Prática de Shadowing: We Traveled Back in Time. Now Physicists Are Angry. - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo
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You're going forward through time, one second every second.
Você está avançando no tempo, um segundo a cada segundo.
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Congratulations, you're a time traveler.
Parabéns, você é um viajante do tempo.
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A bit lame, but let's start here to get to the fun real -time travel to ride on dinosaurs and high -five Einstein.
Um pouco sem graça, mas vamos começar por aqui para chegar à viagem divertida no tempo real para andar em dinossauros e dar um toque de palma no Einstein.
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Time isn't really a thing that passes, but a dimension, a direction you can move in.
O tempo não é realmente algo que passa, mas uma dimensão, uma direção na qual você pode se mover.
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We think our universe is four -dimensional, with three spatial and one time dimensions smooshed together into a fancy thing we call space -time.
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What you experience as time passing and your life happening is actually you moving through the time dimension.
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And this dimension is a bummer.
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While you can go forward, backward, left and right, up and down in the space dimensions, in time you can only go forward.
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You only get older, never younger.
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You can't make detours.
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But this is an illusion.
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You have far more control over how you move through time.
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To explain how this actually works, without making a maths video, we have to make a lot of physicists grumpy,
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so please keep in mind that we're simplifying and lying a bit.
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Okay, so there's a very strange rule.
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Everything in our universe moves at the speed of light through four -dimensional space -time.
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Your speed through space -time is the sum of your separate speeds through time and space.
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It's impossible for you to stay still.
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Even if you're not moving through space dimensions, you're moving through the time dimension, blasting face first into the future.
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You can slow down in the time dimension by moving faster through the space dimensions,
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but in total, you will always move at the speed of light through space -time.
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If you could somehow truly stand still in space, you'd still move through time at the speed of light, and the other way around.
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Photons, light particles, move at the speed of light through space.
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They don't experience any time passing because their speed in that time dimension is zero.
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In the time dimension, they're frozen in place.
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If you see light on Earth, from the photon's perspective, it was just on the surface of the sun
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and then suddenly crashed into your eye with nothing happening in between.
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Remember, we're telling a science story here.
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In real life, things are more complicated.
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For one, it's impossible to truly stand still relative to space itself.
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You can only be standing still relative to other things in space.
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And you can't really define a reference frame for photons as we just did.
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For details, check out our sources.
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But now, back to our story.
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Okay, so everything in the universe moves at the same breathtaking speed, but this speed is split between space and time.
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Which leads to all sorts of wacky things and where we can see time travel happen.
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Real and easy time travel.
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When a bus drives past you, it's moving a little bit faster through space than you are.
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So, it moves slower through time than you.
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Or how it's usually worded, the bus is moving slower through time relative to you.
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While this makes things feel like weird physics magic, it's very simple move faster through space,
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go slower in time, move slower through space, go faster in time.
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And if you had another person moving way faster or slower than you, both end up traveling different distances in the time dimension.
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The story that's usually told to demonstrate this is to get twins, force one of them into a rocket against their will,
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shoot them through space super fast while the other twin chills on Earth.
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And because one twin moves very fast through space while the other moves slowly on Earth, They move at different speeds through time.
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When the rocket finally gets home, they're no longer the same age,
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and the younger space twin is ready to start years of therapy for being abducted by theoretical physicists.
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This is the twin paradox, and it makes perfect sense within the rules of the universe.
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If you want to learn more about the paradoxes of time, we made a video about it.
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But in a nutshell, you're using time dilation, the fact that your position in time is subjective and only true for yourself.
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With sufficiently fast rockets, you could get as far as you want into the future.
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Technically, this way you can witness the end of the universe or look at the final thing that will ever happen.
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We also made videos about that.
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We should mention that there's another way to jump forward in time.
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Massive objects bend space -time, causing time to go slower near them.
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On Earth, the effect is tiny.
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The gravity of our planet makes time pass 0 .00000007 % slower than in deep space,
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far from any gravitational fields.
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Hardly useful for time travel, but it's a start.
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If you move into a really strong gravitational field, like around a black hole, the closer you get to the event horizon,
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the slower time passes for you.
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If we kidnap our twin again, they won't notice it at all.
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Their watch ticks as fast as it always does.
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But from the outside, they seem to almost stand still.
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Only when the twin leaves the gravitational field and comes back to Earth do they realize they'd time -traveled.
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Okay, so you can time travel to the future by going fast or near a black hole.
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But this is pretty lame and has literally only downsides except for people who want to sort of teleport into the future.
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And it makes building a gigantic human space empire super hard, because even if we develop the technology to go really super fast between stars,
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going on a far away journey will always mean leaving your home as you knew it forever.
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But now that we know all of this, there's actually a way we could use the rules of our universe to travel backwards through time.
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The past is a far away land.
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Let's go there.
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So you always move through space -time at the speed of light.
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If you go fast through the space dimension, you slow down in the time dimension.
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And here we find an actual opening for backwards time travel.
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The theory of relativity, which may be the most solid scientific theory we know, does not forbid faster -than -light motion through space.
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If you move through the space dimension faster than the speed of light, superluminal, you need to move through the time dimension with negative speed.
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That means you go backwards through time relative to the rest of the universe, into the past.
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Actually, scientists have been looking for superluminal particles and given them a name, tachyons.
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They could exist and would have wild properties, like getting faster when they lose energy, and, of course, traveling backwards in time.
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Finally, real time travel.
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Just like with photons, it isn't really possible to clearly define how time passes for tachyons themselves.
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It depends on how you move through space -time relative to them.
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But now, for the first time, some observers could actually see tachyons literally traveling backwards in time,
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which means they could be used to directly interact with the past.
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In theory, you could use them to send messages to your past self
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and change all sorts of things that have already happened.
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Maybe with some tachyon -powered sci -fi future tech, you could see a star die before it was born,
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meet your great -grandparents, prevent your past self from making that one dumb mistake, win the lottery or get eaten by dinosaurs,
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and create juicy time paradoxes that also kind of break the universe.
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Oh, what's that?
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Right.
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Hmm.
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It seems there are things in our universe that are impossible to mix.
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Unfortunately, the theory of relativity specifically forbids anything
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that starts out traveling slower than the speed of light to reach the speed of light.
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Because moving faster through space requires energy, and the energy required to reach the speed of light is literally infinite.
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Even if you could gather all the energy of the universe, you couldn't accelerate a grain of sand to the speed of light.
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You can get as close as you like, but you can never reach it.
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It is possible to move at the speed of light as photons do, but they always move at the speed of light.
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If you move superluminally, you will always move superluminally.
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And sadly, so far, we don't have the tiniest bit of evidence that tachyons exist.
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While they work on paper, most scientists think they're not real.
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So for now, it seems that time travel into the past is strictly impossible, no matter how hard we try.
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The past is a faraway land, and while we can look at it in pictures and movies and our memories, it's locked away.
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Forever outside of our reach.
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While this is sad, it leaves you with the most important time there is.
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Right now, the moment where you actually exist, and a future that's yours to forge.
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If you want, you could even time travel to it.
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Luckily, shaping the future is much easier than trying to change the past.
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With the right knowledge and problem -solving skills, you'll be ready for whatever obstacles or opportunities lie ahead,
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which is where our friends at Brilliant come in.
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Brilliant will make you a better thinker and problem solver, with thousands of interactive bite -sized lessons on just about anything you may be curious about,
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from physics and maths to technology, data analysis and beyond.
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You can build real knowledge in just minutes a day, a terrific use of your precious present moments. On Brilliant,
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you'll learn through discovery by trying things yourself their course on scientific thinking for example gets
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you hands on with fascinating questions like the ones in this video
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and since each course is like an immersive workshop you'll gain knowledge of key concepts
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while building your intuition helping
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you learn to think like a scientist kurzgesagt has also partnered
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with brilliant to create a series of lessons to take your
123
scientific knowledge to the next level each one is like a one -on -one version of a Kurzgesagt video,
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letting you further explore the topics of popular videos like Rabies, Mammalian Metabolism, or Climate Science and Supernovae.
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And you can get started whenever, wherever, right from whatever device you'd like.
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To get hands -on with Kurzgesagt lessons and explore everything
127
Brilliant has to offer, from AI and programming to math,
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science and beyond, start your free 30 -day trial by signing up at brilliant .org slash nutshell.
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There's even an extra perk for Kurzgesagt viewers.
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Anyone signing up through our link will get 20 % off an annual membership once their trial ends.
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We found a way to evade the laws of the universe and go on a truly breathtaking time travel adventure.
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Are you ready?
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Well, too bad.
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Here we go!
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Look, it's the human era.
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12 ,000 years of human innovation brought to life.
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Absolutely incredible how our ancestors laid the foundation for the life we lead today.
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Let's go back even further and take a look at the timeline of life.
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Wow, humans are only a tiny blip at this scale.
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Mammals haven't been around for long either.
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Here's the age of the dinosaurs.
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And going further back, we can see where it all began.
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You can now go on your very own time travel adventure with our Timeline of Human History
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and Timeline of Complex Life posters.
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They're expert approved and designed with great love and care.
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Get them both to get the full time travel effect and to support everything we do on this channel.
147
We
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Vocabulário e dicas de fala para esta lição
Esta aula de conversação usa o vídeo “We Traveled Back in Time. Now Physicists Are Angry”. As palavras que mais se repetem: space, speed, dimension, travel, universe. Este vídeo tem 38 frases e 1958 palavras para praticar shadowing. A fala dura 11:03. O falante fala em ritmo natural, cerca de 177 palavras por minuto, próximo de uma conversa do dia a dia. 86% das palavras estão entre as 3.000 mais comuns do inglês; vale a pena estudar o restante antes de começar.
Vocabulário principal deste vídeo
15 palavras do vídeo que vale a pena aprender, com pronúncia e significado:
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| dimension substantivo | /daɪˈmɛn.ʃən/ | dimensão |
| twin substantivo | /twɪn/ | gémeo, gémea |
| backward adjetivo | /ˈbækwɚd/ | de volta, atrás |
| relative substantivo | /ˈɹɛl.ə.tɪv/ | parente, parenta |
| lesson substantivo | /ˈlɛs.ən/ | lição |
| rocket substantivo | /ˈɹɑk.ɪt/ | foguete |
| scientist substantivo | /ˈsaɪəntəst/ | cientista |
| mathematics substantivo | /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/ | matemática |
| timeline substantivo | /ˈtaɪmˌlaɪn/ | linha do tempo, cronologia |
| dinosaur substantivo | /ˈdaɪnəsoɹ/ | dinossauro |
| paradox substantivo | /ˈpæ.ɹəˌdɒks/ | paradoxo |
| adventure substantivo | /ədˈvɛn.t͡ʃə/ | aventura |
| physics substantivo | /ˈfɪz.ɪks/ | física |
| define verbo | /dɪˈfaɪn/ | definir |
| explore verbo | /ɪkˈsploɹ/ | explorar |
Phrasal verbs que você vai ouvir
| Palavra | Significado |
|---|---|
| check out verbo | verificar, sacar só |
| end up verbo | terminar, acabar |
| get off verbo | sair |
| go back verbo | voltar |
| going forward advérbio | doravante, daqui em diante |
| sign up verbo | subscrever |
Frases que vale a pena repetir
Frases curtas e completas do vídeo que você pode usar na conversa do dia a dia:
- You’re going forward through time one second every second.
- Congratulations, you’re a time traveler!
- It's impossible for you to stay still.
Gramática neste vídeo
As estruturas que o falante mais usa, com as palavras exatas do vídeo:
| Estrutura | No vídeo |
|---|---|
| Frases condicionais if + oração, will/would + verbo — uma condição e seu resultado | If you move superluminally, you will always |
| Present perfect have/has + particípio passado — uma ação passada que ainda importa agora | have already happened · has also partnered · haven't been |
| Voz passiva be + particípio passado — o foco está no que acontece, não em quem faz | is split · being abducted · was born |
Pronúncia para ficar de olho
O falante usa 16 contrações e formas reduzidas, como you'll, can't, don't. Diga-as na forma curta, do jeito que você ouve.
- Os sons de “th”: mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/, breathtaking /ˈbɹɛθˌteɪ.kɪŋ/, gather /ˈɡæðɚ/, theoretical /ˌθi.əˈɹɛt.ɪ.kəl/, thinker /ˈθɪŋ.kɚ/
- Os sons de “sh” e “zh”: dimension /daɪˈmɛn.ʃən/, dimensional /daɪˈmɛn.ʃə.nəl/, innovation /ˌɪn.əˈveɪ.ʃən/, workshop /ˈwɝk.ʃɑp/, illusion /ɪˈl(j)uːʒ(ə)n/
- Palavras longas — acerte a sílaba tônica: mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/, dimensional /daɪˈmɛn.ʃə.nəl/, complicated /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/, innovation /ˌɪn.əˈveɪ.ʃən/, interactive /ˌɪn.tɚˈæk.tɪv/
Sons difíceis para falantes de português:
- Consoante final — sem acrescentar um “i” depois: backward /ˈbækwɚd/, rocket /ˈɹɑk.ɪt/, scientist /ˈsaɪəntəst/, forbid /fɚˈbɪd/, topic /ˈtɑpɪk/
- /l/ final — a língua toca o céu da boca, não vira “u”: dimensional /daɪˈmɛn.ʃə.nəl/, particle /ˈpɑɹtək(ə)l/, chill /tʃɪl/, theoretical /ˌθi.əˈɹɛt.ɪ.kəl/, spatial /ˈspeɪ.ʃəl/
- /h/ — um sopro suave, diferente do “r”: wherever /(h)wɛɹˈɛvɚ/, horizon /həˈɹaɪ.zən/
Como praticar com este vídeo
- Ouça o vídeo inteiro uma vez sem falar e anote as palavras que você não conhece.
- Comece na velocidade 0,75×, faça shadowing frase por frase e volte à velocidade normal quando ficar fácil.
- Grave a sua voz e compare com o original, prestando atenção a palavras como dimension, twin, backward.
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.