Shadowing-Übung: PLATO ON: The Allegory of the Cave - Englisch Sprechen Lernen mit Video
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The ancient Greeks were emphatic that philosophy was not just an elaborate abstract exercise.
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It was, they felt, a deeply useful skill that should be learnt
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and practiced by all in order to help us to live and die well.
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No one believed this more than Plato, who was passionate in his defense of philosophy as a kind of therapy for the soul.
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One of the most forceful stories
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he told on behalf of the utility of philosophy was what has become known as the allegory of the cave.
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It is perhaps the most famous allegory in philosophy.
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This was a story that was intended, as he wrote, to compare the effect of education and the lack of it on our nature.
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At the start of book 7 of his masterpiece, The Republic, Plato tells us about some people living imprisoned in a cave.
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They've always lived there and don't know anything of the outside world.
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There is no natural light in this cave.
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The walls are damp and dark.
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All the inhabitants can see comes from the shadows of things thrown up on the wall by a light of a fire.
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The cave dwellers get fascinated by these reflections of animals, plants and people.
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Moreover, they assume that these shadows are real and that if you pay a lot of attention to them, you'll understand and succeed in life.
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They don't of course realise that they are looking at mere phantoms.
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They chat about shadowy things enthusiastically and take great pride in their sophistication and wisdom.
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Then one day, quite by chance, someone discovers a way out of the cave, out into the open air.
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At first, it's simply overwhelming.
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He is dazzled by the brilliant sunshine, in which everything is for the first time properly illuminated.
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Gradually, his eyes adjust and he encounters the true forms of all those things which he had formerly known only as shadows.
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He sees actual flowers, the colours of birds, the nuances in the bark of trees.
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He observes stars and grasps the vastness and sublime nature of the universe.
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As Plato puts it in solemn terms, previously he had been looking merely at phantoms, now he is nearer to the true nature of being.
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Out of compassion, this newly enlightened man decides to leave the sunlit upper world
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and makes his way back into the cave to try to help out his companions, who are still mired in confusion and error.
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Because he has become used to the bright upper world, he can hardly see anything underground.
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He stumbles along the damp, wet corridors and gets confused.
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He seems to the others totally unimpressive.
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When he in turn is unimpressed by them
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and insists on explaining what the sun is or what a real tree is like, the cave dwellers get sarcastic,
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then very angry and eventually plot to kill him.
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The story of the cave is an allegory of the life of all enlightened people.
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The cave dwellers are humans before philosophy.
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The sun is the light of reason.
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The alienation of the returned philosopher is what all truth tellers can expect
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when they take their knowledge back to people who have not devoted themselves to thinking.
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For Plato, we are all for much of our lives in shadow.
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Many of the things we get excited about, like fame, the perfect partner, a high -status job, are infinitely less real than we suppose.
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They are, for the most part, phantoms projected by our culture onto the walls of our fragile and flawed minds.
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But because everyone around us is insisting that they are genuine, we are taken in from from a young age.
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It's not our fault individually, no one chooses to be in the cave, that's just where we happen to begin.
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We're all starting from a very difficult place.
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If, like the man in Plato's story, you bluntly tell people they're wrong, you get nowhere, you cause deep offence and may endanger your own life.
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Athens had, after all, recently put Socrates, Plato's friend, to death.
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Plato knew from close experience just what the cave dwellers might do to those who claim to know the sun.
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The solution, Plato says, is a process of widespread, carefully administered philosophical education,
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by which he understood the method of inquiry pioneered by Socrates and known to us as the Socratic method.
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It's a very gentle process.
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You don't lecture or harangue or force someone to read a particular book.
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You just start with a general declaration of intellectual modesty.
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No one knows very much, it's always good to insist and wisdom starts with owning up to ignorance.
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Confess that you don't know exactly what the government should do, what war is meant to achieve or how good relationships work.
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You then get the other person to say what they think and gradually together you investigate the answers.
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Most likely the other person will be confident or rather painfully overconfident.
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They may tell you it's all quite simple really and everyone knows the answer already.
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You must be supremely patient with this kind of bravado.
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If they go off topic, you must cheerfully double back.
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You must take a lot of time and be ready to have chats over many days.
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This method of talking is founded on a lovely confidence that with the right encouragement,
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people can eventually work out things for themselves and detect errors in their own reasoning,
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if you carefully and quietly draw their attention to tricky points and don't cast blame or ever get annoyed.
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You never teach anyone anything by making them feel stupid, even if they are at first.
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We have all started in that cave, but it is Plato's deepest insight that we don't have to stay there.
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And the road out is called, quite simply, philosophy.
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This is the sun whose light we can follow and by whose rays the proper nature of things can become clear.
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If you enjoy the films on this channel, you might want to hear about another smart, insightful channel we love called Wisecrack.
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Click here to visit their channel page and discover a succession of videos on world literature, philosophy, cinema, history and more,
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all delivered with a playful, beguiling sense of humour.
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They're in LA, we're here in London, but the School of Life and Wisecrack have become firm friends, based around shared values about making education compelling.
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We'd love you to befriend us both in turn.
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Wortschatz und Sprechhinweise zu dieser Lektion
Diese Sprechübung basiert auf dem Video „PLATO ON: The Allegory of the Cave“. Diese Wörter kommen am häufigsten vor: cave, philosophy, Plato, dwellers, shadow. Dieses Video enthält 8 Sätze und 1060 Wörter zum Nachsprechen. Der gesprochene Teil dauert 6:07. Der Sprecher spricht in natürlichem Tempo, etwa 173 Wörter pro Minute, ähnlich wie im Alltagsgespräch. 82 % der Wörter gehören zu den 3.000 häufigsten im Englischen; den Rest solltest du dir vor dem Üben ansehen.
Wichtiger Wortschatz in diesem Video
15 lernenswerte Wörter aus dem Video, mit Aussprache und Bedeutung:
| Wort | Aussprache | Bedeutung |
|---|---|---|
| cave Substantiv | /keɪv/ | Höhle, Grotte |
| shadow Substantiv | /ˈʃædəʊ̯/ | Schatten |
| insist Verb | /ɪnˈsɪst/ | auf etwas bestehen, beharren |
| carefully Adverb | /ˈkɛɹf(ə)li/ | vorsichtig |
| discover Verb | /dɪˈskʌvə/ | entdecken |
| wisdom Substantiv | /ˈwɪzdəm/ | Weisheit |
| gradually Adverb | /ˈɡɹæd͡ʒuəli/ | nach und nach, allmählich |
| phantom Substantiv | /ˈfæntəm/ | Phantom |
| damp Adjektiv | /ˈdæmp/ | feucht |
| topic Substantiv | /ˈtɑpɪk/ | Thema |
| confused Adjektiv | /kənˈfjuːzd/ | verwirrt, durcheinander |
| compare Verb | /kəmˈpɛɚ/ | vergleichen, komparieren |
| deeply Adverb | /ˈdi(ː)pli/ | tief |
| behalf Substantiv | /bɪˈhæf/ | Vorteil, Nutzen |
| flower Substantiv | /ˈfloʊɚ/ | Blüte, Blume |
Phrasal Verbs, die du hören wirst
| Wort | Aussprache | Bedeutung |
|---|---|---|
| double back Verb | kehrtmachen | |
| go off Verb | explodieren | |
| help out Verb | aushelfen | |
| work out Verb | /ˌwɝk ˈaʊt/ | ausrechnen |
Grammatik in diesem Video
Die Strukturen, die der Sprecher am häufigsten verwendet, mit den genauen Worten aus dem Video:
| Struktur | Im Video |
|---|---|
| Passiv be + Partizip Perfekt – wichtig ist, was geschieht, nicht wer es tut | should be learnt · was intended · is dazzled |
| Present Perfect have/has + Partizip Perfekt – eine vergangene Handlung, die jetzt noch wichtig ist | has become · They've always lived · have not devoted |
| Relativsätze who / which + Satz – eine Zusatzinformation über eine Person oder Sache | people who have · those who claim |
Aussprache, auf die du achten solltest
Der Sprecher verwendet 14 Kurzformen und abgeschwächte Formen, zum Beispiel don't, they're, we're. Sprich sie in der kurzen Form, so wie du sie hörst.
- Die Laute „sh“ und „zh“: shadow /ˈʃædəʊ̯/, confusion /kənˈfjuːʒən/, reflection /ɹɪˈflɛkʃən/, sunshine /ˈsʌnʃaɪn/, declaration /ˌdɛk.ləˈɹeɪ.ʃən/
- Lange Wörter – auf die Betonung achten: investigate /ɪnˈvɛs.tə.ɡeɪt/, intellectual /ˌɪntəˈlɛkt͡ʃʊəl/, utility /juːˈtɪlɪti/, inquiry /ɪnˈkwaɪ(ə)ɹi/, declaration /ˌdɛk.ləˈɹeɪ.ʃən/
Laute, die Deutschsprachigen schwerfallen:
- /w/ — mit runden Lippen, nicht wie das deutsche „w“ (/v/): wisdom /ˈwɪzdəm/, nowhere /ˈnoʊ.(h)wɛɹ/, inquiry /ɪnˈkwaɪ(ə)ɹi/, widespread /ˌwaɪdˈspɹɛd/, quietly /ˈkwaɪ.ɪt.li/
- Stimmhafter Auslaut — /b/, /d/, /g/, /z/, /v/ am Wortende nicht verhärten: cave /keɪv/, confused /kənˈfjuːzd/, underground /ˌʌn.dəɹˈɡɹaʊnd/, succeed /səkˈsiːd/, widespread /ˌwaɪdˈspɹɛd/
- /æ/ — offener als „ä“: shadow /ˈʃædəʊ̯/, gradually /ˈɡɹæd͡ʒuəli/, phantom /ˈfæntəm/, damp /ˈdæmp/, behalf /bɪˈhæf/
So übst du mit diesem Video
- Höre dir das ganze Video einmal an, ohne zu sprechen, und notiere die Wörter, die du nicht kennst.
- Beginne mit 0,75-facher Geschwindigkeit, sprich Satz für Satz nach und wechsle zur normalen Geschwindigkeit, sobald es leichtfällt.
- Nimm dich auf und vergleiche mit dem Original; achte dabei auf Wörter wie cave, shadow, insist.
Was ist die Shadowing-Technik?
Shadowing ist eine wissenschaftlich fundierte Sprachlerntechnik, die ursprünglich für die professionelle Dolmetscherausbildung entwickelt und durch den Polyglotten Dr. Alexander Arguelles populär gemacht wurde. Die Methode ist einfach aber wirkungsvoll: Du hörst englisches Audio von Muttersprachlern und wiederholst es sofort laut — wie ein Schatten, der dem Sprecher mit nur 1–2 Sekunden Verzögerung folgt. Anders als passives Hören oder Grammatikübungen zwingt Shadowing dein Gehirn und deine Mundmuskulatur, gleichzeitig echte Sprachmuster zu verarbeiten und zu reproduzieren. Studien zeigen, dass es Aussprachegenauigkeit, Intonation, Rhythmus, verbundene Sprache, Hörverständnis und Sprechflüssigkeit signifikant verbessert — was es zu einer der effektivsten Methoden für die IELTS Speaking-Vorbereitung und reale englische Kommunikation macht.