Prática de Shadowing: What Happens AFTER Nuclear War? - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo
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Nuclear war would forever split human history into anything that happened before and the post -war apocalypse.
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In the worst case, mass fires consume everything within tens of thousands of square kilometers, killing hundreds of millions within hours.
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But the worst part comes after that.
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Nuclear war could trigger a nuclear winter that might kill billions, maybe even completely collapsing our civilization.
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how does it work and what would it look like fire causes winter
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when a nuclear weapon is detonated a bubble of gas hotter than the sun is forced into existence so hot
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that everything within kilometers immediately begins to burn the terror bubble
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expands rapidly filling the sky over its target creating a devastating shock wave
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that causes most of the immediate destruction basically you break a lot of stuff and set it on fire.
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And in the worst case, this turns into a firestorm that consumes everything and everyone on the ground.
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Right after the explosion, a gigantic mushroom cloud rises over the destruction like a demon throning over its perverse work.
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But in the following hours, a far more deadly cloud forms.
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The fire burning cities, forests, or fields heats up so much air that it creates its own microclimate and wind system.
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Hot air and hot smoke rise, pulling in fresh air from the surroundings and fresh oxygen stoking the flames even more.
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This creates an updraft and forms a colossal pyrocumulonimbus cloud
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that carries the soot and aerosols from the flames high into the stratosphere.
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Under normal conditions, the soot rising from a big fire is quickly washed out by rain.
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But a pyrocumulonimbus cloud can reach altitudes well above the height where rain clouds form.
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Once above the tropopores, there's simply no weather to remove soot from the atmosphere, so it can stay aloft for years.
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If this happens to a single city, it's a tragedy, but a fairly local one.
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But in a full -scale nuclear war, warring nations following the cold logic of mutually assured destruction could use hundreds or even thousands of nuclear weapons all at once,
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creating hundreds of firestorms, sending up to 150 million tons of soot, a cube the size of a skyscraper, directly into the stratosphere.
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In the next few days and weeks, the soot begins to blanket the Earth at high altitudes, absorbing light high above the ground and preventing sunlight from reaching the surface.
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This is not like science fiction, where the sky turns dark and the sun disappears.
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Winter is what happens when just a little less sunlight hits the ground, and now suddenly, a lot less sunlight gets through.
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Yesterday, the world was normal.
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Today, nuclear winter begins.
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Winter causes hunger.
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How bad nuclear winter would be is still an active area of research.
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It all hinges on one thing.
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How much stuff will burn really hot?
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How many firestorms will be caused by the heat of the explosions?
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This depends on many factors, from the materials the city is made of, to the time of the year, if a forest is nearby, and so on.
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So just keep in mind, we're working with some assumptions.
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Here's the good news.
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Nuclear winter is not permanent, and definitely no new ice age.
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The effects on the climate only last as long as the soot remains in the atmosphere, which is at most a decade or so until it clears out and temperatures normalize.
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The bad news is that this causes almost immediate climate change within a few weeks.
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It disrupts our climate system faster than any living being can adapt to.
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In this new climate, our seasons are suddenly all wrong.
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Winters are much longer, summers shorter and colder, or gone altogether.
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This also means less evaporation over the oceans, which means less rain and maybe large -scale droughts.
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This is bad because our food eats the sun.
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Without good summers and enough rain, growing seasons shrink or even collapse.
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The majority of humanity lives in an area called the mid -latitude, a strip of land that has the ideal temperature for our species.
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Not just because it's not too hot or cold, it's also where the plants we eat grow best.
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The vast majority of the food we eat stems from a few highly efficient crops
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that are mostly produced in a few very agriculturally productive regions, like the US Great Plains or Ukraine.
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From these bread and rice baskets of the world, they get traded and shipped around the world.
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In the worst case of a full -scale nuclear war, the temperatures in the mid -latitudes will probably stay below freezing for several years.
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Nothing at all can grow under these conditions, and the world's bread baskets would suddenly turn empty.
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If food production crashes, the world's food producers would very likely ramp up prices or even stop selling food to other countries,
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if they are still able to farm their fields at all.
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It's easy to calculate how many people can be alive on Earth.
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You take all the calories we can produce and divide them by what the average person needs to survive.
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If you have more people than calories, then within a few weeks, you don't anymore.
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Humanity has only a few weeks' supply of crops and food, not enough to survive this drastic drop in production
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but the climate is not the only issue modern industrialized agriculture is a complex affair
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that relies on functioning supply chains to provide unthinkable amounts of industrially produced fertilizer
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and chemicals to kill weeds
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and vermin massive numbers of specialized modern machinery is plowing sewing harvesting
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and distributing after a nuclear war especially if the countries
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that produce the food were part of the nuclear exchange there may simply be no more fuel, fertilizer, or machine parts, because there are no more oil refineries,
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ports, and other essential infrastructure left, damaging global food production even more.
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Okay, so now that we've set the stage, let's look at what science says about the actual wars that could happen.
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Actual nuclear war.
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Today, there are two main conflicts that scientists think about when making calculations of nuclear winter, a nuclear war between India and Pakistan, and one between the US and Russia.
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The most likely smallish nuclear exchange would be fought today between India and Pakistan, with relatively low -yield weapons.
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Even in a pretty mild nuclear war like this, the immediate explosions would kill around 27 million people, which is horrible enough.
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In just a few hours, more people would die than in all of World War I.
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The ensuing fires would not cause a nuclear winter, but a mild nuclear autumn.
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But even this would disrupt the climate and thereby global agriculture, enough to starve up to 250 million people worldwide.
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Unfortunately, India and Pakistan are in an arms race and have been increasing the number and power of warheads in their arsenal.
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The next stage of escalation would be war with hundreds of nuclear weapons,
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the bombs and fires destroying many major population centers and killing over 100 million people.
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A war on this scale would cause a nuclear winter
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that would damage global agriculture enough to cut the available calories for humanity in half.
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The number of people that starve to death would be as high as 2 billion.
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One in four humans alive today.
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The worst -case scenario is a full -scale global war between NATO nations and Russia, or China, which also continues to build its nuclear arsenal.
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In a war between a former, future and current superpower, thousands of nuclear weapons could be detonated.
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In a scenario with around 4 ,400 nuclear weapons, 360 million people would perish right away.
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We have no other event to even compare the death and destruction to.
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It's like humanity dropping an asteroid on itself.
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The nuclear wind that follows such an apocalyptic war would tank human calorie production by as much as 90%.
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Not only would almost all of our agriculture take an immediate and deadly hit, the climate would take at least a decade to recover.
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Because a war like this would specifically hit the world regions that produce most of the food for humanity, recovery will be much, much harder than with other conflicts.
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Within two years, the global death toll from starvation could rise to about 5 billion.
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In mid -latitude countries like Russia, China, Canada, the US and much of Europe, only a few percent of the population might survive.
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Humanity will never be the same again.
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While nowhere is truly safe, some nations in the Southern Hemisphere may fare well enough to endure while the rest of the world collapses.
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All the nuclear weapon states are in the Northern Hemisphere, so a few countries like Australia, New Zealand
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and Argentina may be able to endure for a bunch of
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different reasons their nuclear winter would be milder they have a lot of livestock
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that would not be as affected as crops
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so they would probably stop exporting food
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and focus on keeping their own people alive assuming they aren't
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invaded for their food by other starving nations it's safe to say
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that the world would become extremely unpleasant for a long time
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and it's impossible to know how many people would have died
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when the nuclear winter ends in the worst case human civilization could collapse
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and the survivors would be thrown back thousands of years slowly trying to recover a world full of scars
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and graves eventually when they've rebuilt civilization
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would they ever build nuclear weapons again we know for sure
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that we need to do anything we can to make sure
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nuclear war never happens this video was supported by open philanthropy
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if you want to know what you can do to reduce the risk of nuclear war, you can either support expert organizations or become a citizen expert yourself and learn more.
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We've compiled a list of further reading and expert recommendations in the infobox and our sources doc for you.
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Thank you so much for helping us clear out the Kurzgesagt Warehouse for our big move.
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But, watch out, sometimes, creepy things are hiding behind those boxes.
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Wild DREAD appears.
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What will you do?
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Quick, grab something from one of those boxes to defend yourself.
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You used Awe.
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Some of our finest creations are eager to find a new home, like the Duck Plushie, our elaborately designed notebook series, and a few of our very best infographic posters.
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The birds really appreciate it.
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Thank you.
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Vocabulário e dicas de fala para esta lição
Este vídeo tem 122 frases e 1804 palavras para praticar shadowing. A fala dura 11:08. O falante fala em ritmo natural, cerca de 162 palavras por minuto, próximo de uma conversa do dia a dia. 82% das palavras estão entre as 3.000 mais comuns do inglês; vale a pena estudar o restante antes de começar.
Vocabulário principal deste vídeo
15 palavras do vídeo que vale a pena aprender, com pronúncia e significado:
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| humanity substantivo | /hjuˈmænɪti/ | humanidade |
| cloud substantivo | /ˈklaʊ̯d/ | nuvem, nimbo |
| agriculture substantivo | /ˈæɡ.ɹɪˌkʌl.t͡ʃɚ/ | agricultura |
| destruction substantivo | /dɪsˈtɹʌkʃən/ | destruição |
| collapse verbo | /kəˈlæps/ | desabar, ruir |
| calorie substantivo | /ˈkæləɹi/ | caloria |
| explosion substantivo | /ɛkˈsploʊ.ʒən/ | explosão |
| crop substantivo | /kɹɑp/ | cultura, cultivo |
| mild adjetivo | /ˈmaɪld/ | suave, gentil |
| civilization substantivo | /ˌsɪv.ɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/ | civilização |
| sunlight substantivo | /ˈsʌnˌlaɪt/ | luz do sol |
| latitude substantivo | /ˈlætɪtud/ | latitude |
| starve verbo | /stɑɹv/ | morrer de fome |
| atmosphere substantivo | /ˈætməsˌfɪɹ/ | atmosfera |
| arsenal substantivo | /ˈɑːsənəl/ | arsenal |
Phrasal verbs que você vai ouvir
| Palavra | Significado |
|---|---|
| watch out | cuidado! |
Gramática neste vídeo
As estruturas que o falante mais usa, com as palavras exatas do vídeo:
| Estrutura | No vídeo |
|---|---|
| Voz passiva be + particípio passado — o foco está no que acontece, não em quem faz | is detonated · will be caused · is made |
| Present perfect have/has + particípio passado — uma ação passada que ainda importa agora | we've set · We've compiled · you've unlocked |
| Orações relativas who / which + oração — informação extra sobre uma pessoa ou coisa | atmosphere, which is · oceans, which means · people, which is |
Pronúncia para ficar de olho
O falante usa 7 contrações e formas reduzidas, como we've, aren't, don't. Diga-as na forma curta, do jeito que você ouve.
- Os sons de “th”: throne /θɹəʊ̯n/, altogether /ɔl.tuˈɡɛð.ɚ/, thereby /ðɛɹˈbaɪ/, philanthropy /fɪˈlæn.θɹə.pi/, unthinkable /ʌnˈθɪŋkəbəl/
- Os sons de “sh” e “zh”: destruction /dɪsˈtɹʌkʃən/, explosion /ɛkˈsploʊ.ʒən/, civilization /ˌsɪv.ɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/, shock /ʃɔk/, wash /wɑʃ/
- Palavras longas — acerte a sílaba tônica: humanity /hjuˈmænɪti/, agriculture /ˈæɡ.ɹɪˌkʌl.t͡ʃɚ/, civilization /ˌsɪv.ɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/, infrastructure /ˈɪnfɹəˌstɹʌkt͡ʃə/, recommendation /ˌɹɛkəmɛnˈdeɪʃən/
Como praticar com este vídeo
- Ouça o vídeo inteiro uma vez sem falar e anote as palavras que você não conhece.
- Comece na velocidade 0,75×, faça shadowing frase por frase e volte à velocidade normal quando ficar fácil.
- Grave a sua voz e compare com o original, prestando atenção a palavras como humanity, cloud, agriculture.
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.