Prática de Shadowing: What Is Life? Is Death Real? - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo
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Life is fundamentally different from dead stuff, or is it?
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Physicist Erwin Schrödinger defined life this way.
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Living things avoid decay into disorder and equilibrium.
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What does this mean?
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Let's pretend that your download folder is the universe.
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It started orderly and got more and more chaotic over time.
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By investing energy, you can create order and clean it up.
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This is what living things do.
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But what is life?
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Every living thing on this planet is made of cells.
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Basically, a cell is a protein -based robot too small to feel or experience anything.
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It has the properties we just assigned to life.
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It has a wall that separates it from the surroundings creating order.
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It regulates itself and maintains a constant state.
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It eats stuff to stay alive, it grows and develops, it reacts to the environment, and it's subject to evolution,
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and it makes more of itself.
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But of all the stuff that makes up a cell, no part is alive.
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Stuff reacts chemically with other stuff, forming reactions that start other reactions, which start other reactions.
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In a single cell, every second, several million chemical reactions take place, forming a complex orchestra.
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A cell can build several thousand types of protein, some very simple, some complex micromachines.
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Imagine driving a car at 100 km an hour
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while constantly rebuilding every single part of it with stuff you collect from the street.
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That is what cells do.
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But no part of the cell is alive, everything is dead matter moved by the laws of the universe.
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So is life the aggregate of all these reaction processes that are taking place?
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Eventually, every living thing will die.
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The goal of the whole process is to prevent this by producing new entities.
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And by this, we mean DNA.
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Life is, in a way, just a lot of stuff that carries genetic information around.
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Every living thing is subject to evolution, and the DNA that develops the best living thing around it will stay in the game.
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So, is DNA life then?
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If you take DNA out of its hull, it certainly is a very complex molecule, but it can't do anything by itself.
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This is where viruses make everything more complicated.
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They are basically strings of RNA or DNA in a small hull and need cells to do something.
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We're not sure if they count as living or dead.
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And still, there are 225 million cubic meters of viruses on Earth.
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They don't seem to care what we think of them.
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There are even viruses that invade dead cells and reanimate them so they can be a host for them, which blurs the line even more. Or mitochondria.
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They are the power plants of most complex cells and were previously free -living bacteria that entered a partnership with bigger cells.
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They still have their own DNA and can multiply on their own, but they are not alive anymore they are dead
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so they traded their own life for the survival of their DNA
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which means living things can evolve into dead things as long as it's beneficial to their genetic code
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so maybe life is information that manages to ensure its continued existence
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but what about AI artificial intelligence by our most common definitions we are very close to creating artificial life in computers
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It's just a question of time before the technology we build gets there.
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And this is not science fiction either.
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There are a lot of smart people actively working on this.
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You could already argue that computer viruses are alive.
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Hmm, okay, so what is life then?
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Things?
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Processes?
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DNA?
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Information?
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This got confusing very fast.
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One thing is for sure, the idea that life is fundamentally different from non -living things
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because they contain some non -physical element or are governed by different principles than inanimate objects turns out to be wrong.
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Before Charles Darwin, humans drew a line between themselves and the rest of living things.
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There was something magical about us that made us special.
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Once we had to accept we are, like every living being, a product of evolution, we drew a different line.
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But the more we learn about what computers can do and how life works, the closer we get to creating the first machine that fits our description of life,
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the more our image of ourselves is in danger again.
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And this will happen sooner or later.
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and here's another question for you
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if everything in the universe is made of the same stuff does this mean everything in the universe is dead
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or that everything in the universe is alive
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that it's just a question of complexity does this mean we can never die
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because we were never alive in the first place is life
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and death an irrelevant question
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and we haven't noticed it yet is it possible we are
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much more part of the universe around us than we thought
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don't look at us we We don't have any answers for you, just questions for you to think about.
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After all, it's thinking about questions like this that makes us feel alive and gives us some comfort.
📺 Mesmo canal
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Vocabulário e dicas de fala para esta lição
Este vídeo tem 72 frases e 861 palavras para praticar shadowing. A fala dura 5:32. O falante fala em ritmo natural, cerca de 156 palavras por minuto, próximo de uma conversa do dia a dia. 86% das palavras estão entre as 3.000 mais comuns do inglês; vale a pena estudar o restante antes de começar.
Vocabulário principal deste vídeo
15 palavras do vídeo que vale a pena aprender, com pronúncia e significado:
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| virus substantivo | /ˈvaɪ.ɹəs/ | vírus |
| evolution substantivo | /ˌiːvəˈluːʃ(ə)n/ | evolução |
| genetic adjetivo | /d͡ʒəˈnɛt.ɪk/ | genético |
| artificial adjetivo | /ˌɑː.tɪˈfɪʃ.əl/ | artificial |
| react verbo | /ɹiːˈækt/ | reagir |
| hull substantivo | /hʌl/ | casca |
| partnership substantivo | /ˈpɑɹtnɚʃɪp/ | parceria |
| complicated adjetivo | /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/ | complicado |
| argue verbo | /ˈɑɹ.ɡju/ | discutir, argumentar |
| element substantivo | /ˈɛləmənt/ | fundamento |
| fiction substantivo | /ˈfɪkʃən/ | literatura de ficção, ficção |
| comfort substantivo | /ˈkʌm.fət/ | conforto |
| string substantivo | /stɹɪŋ/ | barbante, corda |
| collect verbo | /ˈkɑlɪkt/ | juntar, reunir |
| survival substantivo | /sɚˈvaɪ.vəl/ | sobrevivência |
Phrasal verbs que você vai ouvir
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| make up verbo | /ˌmeɪk ˈʌp/ | compensar |
Pronúncia para ficar de olho
O falante usa 6 contrações e formas reduzidas, como don't, can't, haven't. Diga-as na forma curta, do jeito que você ouve.
- Os sons de “sh” e “zh”: evolution /ˌiːvəˈluːʃ(ə)n/, artificial /ˌɑː.tɪˈfɪʃ.əl/, partnership /ˈpɑɹtnɚʃɪp/, fiction /ˈfɪkʃən/, beneficial /ˌbɛn.ɪˈfɪʃ.əl/
- Palavras longas — acerte a sílaba tônica: evolution /ˌiːvəˈluːʃ(ə)n/, artificial /ˌɑː.tɪˈfɪʃ.əl/, complicated /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/, entity /ˈɛn.tə.ti/ [-tʰi], beneficial /ˌbɛn.ɪˈfɪʃ.əl/
Como praticar com este vídeo
- Ouça o vídeo inteiro uma vez sem falar e anote as palavras que você não conhece.
- Comece na velocidade 0,75×, faça shadowing frase por frase e volte à velocidade normal quando ficar fácil.
- Grave a sua voz e compare com o original, prestando atenção a palavras como virus, evolution, genetic.
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.