跟讀練習: What Happens AFTER Nuclear War? - 通過影片學習英語口語

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Nuclear war would forever split human history into anything that happened before and the post -war apocalypse.

In the worst case, mass fires consume everything within tens of thousands of square kilometers, killing hundreds of millions within hours.

But the worst part comes after that.

Nuclear war could trigger a nuclear winter that might kill billions, maybe even completely collapsing our civilization.

how does it work and what would it look like fire causes winter

when a nuclear weapon is detonated a bubble of gas hotter than the sun is forced into existence so hot

that everything within kilometers immediately begins to burn the terror bubble

expands rapidly filling the sky over its target creating a devastating shock wave

that causes most of the immediate destruction basically you break a lot of stuff and set it on fire.

And in the worst case, this turns into a firestorm that consumes everything and everyone on the ground.

Right after the explosion, a gigantic mushroom cloud rises over the destruction like a demon throning over its perverse work.

But in the following hours, a far more deadly cloud forms.

The fire burning cities, forests, or fields heats up so much air that it creates its own microclimate and wind system.

Hot air and hot smoke rise, pulling in fresh air from the surroundings and fresh oxygen stoking the flames even more.

This creates an updraft and forms a colossal pyrocumulonimbus cloud

that carries the soot and aerosols from the flames high into the stratosphere.

Under normal conditions, the soot rising from a big fire is quickly washed out by rain.

But a pyrocumulonimbus cloud can reach altitudes well above the height where rain clouds form.

Once above the tropopores, there's simply no weather to remove soot from the atmosphere, so it can stay aloft for years.

If this happens to a single city, it's a tragedy, but a fairly local one.

But in a full -scale nuclear war, warring nations following the cold logic of mutually assured destruction could use hundreds or even thousands of nuclear weapons all at once,

creating hundreds of firestorms, sending up to 150 million tons of soot, a cube the size of a skyscraper, directly into the stratosphere.

In the next few days and weeks, the soot begins to blanket the Earth at high altitudes, absorbing light high above the ground and preventing sunlight from reaching the surface.

This is not like science fiction, where the sky turns dark and the sun disappears.

Winter is what happens when just a little less sunlight hits the ground, and now suddenly, a lot less sunlight gets through.

Yesterday, the world was normal.

Today, nuclear winter begins.

Winter causes hunger.

How bad nuclear winter would be is still an active area of research.

It all hinges on one thing.

How much stuff will burn really hot?

How many firestorms will be caused by the heat of the explosions?

This depends on many factors, from the materials the city is made of, to the time of the year, if a forest is nearby, and so on.

So just keep in mind, we're working with some assumptions.

Here's the good news.

Nuclear winter is not permanent, and definitely no new ice age.

The effects on the climate only last as long as the soot remains in the atmosphere, which is at most a decade or so until it clears out and temperatures normalize.

The bad news is that this causes almost immediate climate change within a few weeks.

It disrupts our climate system faster than any living being can adapt to.

In this new climate, our seasons are suddenly all wrong.

Winters are much longer, summers shorter and colder, or gone altogether.

This also means less evaporation over the oceans, which means less rain and maybe large -scale droughts.

This is bad because our food eats the sun.

Without good summers and enough rain, growing seasons shrink or even collapse.

The majority of humanity lives in an area called the mid -latitude, a strip of land that has the ideal temperature for our species.

Not just because it's not too hot or cold, it's also where the plants we eat grow best.

The vast majority of the food we eat stems from a few highly efficient crops

that are mostly produced in a few very agriculturally productive regions, like the US Great Plains or Ukraine.

From these bread and rice baskets of the world, they get traded and shipped around the world.

In the worst case of a full -scale nuclear war, the temperatures in the mid -latitudes will probably stay below freezing for several years.

Nothing at all can grow under these conditions, and the world's bread baskets would suddenly turn empty.

If food production crashes, the world's food producers would very likely ramp up prices or even stop selling food to other countries,

if they are still able to farm their fields at all.

It's easy to calculate how many people can be alive on Earth.

You take all the calories we can produce and divide them by what the average person needs to survive.

If you have more people than calories, then within a few weeks, you don't anymore.

Humanity has only a few weeks' supply of crops and food, not enough to survive this drastic drop in production

but the climate is not the only issue modern industrialized agriculture is a complex affair

that relies on functioning supply chains to provide unthinkable amounts of industrially produced fertilizer

and chemicals to kill weeds

and vermin massive numbers of specialized modern machinery is plowing sewing harvesting

and distributing after a nuclear war especially if the countries

that produce the food were part of the nuclear exchange there may simply be no more fuel, fertilizer, or machine parts, because there are no more oil refineries,

ports, and other essential infrastructure left, damaging global food production even more.

Okay, so now that we've set the stage, let's look at what science says about the actual wars that could happen.

Actual nuclear war.

Today, there are two main conflicts that scientists think about when making calculations of nuclear winter, a nuclear war between India and Pakistan, and one between the US and Russia.

The most likely smallish nuclear exchange would be fought today between India and Pakistan, with relatively low -yield weapons.

Even in a pretty mild nuclear war like this, the immediate explosions would kill around 27 million people, which is horrible enough.

In just a few hours, more people would die than in all of World War I.

The ensuing fires would not cause a nuclear winter, but a mild nuclear autumn.

But even this would disrupt the climate and thereby global agriculture, enough to starve up to 250 million people worldwide.

Unfortunately, India and Pakistan are in an arms race and have been increasing the number and power of warheads in their arsenal.

The next stage of escalation would be war with hundreds of nuclear weapons,

the bombs and fires destroying many major population centers and killing over 100 million people.

A war on this scale would cause a nuclear winter

that would damage global agriculture enough to cut the available calories for humanity in half.

The number of people that starve to death would be as high as 2 billion.

One in four humans alive today.

The worst -case scenario is a full -scale global war between NATO nations and Russia, or China, which also continues to build its nuclear arsenal.

In a war between a former, future and current superpower, thousands of nuclear weapons could be detonated.

In a scenario with around 4 ,400 nuclear weapons, 360 million people would perish right away.

We have no other event to even compare the death and destruction to.

It's like humanity dropping an asteroid on itself.

The nuclear wind that follows such an apocalyptic war would tank human calorie production by as much as 90%.

Not only would almost all of our agriculture take an immediate and deadly hit, the climate would take at least a decade to recover.

Because a war like this would specifically hit the world regions that produce most of the food for humanity, recovery will be much, much harder than with other conflicts.

Within two years, the global death toll from starvation could rise to about 5 billion.

In mid -latitude countries like Russia, China, Canada, the US and much of Europe, only a few percent of the population might survive.

Humanity will never be the same again.

While nowhere is truly safe, some nations in the Southern Hemisphere may fare well enough to endure while the rest of the world collapses.

All the nuclear weapon states are in the Northern Hemisphere, so a few countries like Australia, New Zealand

and Argentina may be able to endure for a bunch of

different reasons their nuclear winter would be milder they have a lot of livestock

that would not be as affected as crops

so they would probably stop exporting food

and focus on keeping their own people alive assuming they aren't

invaded for their food by other starving nations it's safe to say

that the world would become extremely unpleasant for a long time

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and it's impossible to know how many people would have died

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when the nuclear winter ends in the worst case human civilization could collapse

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and the survivors would be thrown back thousands of years slowly trying to recover a world full of scars

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and graves eventually when they've rebuilt civilization

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would they ever build nuclear weapons again we know for sure

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that we need to do anything we can to make sure

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nuclear war never happens this video was supported by open philanthropy

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if you want to know what you can do to reduce the risk of nuclear war, you can either support expert organizations or become a citizen expert yourself and learn more.

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We've compiled a list of further reading and expert recommendations in the infobox and our sources doc for you.

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Thank you.

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本課的詞彙與口語要點

這段影片共有 122 個句子、1804 個單詞可供跟讀。講話部分時長為 11:08。說話人語速自然，每分鐘約 162 個詞，接近日常對話。 82% 的單詞屬於英語最常用的 3,000 詞，其餘的詞建議在練習前先學一下。

影片中的重點詞彙

影片中 15 個值得學習的單詞，附發音和釋義：

單詞	發音	釋義
humanity 名詞	/hjuˈmænɪti/	人類 /人類
cloud 名詞	/ˈklaʊ̯d/	йүн, 雲 /雲
agriculture 名詞	/ˈæɡ.ɹɪˌkʌl.t͡ʃɚ/	農業 /農業, 農事 /農事
destruction 名詞	/dɪsˈtɹʌkʃən/	毀滅 /毀滅, 破壞 /破壞
collapse 動詞	/kəˈlæps/	倒坍, 崩潰 /崩潰
calorie 名詞	/ˈkæləɹi/	卡路里, 卡
explosion 名詞	/ɛkˈsploʊ.ʒən/	爆炸, 爆發 /爆發
crop 名詞	/kɹɑp/	作物
mild 形容詞	/ˈmaɪld/	溫和的, 溫和的
civilization 名詞	/ˌsɪv.ɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/	文明
sunlight 名詞	/ˈsʌnˌlaɪt/	陽光 /陽光, 日光
latitude 名詞	/ˈlætɪtud/	緯度 /緯度
starve 動詞	/stɑɹv/	餓死 /餓死
atmosphere 名詞	/ˈætməsˌfɪɹ/	大氣 /大氣, 氣圈 /氣圈
arsenal 名詞	/ˈɑːsənəl/	兵工廠 /兵工廠

影片中出現的短語動詞

單詞	發音	釋義
get through 動詞	/ɡɛt ˈθɹu/	度過 /度過
heat up 動詞		加熱 /加熱
watch out		小心！

影片中的語法

說話人最常用的結構，並附上影片中的原話：

結構	影片中的用法
被動語態 be + 過去分詞 — 強調發生了什麼，而不是誰做的	is detonated · is quickly washed · will be caused
現在完成時 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去發生但與現在仍有關聯的事	we've set · We've compiled · you've unlocked
定語從句 who / which + 從句 — 補充說明人或事物	atmosphere, which is · oceans, which means · people, which is

需要注意的發音

說話人用了 7 次縮略和弱讀形式，例如 we've, aren't, don't。請按聽到的簡短形式來說。

“th” 音: throne /θɹəʊ̯n/, altogether /ɔl.tuˈɡɛð.ɚ/, thereby /ðɛɹˈbaɪ/, philanthropy /fɪˈlæn.θɹə.pi/, unthinkable /ʌnˈθɪŋkəbəl/
“sh” 和 “zh” 音: destruction /dɪsˈtɹʌkʃən/, explosion /ɛkˈsploʊ.ʒən/, civilization /ˌsɪv.ɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/, shock /ʃɔk/, wash /wɑʃ/
長單詞——注意重音位置: humanity /hjuˈmænɪti/, agriculture /ˈæɡ.ɹɪˌkʌl.t͡ʃɚ/, civilization /ˌsɪv.ɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/, infrastructure /ˈɪnfɹəˌstɹʌkt͡ʃə/, recommendation /ˌɹɛkəmɛnˈdeɪʃən/

如何用這段影片練習

先完整聽一遍影片，不要開口，記下不認識的單詞。
先用 0.75 倍速逐句跟讀，熟練之後再回到正常速度。
錄下自己的聲音並與原聲對比，特別注意 humanity, cloud, agriculture 這類單詞。

什麼是跟讀法？

跟讀法 (Shadowing) 是一種有科學依據的語言學習技巧，最初開發用於專業口譯員的培訓，並由多語言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。這個方法簡單而強大：您在聽英語母語原聲的同時立即大聲重複——就像是一個延遲1-2秒緊跟說話者的影子。與被動聽力或語法練習不同，跟讀法強迫您的大腦和口腔肌肉同時處理並模模擬實的講話模式。研究表明它能顯著提高發音準確性，語調，節奏，連讀，聽力理解和口語流利度——使其成為雅思口語備考和真實英語交流最有效的方法之一。

影子跟讀法: 閱讀完整分步指南 →

跟讀練習: What Happens AFTER Nuclear War? - 通過影片學習英語口語

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