Shadowing Practice: The Most Complex Language in the World - Learn English Speaking with Video
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You are cells.
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Your muscles, organs, skin and hair.
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They are in your blood and in your bones.
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Cells are biological robots.
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They don't want anything.
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They don't feel anything.
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They are never sad or happy.
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They just are.
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Right here.
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Right now.
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They're as conscious as a stone or a chair or a neutron star.
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Cells just follow their programming that's been evolving and changing for billions of years, molded by natural selection.
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They are impossible machines and yet here they are driven entirely by the fundamental forces of the universe.
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The smallest unit of life right at the border where physics becomes biology.
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Sometimes to get a truer understanding of how amazing something is, you need to hold your breath and dive in really deep.
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So what are cells and how do they work?
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look around the room you're sitting in right now let's fill
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it top to bottom with trillions of grains of sand billions
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of grains of rice hundreds of thousands of grapes a few thousand apples
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and a dozen watermelons this is what the inside of your
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cells looks like in terms of numbers they're mostly filled up
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with water molecules the grains of sand water gives the cells insides the consistency of soft jelly
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and enables other things to move around easily.
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Almost all the other things, the rice and fruit, are proteins.
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Several billion in total, more than 10 ,000 different kinds, depending on the function of the cell.
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Your cells are basically protein robots, as is all life really.
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In fact, all solid, non -fat parts of your body are mostly made out of protein, even your bones.
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Proteins are dead things that make life happen.
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How does this work?
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The language of life.
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Cells need to do many very hard things to stay alive.
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Get food in and waste out, grow and build structures, escape danger or react to stimuli, make copies of themselves and so on.
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All of this is done by speaking the language of life.
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And the words of this language are proteins.
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This is how this language works in a nutshell.
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It all begins with amino acids, tiny organic molecules.
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They're the alphabet of the language of life.
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There are 21 different ones, like different letters.
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Amino acid A, amino acid B, C, and so on.
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If you put around 50 amino acids together, they form a protein, which in the language of life is a word.
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And if you put many of these protein words together, you get a sentence, called a biological pathway.
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Let's oversimplify a bit and say, for example, your cell needs to break down sugar with the language of life.
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It may take the amino acids for the letters B, R, E, A and K to form the protein word break.
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Then combine this word with other protein words to form a biological pathway sentence that means break down sugar.
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In reality, this language of life is so complex that it defies imagination.
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You need to know about 8 ,000 words to speak a human language really well.
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But in the language of life, there are an estimated 20 ,000.
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And while the average English word has five letters, human proteins have an average of 375 amino acids.
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The longest protein has more than 30 ,000.
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And cells need to execute thousands of steps at any moment.
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If they ever stop speaking the language of life, they die.
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Okay, but how do mindless cells speak a language this complex?
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Let's dive a little deeper.
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There are 21 amino acids that can be combined to form proteins.
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And proteins are made up of dozens to hundreds to thousands of amino acids.
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For the average protein length of a human cell of 375 amino acids,
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you get a stunning 6 .8 x 10 to the power of 495 possible proteins your cells can make a quadrillion googol,
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googol, googol, googol times more than there are atoms in the universe.
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Most of these possible proteins are useless.
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Just like with human language, most random letter combinations are just gibberish.
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So you need to know which words, which proteins, make up a language to speak it properly.
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And this is the job of your DNA, a long sequence of instructions.
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If you untangled a cell's DNA, it would be about 2 meters long.
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All of your body's DNA combined into one long string would reach to the sun and back over 20 times.
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Around 1 % of your DNA is made up of genes, which are basically protein dictionaries that contain all the words of the language of life your cells speak.
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But genes are also the building manuals for all the proteins your cells need to function.
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The rest of your DNA is probably not useless, but basically like a set of rules.
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It's like the book of grammar of the language of life.
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Which proteins need to be built at which time?
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How many of them do you need?
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Which protein words go together and why?
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Okay, letters, words, sentences, dictionary and grammar.
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But of course, this is all just a metaphor for something mind -numbingly complex.
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Let's dive a little deeper to catch a glimpse of reality.
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How dead proteins make life Now that we have some basic principles, we have a chance to understand how dead things make life together.
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And for that, we need a fundamental force of the universe, electromagnetism.
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The elementary particles that make up atoms which make up amino acids have different charges that attract or repel each other.
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The 21 different amino acids all have slightly different charges.
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Some are more negative, others more positive.
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When your cells build proteins, they put different amino acids together in chains, basically long strings.
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Now, because of the different charges of the amino acids used, these strings begin to fold in on themselves.
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This folding process is so complex that we still haven't completely understood how exactly it works.
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But in a nutshell, 1D strings become 3D structures.
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Proteins are basically 3D puzzle pieces with a very specific shape.
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In the world of proteins, shape is everything.
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Because its 3D shape determines which areas of a protein are charged in which way, and this determines how it can interact with other proteins.
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All of these differently charged puzzle pieces can snap together or repeat each other.
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When they snap together, their charge changes, which can make them change their shape, which then makes them a new protein, a new tool that can do new things.
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This is what makes proteins so incredibly powerful.
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You can do basically everything with them.
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They can snap together like Lego pieces to build complex structures.
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They can dismantle things.
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They can form complex micromachines that use energy to do work.
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And maybe most stunningly, they can convey information.
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Let's say there's a toxic chemical entering your cell.
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There may be a protein shaped to snap to that toxin.
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If the protein finds that toxin, it changes its shape.
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With that new shape, it can now snap into a different protein that changes its shape again.
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This new protein activates a micromachine
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that directly binds to your DNA to order the production of a special protein which acts as an antidote to the toxin.
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This cascade of interaction is the pathway we spoke about earlier, a sentence in the language of life.
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So, without a single active thought, proteins have fixed a problem and saved the cell's life.
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In reality, these pathways can have dozens to hundreds of steps.
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How life operates is so incredibly awe -inducing.
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Somehow, mind -numbingly complex interactions between dumb and dead proteins create a less dumb and less dead cell.
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Somewhere around here, life happens.
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But we still don't know what life is.
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How dumb things are smart together.
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We need another analogy, so let's talk about ants.
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Ants share a fundamental property with cells.
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They are really dumb.
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A single ant will just stumble around uselessly.
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But if you put a lot of ants together, they exchange information and do amazing things.
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Constructing complex structures, organizing themselves, caring for broods or attacking enemies.
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Although dumb individually, together they become something greater.
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This phenomenon occurs all over nature and is called emergence.
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It's the observation that entities have properties and abilities that their parts do not have.
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This is how everything in your body works.
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Your cells are bags of proteins guided by chemistry.
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But together, these proteins form a living being that can do a lot of really sophisticated things.
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Cells are mindless robots that are even dumber than ants.
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But many of them acting together form specialized tissue and organ systems, from muscles that make your heart beat to brain cells that make you think.
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if you look outside at the incredible dimension
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and scale of space a place where forever is a real
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thing it's almost impossible not to feel a bit small not special but
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if you look inside into what you really are you just
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discover almost indescribable complexity the beautiful language of life almost everything in the universe reveals hidden layers of complexity
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if you look closer and if you have the knowledge to understand it.
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To help you with that, we've created a series of lessons take your scientific knowledge to the next level.
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Made in collaboration with our friends at Brilliant .org, these lessons give you a deeper understanding of the topics from our most popular videos,
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from rabies and mammalian metabolism to climate science and black holes.
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Brilliant is an interactive learning tool that makes maths, science and computer science accessible with a hands -on approach.
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Because we know that to really learn something, you've got to do it.
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Think of each lesson as a one -on -one tutoring version of a Kurzgesagt video.
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Brilliant has thousands of other lessons to explore as well, from maths -based topics like algebra and probability to the concepts behind algorithms and artificial intelligence.
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If you liked the biology discussed in this video, Brilliant's course on computational biology teaches you many important key concepts.
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You'll learn about DNA instructions, RNA, and protein folding, then learn how those concepts are used to tackle modern challenges like genome sequencing
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and human health to get hands -on with kutzksark lessons
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and explore everything brilliant has to offer you can start your
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free 30 -day trial by signing up at brilliant .org nutshell
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there's even an extra perk for kutzksark viewers the first 200
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people to use the link get 20 off an annual membership
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once their trial ends we love seeing how the gears interlock
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with our search brilliant gives you the tools to understand how everything fits together.
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The story of the human cell continues with our human cell poster, a visually stunning deep dive into the intricate workings of the smallest unit of life.
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Like all the sciency things in our shop, it's designed with love and produced with care by us here at Kurzgesagt.
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Sobre esta lección
¿Qué es la Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing es una técnica de aprendizaje de idiomas respaldada por la ciencia, desarrollada originalmente para la formación de intérpretes profesionales y popularizada por el políglota Dr. Alexander Arguelles. El método es simple pero poderoso: escuchas audio en inglés nativo y lo repites en voz alta de inmediato, como una sombra que sigue al hablante con solo 1-2 segundos de retraso. A diferencia de la escucha pasiva o los ejercicios de gramática, el shadowing obliga a tu cerebro y músculos de la boca a procesar y reproducir simultáneamente patrones de habla reales. Las investigaciones muestran que mejora significativamente la precisión de la pronunciación, la entonación, el ritmo, el habla conectada, la comprensión auditiva y la fluidez al hablar, convirtiéndola en una de las metodologías más efectivas para la preparación del IELTS Speaking y la comunicación en inglés en el mundo real.