ฝึกพูดภาษาอังกฤษด้วยเทคนิค Shadowing จากวิดีโอ: What Happens AFTER Nuclear War?
กำลังสร้างบทเรียน...
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Nuclear war would forever split human history into anything that happened before and the post -war apocalypse.
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In the worst case, mass fires consume everything within tens of thousands of square kilometers, killing hundreds of millions within hours.
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But the worst part comes after that.
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Nuclear war could trigger a nuclear winter that might kill billions, maybe even completely collapsing our civilization.
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how does it work and what would it look like fire causes winter
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when a nuclear weapon is detonated a bubble of gas hotter than the sun is forced into existence so hot
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that everything within kilometers immediately begins to burn the terror bubble
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expands rapidly filling the sky over its target creating a devastating shock wave
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that causes most of the immediate destruction basically you break a lot of stuff and set it on fire.
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And in the worst case, this turns into a firestorm that consumes everything and everyone on the ground.
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Right after the explosion, a gigantic mushroom cloud rises over the destruction like a demon throning over its perverse work.
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But in the following hours, a far more deadly cloud forms.
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The fire burning cities, forests, or fields heats up so much air that it creates its own microclimate and wind system.
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Hot air and hot smoke rise, pulling in fresh air from the surroundings and fresh oxygen stoking the flames even more.
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This creates an updraft and forms a colossal pyrocumulonimbus cloud
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that carries the soot and aerosols from the flames high into the stratosphere.
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Under normal conditions, the soot rising from a big fire is quickly washed out by rain.
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But a pyrocumulonimbus cloud can reach altitudes well above the height where rain clouds form.
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Once above the tropopores, there's simply no weather to remove soot from the atmosphere, so it can stay aloft for years.
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If this happens to a single city, it's a tragedy, but a fairly local one.
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But in a full -scale nuclear war, warring nations following the cold logic of mutually assured destruction could use hundreds or even thousands of nuclear weapons all at once,
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creating hundreds of firestorms, sending up to 150 million tons of soot, a cube the size of a skyscraper, directly into the stratosphere.
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In the next few days and weeks, the soot begins to blanket the Earth at high altitudes, absorbing light high above the ground and preventing sunlight from reaching the surface.
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This is not like science fiction, where the sky turns dark and the sun disappears.
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Winter is what happens when just a little less sunlight hits the ground, and now suddenly, a lot less sunlight gets through.
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Yesterday, the world was normal.
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Today, nuclear winter begins.
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Winter causes hunger.
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How bad nuclear winter would be is still an active area of research.
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It all hinges on one thing.
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How much stuff will burn really hot?
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How many firestorms will be caused by the heat of the explosions?
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This depends on many factors, from the materials the city is made of, to the time of the year, if a forest is nearby, and so on.
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So just keep in mind, we're working with some assumptions.
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Here's the good news.
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Nuclear winter is not permanent, and definitely no new ice age.
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The effects on the climate only last as long as the soot remains in the atmosphere, which is at most a decade or so until it clears out and temperatures normalize.
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The bad news is that this causes almost immediate climate change within a few weeks.
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It disrupts our climate system faster than any living being can adapt to.
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In this new climate, our seasons are suddenly all wrong.
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Winters are much longer, summers shorter and colder, or gone altogether.
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This also means less evaporation over the oceans, which means less rain and maybe large -scale droughts.
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This is bad because our food eats the sun.
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Without good summers and enough rain, growing seasons shrink or even collapse.
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The majority of humanity lives in an area called the mid -latitude, a strip of land that has the ideal temperature for our species.
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Not just because it's not too hot or cold, it's also where the plants we eat grow best.
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The vast majority of the food we eat stems from a few highly efficient crops
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that are mostly produced in a few very agriculturally productive regions, like the US Great Plains or Ukraine.
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From these bread and rice baskets of the world, they get traded and shipped around the world.
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In the worst case of a full -scale nuclear war, the temperatures in the mid -latitudes will probably stay below freezing for several years.
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Nothing at all can grow under these conditions, and the world's bread baskets would suddenly turn empty.
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If food production crashes, the world's food producers would very likely ramp up prices or even stop selling food to other countries,
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if they are still able to farm their fields at all.
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It's easy to calculate how many people can be alive on Earth.
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You take all the calories we can produce and divide them by what the average person needs to survive.
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If you have more people than calories, then within a few weeks, you don't anymore.
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Humanity has only a few weeks' supply of crops and food, not enough to survive this drastic drop in production
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but the climate is not the only issue modern industrialized agriculture is a complex affair
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that relies on functioning supply chains to provide unthinkable amounts of industrially produced fertilizer
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and chemicals to kill weeds
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and vermin massive numbers of specialized modern machinery is plowing sewing harvesting
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and distributing after a nuclear war especially if the countries
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that produce the food were part of the nuclear exchange there may simply be no more fuel, fertilizer, or machine parts, because there are no more oil refineries,
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ports, and other essential infrastructure left, damaging global food production even more.
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Okay, so now that we've set the stage, let's look at what science says about the actual wars that could happen.
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Actual nuclear war.
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Today, there are two main conflicts that scientists think about when making calculations of nuclear winter, a nuclear war between India and Pakistan, and one between the US and Russia.
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The most likely smallish nuclear exchange would be fought today between India and Pakistan, with relatively low -yield weapons.
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Even in a pretty mild nuclear war like this, the immediate explosions would kill around 27 million people, which is horrible enough.
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In just a few hours, more people would die than in all of World War I.
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The ensuing fires would not cause a nuclear winter, but a mild nuclear autumn.
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But even this would disrupt the climate and thereby global agriculture, enough to starve up to 250 million people worldwide.
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Unfortunately, India and Pakistan are in an arms race and have been increasing the number and power of warheads in their arsenal.
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The next stage of escalation would be war with hundreds of nuclear weapons,
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the bombs and fires destroying many major population centers and killing over 100 million people.
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A war on this scale would cause a nuclear winter
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that would damage global agriculture enough to cut the available calories for humanity in half.
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The number of people that starve to death would be as high as 2 billion.
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One in four humans alive today.
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The worst -case scenario is a full -scale global war between NATO nations and Russia, or China, which also continues to build its nuclear arsenal.
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In a war between a former, future and current superpower, thousands of nuclear weapons could be detonated.
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In a scenario with around 4 ,400 nuclear weapons, 360 million people would perish right away.
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We have no other event to even compare the death and destruction to.
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It's like humanity dropping an asteroid on itself.
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The nuclear wind that follows such an apocalyptic war would tank human calorie production by as much as 90%.
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Not only would almost all of our agriculture take an immediate and deadly hit, the climate would take at least a decade to recover.
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Because a war like this would specifically hit the world regions that produce most of the food for humanity, recovery will be much, much harder than with other conflicts.
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Within two years, the global death toll from starvation could rise to about 5 billion.
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In mid -latitude countries like Russia, China, Canada, the US and much of Europe, only a few percent of the population might survive.
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Humanity will never be the same again.
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While nowhere is truly safe, some nations in the Southern Hemisphere may fare well enough to endure while the rest of the world collapses.
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All the nuclear weapon states are in the Northern Hemisphere, so a few countries like Australia, New Zealand
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and Argentina may be able to endure for a bunch of
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different reasons their nuclear winter would be milder they have a lot of livestock
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that would not be as affected as crops
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so they would probably stop exporting food
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and focus on keeping their own people alive assuming they aren't
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invaded for their food by other starving nations it's safe to say
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that the world would become extremely unpleasant for a long time
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and it's impossible to know how many people would have died
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when the nuclear winter ends in the worst case human civilization could collapse
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and the survivors would be thrown back thousands of years slowly trying to recover a world full of scars
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and graves eventually when they've rebuilt civilization
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would they ever build nuclear weapons again we know for sure
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that we need to do anything we can to make sure
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nuclear war never happens this video was supported by open philanthropy
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if you want to know what you can do to reduce the risk of nuclear war, you can either support expert organizations or become a citizen expert yourself and learn more.
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We've compiled a list of further reading and expert recommendations in the infobox and our sources doc for you.
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Thank you so much for helping us clear out the Kurzgesagt Warehouse for our big move.
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But, watch out, sometimes, creepy things are hiding behind those boxes.
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Wild DREAD appears.
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What will you do?
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Quick, grab something from one of those boxes to defend yourself.
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You used Awe.
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It's very effective against DREAD.
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Look, you've unlocked some amazing deals.
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Save up to 50 % on awe -inspiring products at our biggest sale ever.
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Some of our finest creations are eager to find a new home, like the Duck Plushie, our elaborately designed notebook series, and a few of our very best infographic posters.
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The birds will be moving the last boxes to the new warehouse soon, so grab a notebook, plushie, pin, or poster before the moving sale ends,
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or before Dredd gets a hold of them.
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The birds really appreciate it.
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Thank you.
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คำศัพท์และข้อสังเกตด้านการพูดสำหรับบทเรียนนี้
วิดีโอนี้มี 122 ประโยค และ 1804 คำ สำหรับฝึกพูดตาม ช่วงที่มีเสียงพูดยาว 11:08 ผู้พูดพูดด้วยความเร็วเป็นธรรมชาติ ประมาณ 162 คำต่อนาที ใกล้เคียงกับบทสนทนาในชีวิตประจำวัน 82% ของคำอยู่ใน 3,000 คำที่ใช้บ่อยที่สุดในภาษาอังกฤษ ส่วนที่เหลือควรดูไว้ก่อนเริ่มฝึก
คำศัพท์สำคัญในวิดีโอนี้
คำที่ควรเรียนรู้ 15 คำจากวิดีโอ พร้อมคำอ่านและความหมาย:
| คำศัพท์ | คำอ่าน | ความหมาย |
|---|---|---|
| humanity คำนาม | /hjuˈmænɪti/ | มนุษยชาติ |
| cloud คำนาม | /ˈklaʊ̯d/ | เมฆ |
| agriculture คำนาม | /ˈæɡ.ɹɪˌkʌl.t͡ʃɚ/ | เกษตรกรรม, กสิกรรม |
| destruction คำนาม | /dɪsˈtɹʌkʃən/ | การทำลาย |
| collapse คำกริยา | /kəˈlæps/ | พัง, ถล่ม |
| calorie คำนาม | /ˈkæləɹi/ | แคลอรี |
| explosion คำนาม | /ɛkˈsploʊ.ʒən/ | การระเบิด, ภัยการระเบิด |
| crop คำนาม | /kɹɑp/ | พืชไร่ |
| civilization คำนาม | /ˌsɪv.ɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/ | อารยธรรม |
| sunlight คำนาม | /ˈsʌnˌlaɪt/ | แดด, แสงอาทิตย์ |
| atmosphere คำนาม | /ˈætməsˌfɪɹ/ | บรรยากาศ |
| arsenal คำนาม | /ˈɑːsənəl/ | คลังแสง, คลังสรรพาวุธ |
| poster คำนาม | /ˈpoʊstɚ/ | โปสเตอร์ |
| scenario คำนาม | /sɪˈnɛəɹioʊ/ | ฉากทัศน์ |
| bubble คำนาม | /ˈbʌbəl/ | ฟอง |
กริยาวลีที่คุณจะได้ยิน
| คำศัพท์ | ความหมาย |
|---|---|
| heat up คำกริยา | อุ่น |
ไวยากรณ์ในวิดีโอนี้
โครงสร้างที่ผู้พูดใช้บ่อยที่สุด พร้อมคำพูดจริงจากวิดีโอ:
| โครงสร้าง | ในวิดีโอ |
|---|---|
| Passive voice be + กริยาช่อง 3 — เน้นสิ่งที่เกิดขึ้น ไม่ใช่ผู้กระทำ | is detonated · will be caused · is made |
| Present perfect have/has + กริยาช่อง 3 — เหตุการณ์ในอดีตที่ยังเกี่ยวข้องกับปัจจุบัน | we've set · We've compiled · you've unlocked |
| Relative clauses who / which + อนุประโยค — ข้อมูลเพิ่มเติมเกี่ยวกับคนหรือสิ่งของ | atmosphere, which is · oceans, which means · people, which is |
การออกเสียงที่ควรระวัง
ผู้พูดใช้รูปย่อและรูปลดเสียง 7 ครั้ง เช่น we've, aren't, don't ให้พูดแบบสั้นตามที่ได้ยิน
- เสียง “th”: throne /θɹəʊ̯n/, altogether /ɔl.tuˈɡɛð.ɚ/, thereby /ðɛɹˈbaɪ/, philanthropy /fɪˈlæn.θɹə.pi/, unthinkable /ʌnˈθɪŋkəbəl/
- เสียง “sh” และ “zh”: destruction /dɪsˈtɹʌkʃən/, explosion /ɛkˈsploʊ.ʒən/, civilization /ˌsɪv.ɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/, shock /ʃɔk/, wash /wɑʃ/
- คำยาว — ลงเสียงหนักให้ถูกพยางค์: humanity /hjuˈmænɪti/, agriculture /ˈæɡ.ɹɪˌkʌl.t͡ʃɚ/, civilization /ˌsɪv.ɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/, infrastructure /ˈɪnfɹəˌstɹʌkt͡ʃə/, recommendation /ˌɹɛkəmɛnˈdeɪʃən/
วิธีฝึกกับวิดีโอนี้
- ฟังวิดีโอให้จบหนึ่งรอบโดยยังไม่ต้องพูด แล้วจดคำที่ยังไม่รู้จัก
- เริ่มที่ความเร็ว 0.75× พูดตามทีละประโยค แล้วกลับไปใช้ความเร็วปกติเมื่อเริ่มคล่อง
- อัดเสียงตัวเองแล้วเทียบกับต้นฉบับ โดยสังเกตคำอย่าง humanity, cloud, agriculture เป็นพิเศษ
เทคนิค Shadowing คืออะไร?
Shadowing เป็นเทคนิคการเรียนรู้ภาษาที่ได้รับการรับรองทางวิทยาศาสตร์ พัฒนาขึ้นสำหรับการฝึกนักแปลมืออาชีพ วิธีการนี้เรียบง่ายแต่ทรงพลัง: คุณฟังเสียงภาษาอังกฤษจากเจ้าของภาษาและพูดตามทันที — เหมือนเงาที่ตามผู้พูดด้วยช่วงเวลาห่าง 1-2 วินาที การวิจัยแสดงว่าเทคนิคนี้ปรับปรุงความแม่นยำในการออกเสียง ทำนองเสียง จังหวะ การเชื่อมเสียง การฟังเข้าใจ และความคล่องแคล่วในการพูดได้อย่างมีนัยสำคัญ