쉐도잉 연습: What Happens AFTER Nuclear War? - 영상으로 영어 말하기 배우기

Nuclear war would forever split human history into anything that happened before and the post -war apocalypse.

In the worst case, mass fires consume everything within tens of thousands of square kilometers, killing hundreds of millions within hours.

But the worst part comes after that.

Nuclear war could trigger a nuclear winter that might kill billions, maybe even completely collapsing our civilization.

how does it work and what would it look like fire causes winter

when a nuclear weapon is detonated a bubble of gas hotter than the sun is forced into existence so hot

that everything within kilometers immediately begins to burn the terror bubble

expands rapidly filling the sky over its target creating a devastating shock wave

that causes most of the immediate destruction basically you break a lot of stuff and set it on fire.

And in the worst case, this turns into a firestorm that consumes everything and everyone on the ground.

Right after the explosion, a gigantic mushroom cloud rises over the destruction like a demon throning over its perverse work.

But in the following hours, a far more deadly cloud forms.

The fire burning cities, forests, or fields heats up so much air that it creates its own microclimate and wind system.

Hot air and hot smoke rise, pulling in fresh air from the surroundings and fresh oxygen stoking the flames even more.

This creates an updraft and forms a colossal pyrocumulonimbus cloud

that carries the soot and aerosols from the flames high into the stratosphere.

Under normal conditions, the soot rising from a big fire is quickly washed out by rain.

But a pyrocumulonimbus cloud can reach altitudes well above the height where rain clouds form.

Once above the tropopores, there's simply no weather to remove soot from the atmosphere, so it can stay aloft for years.

If this happens to a single city, it's a tragedy, but a fairly local one.

But in a full -scale nuclear war, warring nations following the cold logic of mutually assured destruction could use hundreds or even thousands of nuclear weapons all at once,

creating hundreds of firestorms, sending up to 150 million tons of soot, a cube the size of a skyscraper, directly into the stratosphere.

In the next few days and weeks, the soot begins to blanket the Earth at high altitudes, absorbing light high above the ground and preventing sunlight from reaching the surface.

This is not like science fiction, where the sky turns dark and the sun disappears.

Winter is what happens when just a little less sunlight hits the ground, and now suddenly, a lot less sunlight gets through.

Yesterday, the world was normal.

Today, nuclear winter begins.

Winter causes hunger.

How bad nuclear winter would be is still an active area of research.

It all hinges on one thing.

How much stuff will burn really hot?

How many firestorms will be caused by the heat of the explosions?

This depends on many factors, from the materials the city is made of, to the time of the year, if a forest is nearby, and so on.

So just keep in mind, we're working with some assumptions.

Here's the good news.

Nuclear winter is not permanent, and definitely no new ice age.

The effects on the climate only last as long as the soot remains in the atmosphere, which is at most a decade or so until it clears out and temperatures normalize.

The bad news is that this causes almost immediate climate change within a few weeks.

It disrupts our climate system faster than any living being can adapt to.

In this new climate, our seasons are suddenly all wrong.

Winters are much longer, summers shorter and colder, or gone altogether.

This also means less evaporation over the oceans, which means less rain and maybe large -scale droughts.

This is bad because our food eats the sun.

Without good summers and enough rain, growing seasons shrink or even collapse.

The majority of humanity lives in an area called the mid -latitude, a strip of land that has the ideal temperature for our species.

Not just because it's not too hot or cold, it's also where the plants we eat grow best.

The vast majority of the food we eat stems from a few highly efficient crops

that are mostly produced in a few very agriculturally productive regions, like the US Great Plains or Ukraine.

From these bread and rice baskets of the world, they get traded and shipped around the world.

In the worst case of a full -scale nuclear war, the temperatures in the mid -latitudes will probably stay below freezing for several years.

Nothing at all can grow under these conditions, and the world's bread baskets would suddenly turn empty.

If food production crashes, the world's food producers would very likely ramp up prices or even stop selling food to other countries,

if they are still able to farm their fields at all.

It's easy to calculate how many people can be alive on Earth.

You take all the calories we can produce and divide them by what the average person needs to survive.

If you have more people than calories, then within a few weeks, you don't anymore.

Humanity has only a few weeks' supply of crops and food, not enough to survive this drastic drop in production

but the climate is not the only issue modern industrialized agriculture is a complex affair

that relies on functioning supply chains to provide unthinkable amounts of industrially produced fertilizer

and chemicals to kill weeds

and vermin massive numbers of specialized modern machinery is plowing sewing harvesting

and distributing after a nuclear war especially if the countries

that produce the food were part of the nuclear exchange there may simply be no more fuel, fertilizer, or machine parts, because there are no more oil refineries,

ports, and other essential infrastructure left, damaging global food production even more.

Okay, so now that we've set the stage, let's look at what science says about the actual wars that could happen.

Actual nuclear war.

Today, there are two main conflicts that scientists think about when making calculations of nuclear winter, a nuclear war between India and Pakistan, and one between the US and Russia.

The most likely smallish nuclear exchange would be fought today between India and Pakistan, with relatively low -yield weapons.

Even in a pretty mild nuclear war like this, the immediate explosions would kill around 27 million people, which is horrible enough.

In just a few hours, more people would die than in all of World War I.

The ensuing fires would not cause a nuclear winter, but a mild nuclear autumn.

But even this would disrupt the climate and thereby global agriculture, enough to starve up to 250 million people worldwide.

Unfortunately, India and Pakistan are in an arms race and have been increasing the number and power of warheads in their arsenal.

The next stage of escalation would be war with hundreds of nuclear weapons,

the bombs and fires destroying many major population centers and killing over 100 million people.

A war on this scale would cause a nuclear winter

that would damage global agriculture enough to cut the available calories for humanity in half.

The number of people that starve to death would be as high as 2 billion.

One in four humans alive today.

The worst -case scenario is a full -scale global war between NATO nations and Russia, or China, which also continues to build its nuclear arsenal.

In a war between a former, future and current superpower, thousands of nuclear weapons could be detonated.

In a scenario with around 4 ,400 nuclear weapons, 360 million people would perish right away.

We have no other event to even compare the death and destruction to.

It's like humanity dropping an asteroid on itself.

The nuclear wind that follows such an apocalyptic war would tank human calorie production by as much as 90%.

Not only would almost all of our agriculture take an immediate and deadly hit, the climate would take at least a decade to recover.

Because a war like this would specifically hit the world regions that produce most of the food for humanity, recovery will be much, much harder than with other conflicts.

Within two years, the global death toll from starvation could rise to about 5 billion.

In mid -latitude countries like Russia, China, Canada, the US and much of Europe, only a few percent of the population might survive.

Humanity will never be the same again.

While nowhere is truly safe, some nations in the Southern Hemisphere may fare well enough to endure while the rest of the world collapses.

All the nuclear weapon states are in the Northern Hemisphere, so a few countries like Australia, New Zealand

and Argentina may be able to endure for a bunch of

different reasons their nuclear winter would be milder they have a lot of livestock

that would not be as affected as crops

so they would probably stop exporting food

and focus on keeping their own people alive assuming they aren't

invaded for their food by other starving nations it's safe to say

that the world would become extremely unpleasant for a long time

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and it's impossible to know how many people would have died

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when the nuclear winter ends in the worst case human civilization could collapse

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and the survivors would be thrown back thousands of years slowly trying to recover a world full of scars

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and graves eventually when they've rebuilt civilization

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would they ever build nuclear weapons again we know for sure

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that we need to do anything we can to make sure

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nuclear war never happens this video was supported by open philanthropy

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if you want to know what you can do to reduce the risk of nuclear war, you can either support expert organizations or become a citizen expert yourself and learn more.

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We've compiled a list of further reading and expert recommendations in the infobox and our sources doc for you.

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이 레슨의 어휘와 말하기 포인트

이 영상에는 섀도잉할 문장 122개와 단어 1804개가 있습니다. 말하는 구간의 길이는 11:08입니다. 화자는 분당 약 162단어로, 일상 대화에 가까운 자연스러운 속도로 말합니다. 단어의 82%가 영어에서 가장 많이 쓰이는 3,000단어에 속합니다. 나머지는 연습 전에 미리 확인해 두세요.

이 영상의 핵심 어휘

영상에 나오는 익혀 둘 만한 단어 15개를 발음, 뜻과 함께 정리했습니다.

단어	발음	뜻
humanity 명사	/hjuˈmænɪti/	인류, 인간
cloud 명사	/ˈklaʊ̯d/	구름
agriculture 명사	/ˈæɡ.ɹɪˌkʌl.t͡ʃɚ/	농업, 농사
destruction 명사	/dɪsˈtɹʌkʃən/	파괴, 멸망
calorie 명사	/ˈkæləɹi/	칼로리
explosion 명사	/ɛkˈsploʊ.ʒən/	폭발
crop 명사	/kɹɑp/	작물
mild 형용사	/ˈmaɪld/	온화한
civilization 명사	/ˌsɪv.ɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/	문명
sunlight 명사	/ˈsʌnˌlaɪt/	햇빛, 일광
latitude 명사	/ˈlætɪtud/	위도
starve 동사	/stɑɹv/	굶어죽다
atmosphere 명사	/ˈætməsˌfɪɹ/	대기, 대기권
arsenal 명사	/ˈɑːsənəl/	병기고, 무기고
poster 명사	/ˈpoʊstɚ/	포스터

영상에 나오는 구동사

단어	뜻
watch out	조심해!

이 영상의 문법

화자가 가장 많이 쓰는 문형을 영상 속 실제 표현과 함께 정리했습니다.

문형	영상 속 표현
수동태 be + 과거분사 — 누가 하는지보다 무슨 일이 일어나는지에 초점	is detonated · will be caused · is made
현재완료 have/has + 과거분사 — 과거의 일이 지금도 관련이 있을 때	we've set · We've compiled · you've unlocked
관계절 who / which + 절 — 사람이나 사물에 대한 추가 정보	atmosphere, which is · oceans, which means · people, which is

주의할 발음

화자는 we've, aren't, don't 같은 축약형과 약화된 형태를 7번 사용합니다. 들리는 대로 짧게 발음하세요.

“th” 소리: throne /θɹəʊ̯n/, altogether /ɔl.tuˈɡɛð.ɚ/, thereby /ðɛɹˈbaɪ/, philanthropy /fɪˈlæn.θɹə.pi/, unthinkable /ʌnˈθɪŋkəbəl/
“sh”와 “zh” 소리: destruction /dɪsˈtɹʌkʃən/, explosion /ɛkˈsploʊ.ʒən/, civilization /ˌsɪv.ɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/, shock /ʃɔk/, wash /wɑʃ/
긴 단어 — 강세 위치에 주의: humanity /hjuˈmænɪti/, agriculture /ˈæɡ.ɹɪˌkʌl.t͡ʃɚ/, civilization /ˌsɪv.ɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/, infrastructure /ˈɪnfɹəˌstɹʌkt͡ʃə/, recommendation /ˌɹɛkəmɛnˈdeɪʃən/

이 영상으로 연습하는 방법

먼저 말하지 않고 영상을 끝까지 듣고 모르는 단어를 적어 둡니다.
0.75배속으로 한 문장씩 섀도잉을 시작하고, 익숙해지면 보통 속도로 돌아갑니다.
자신의 목소리를 녹음해 원본과 비교하고, humanity, cloud, agriculture 같은 단어에 특히 주의합니다.

쉐도잉이란? 영어 실력을 빠르게 키우는 과학적 방법

쉐도잉(Shadowing)은 원래 전문 통역사 훈련을 위해 개발된 언어 학습 기법으로, 다언어 학자인 Dr. Alexander Arguelles에 의해 대중화된 방법입니다. 핵심 원리는 간단하지만 매우 강력합니다: 원어민의 영어를 들으면서 1~2초의 짧은 지연으로 즉시 소리 내어 따라 말하는 것——마치 '그림자(shadow)'처럼 화자를 따라가는 것입니다. 문법 공부나 수동적인 청취와 달리, 쉐도잉은 뇌와 입 근육이 동시에 실시간으로 영어를 처리하고 재현하도록 훈련합니다. 연구에 따르면 이 방법은 발음 정확도, 억양, 리듬, 연음, 청취력, 말하기 유창성을 크게 향상시킵니다. IELTS 스피킹 준비와 자연스러운 영어 소통을 원하는 분들에게 특히 효과적입니다.

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이 영상의 문법

주의할 발음

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쉐도잉이란? 영어 실력을 빠르게 키우는 과학적 방법