaneamente i modelli di discorso reale. La ricerca dimostra che migliora significativamente la precisione della pronuncia, l'intonazione, il ritmo, il discorso connesso, la comprensione dell'ascolto e la fluidità del parlato — rendendolo uno dei metodi più efficaci per la preparazione alla prova di speaking dell'IELTS e per la comunicazione reale in inglese.