Shadowing Practice: The Most Complex Language in the World - Learn English Speaking with Video
בחר מצב תרגול
כל מצב פותח חדר תרגול במסך מלא.
146 משפטים
אם המשפטים קצרים או ארוכים מדי, לחץ על ערוך כדי להתאים אותם.
1
You are cells.
2
Your muscles, organs, skin and hair.
3
They are in your blood and in your bones.
4
Cells are biological robots.
5
They don't want anything.
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They don't feel anything.
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They are never sad or happy.
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They just are.
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Right here.
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Right now.
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They're as conscious as a stone or a chair or a neutron star.
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Cells just follow their programming that's been evolving and changing for billions of years, molded by natural selection.
13
They are impossible machines and yet here they are driven entirely by the fundamental forces of the universe.
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The smallest unit of life right at the border where physics becomes biology.
15
Sometimes to get a truer understanding of how amazing something is, you need to hold your breath and dive in really deep.
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So what are cells and how do they work?
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look around the room you're sitting in right now let's fill
18
it top to bottom with trillions of grains of sand billions
19
of grains of rice hundreds of thousands of grapes a few thousand apples
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and a dozen watermelons this is what the inside of your
21
cells looks like in terms of numbers they're mostly filled up
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with water molecules the grains of sand water gives the cells insides the consistency of soft jelly
23
and enables other things to move around easily.
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Almost all the other things, the rice and fruit, are proteins.
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Several billion in total, more than 10 ,000 different kinds, depending on the function of the cell.
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Your cells are basically protein robots, as is all life really.
27
In fact, all solid, non -fat parts of your body are mostly made out of protein, even your bones.
28
Proteins are dead things that make life happen.
29
How does this work?
30
The language of life.
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Cells need to do many very hard things to stay alive.
32
Get food in and waste out, grow and build structures, escape danger or react to stimuli, make copies of themselves and so on.
33
All of this is done by speaking the language of life.
34
And the words of this language are proteins.
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This is how this language works in a nutshell.
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It all begins with amino acids, tiny organic molecules.
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They're the alphabet of the language of life.
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There are 21 different ones, like different letters.
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Amino acid A, amino acid B, C, and so on.
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If you put around 50 amino acids together, they form a protein, which in the language of life is a word.
41
And if you put many of these protein words together, you get a sentence, called a biological pathway.
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Let's oversimplify a bit and say, for example, your cell needs to break down sugar with the language of life.
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It may take the amino acids for the letters B, R, E, A and K to form the protein word break.
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Then combine this word with other protein words to form a biological pathway sentence that means break down sugar.
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In reality, this language of life is so complex that it defies imagination.
46
You need to know about 8 ,000 words to speak a human language really well.
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But in the language of life, there are an estimated 20 ,000.
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And while the average English word has five letters, human proteins have an average of 375 amino acids.
49
The longest protein has more than 30 ,000.
50
And cells need to execute thousands of steps at any moment.
51
If they ever stop speaking the language of life, they die.
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Okay, but how do mindless cells speak a language this complex?
53
Let's dive a little deeper.
54
There are 21 amino acids that can be combined to form proteins.
55
And proteins are made up of dozens to hundreds to thousands of amino acids.
56
For the average protein length of a human cell of 375 amino acids,
57
you get a stunning 6 .8 x 10 to the power of 495 possible proteins your cells can make a quadrillion googol,
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googol, googol, googol times more than there are atoms in the universe.
59
Most of these possible proteins are useless.
60
Just like with human language, most random letter combinations are just gibberish.
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So you need to know which words, which proteins, make up a language to speak it properly.
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And this is the job of your DNA, a long sequence of instructions.
63
If you untangled a cell's DNA, it would be about 2 meters long.
64
All of your body's DNA combined into one long string would reach to the sun and back over 20 times.
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Around 1 % of your DNA is made up of genes, which are basically protein dictionaries that contain all the words of the language of life your cells speak.
66
But genes are also the building manuals for all the proteins your cells need to function.
67
The rest of your DNA is probably not useless, but basically like a set of rules.
68
It's like the book of grammar of the language of life.
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Which proteins need to be built at which time?
70
How many of them do you need?
71
Which protein words go together and why?
72
Okay, letters, words, sentences, dictionary and grammar.
73
But of course, this is all just a metaphor for something mind -numbingly complex.
74
Let's dive a little deeper to catch a glimpse of reality.
75
How dead proteins make life Now that we have some basic principles, we have a chance to understand how dead things make life together.
76
And for that, we need a fundamental force of the universe, electromagnetism.
77
The elementary particles that make up atoms which make up amino acids have different charges that attract or repel each other.
78
The 21 different amino acids all have slightly different charges.
79
Some are more negative, others more positive.
80
When your cells build proteins, they put different amino acids together in chains, basically long strings.
81
Now, because of the different charges of the amino acids used, these strings begin to fold in on themselves.
82
This folding process is so complex that we still haven't completely understood how exactly it works.
83
But in a nutshell, 1D strings become 3D structures.
84
Proteins are basically 3D puzzle pieces with a very specific shape.
85
In the world of proteins, shape is everything.
86
Because its 3D shape determines which areas of a protein are charged in which way, and this determines how it can interact with other proteins.
87
All of these differently charged puzzle pieces can snap together or repeat each other.
88
When they snap together, their charge changes, which can make them change their shape, which then makes them a new protein, a new tool that can do new things.
89
This is what makes proteins so incredibly powerful.
90
You can do basically everything with them.
91
They can snap together like Lego pieces to build complex structures.
92
They can dismantle things.
93
They can form complex micromachines that use energy to do work.
94
And maybe most stunningly, they can convey information.
95
Let's say there's a toxic chemical entering your cell.
96
There may be a protein shaped to snap to that toxin.
97
If the protein finds that toxin, it changes its shape.
98
With that new shape, it can now snap into a different protein that changes its shape again.
99
This new protein activates a micromachine
100
that directly binds to your DNA to order the production of a special protein which acts as an antidote to the toxin.
101
This cascade of interaction is the pathway we spoke about earlier, a sentence in the language of life.
102
So, without a single active thought, proteins have fixed a problem and saved the cell's life.
103
In reality, these pathways can have dozens to hundreds of steps.
104
How life operates is so incredibly awe -inducing.
105
Somehow, mind -numbingly complex interactions between dumb and dead proteins create a less dumb and less dead cell.
106
Somewhere around here, life happens.
107
But we still don't know what life is.
108
How dumb things are smart together.
109
We need another analogy, so let's talk about ants.
110
Ants share a fundamental property with cells.
111
They are really dumb.
112
A single ant will just stumble around uselessly.
113
But if you put a lot of ants together, they exchange information and do amazing things.
114
Constructing complex structures, organizing themselves, caring for broods or attacking enemies.
115
Although dumb individually, together they become something greater.
116
This phenomenon occurs all over nature and is called emergence.
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It's the observation that entities have properties and abilities that their parts do not have.
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This is how everything in your body works.
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Your cells are bags of proteins guided by chemistry.
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But together, these proteins form a living being that can do a lot of really sophisticated things.
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Cells are mindless robots that are even dumber than ants.
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But many of them acting together form specialized tissue and organ systems, from muscles that make your heart beat to brain cells that make you think.
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if you look outside at the incredible dimension
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and scale of space a place where forever is a real
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thing it's almost impossible not to feel a bit small not special but
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if you look inside into what you really are you just
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discover almost indescribable complexity the beautiful language of life almost everything in the universe reveals hidden layers of complexity
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if you look closer and if you have the knowledge to understand it.
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To help you with that, we've created a series of lessons take your scientific knowledge to the next level.
130
Made in collaboration with our friends at Brilliant .org, these lessons give you a deeper understanding of the topics from our most popular videos,
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from rabies and mammalian metabolism to climate science and black holes.
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Brilliant is an interactive learning tool that makes maths, science and computer science accessible with a hands -on approach.
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Because we know that to really learn something, you've got to do it.
134
Think of each lesson as a one -on -one tutoring version of a Kurzgesagt video.
135
Brilliant has thousands of other lessons to explore as well, from maths -based topics like algebra and probability to the concepts behind algorithms and artificial intelligence.
136
If you liked the biology discussed in this video, Brilliant's course on computational biology teaches you many important key concepts.
137
You'll learn about DNA instructions, RNA, and protein folding, then learn how those concepts are used to tackle modern challenges like genome sequencing
138
and human health to get hands -on with kutzksark lessons
139
and explore everything brilliant has to offer you can start your
140
free 30 -day trial by signing up at brilliant .org nutshell
141
there's even an extra perk for kutzksark viewers the first 200
142
people to use the link get 20 off an annual membership
143
once their trial ends we love seeing how the gears interlock
144
with our search brilliant gives you the tools to understand how everything fits together.
145
The story of the human cell continues with our human cell poster, a visually stunning deep dive into the intricate workings of the smallest unit of life.
146
Like all the sciency things in our shop, it's designed with love and produced with care by us here at Kurzgesagt.
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אוצר מילים והערות הגייה לשיעור הזה
שיעור הדיבור הזה ברמה B2 מבוסס על הסרטון “The Most Complex Language in the World”. המילים שחוזרות הכי הרבה: protein, cell, language, amino, acid. בסרטון הזה יש 146 משפטים ו-1814 מילים לתרגול Shadowing. הדיבור נמשך 11:40. הדובר מדבר בקצב טבעי של כ-156 מילים בדקה, קרוב לשיחה יומיומית. רק 80% מהמילים נמצאות בין 3,000 המילים הנפוצות ביותר באנגלית, כך שאוצר המילים מאתגר.
אוצר מילים מרכזי בסרטון הזה
15 המילים המתקדמות ביותר בסרטון, עם ההגייה והמשמעות שלהן:
| מילה | הגייה | משמעות |
|---|---|---|
| ant שם עצם | /ænt/ | נְמָלָה |
| dive פועל | /daɪv/ | צָלַל |
| combine פועל | /kəmˈbaɪn/ | ערבב, שילב |
| grain שם עצם | /ɡɹeɪn/ | בָּר |
| molecule שם עצם | /ˈmɑ.lɪ.kjul/ | מוֹלֵקוּלָה |
| atom שם עצם | /ˈætəm/ | אָטוֹם |
| puzzle שם עצם | /ˈpʌzəl/ | חִידָה |
| dictionary שם עצם | /ˈdɪk.ʃəˌnɛ.ɹi/ | מִלּוֹן |
| complexity שם עצם | /kəmˈplɛk.sɪ.ti/ | מורכבות |
| organ שם עצם | /ˈɔːɡən/ | אֵיבָר |
| instruction שם עצם | /ɪnˈstɹʌkʃən/ | הוראה |
| mathematics שם עצם | /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/ | מָתֵמָטִיקָה |
| grammar שם עצם | /ˈɡɹæm.ə(ɹ)/ | דִּקְדּוּק |
| dismantle פועל | /dɪsˈmæntəl/ | פֵּרֵק |
| electromagnetism שם עצם | /ɪˌlɛk.tɹəʊˈmæɡ.nəˌtɪzm̩/ | אלקטרומגנטיות |
משפטים שכדאי לחזור עליהם
משפטים קצרים ושלמים מהסרטון שאפשר להשתמש בהם בשיחה יומיומית:
- Let's dive a little deeper.
- How many of them do you need?
- Let's say there's a toxic chemical entering your cell.
- We need another analogy, so let's talk about ants.
דקדוק בסרטון הזה
המבנים שהדובר משתמש בהם הכי הרבה, עם המילים המדויקות מהסרטון:
| מבנה | בסרטון |
|---|---|
| סביל (Passive voice) be + past participle — הדגש הוא על מה שקורה, לא על מי שעושה את הפעולה | are driven · are mostly made · is done |
| הווה מושלם (Present perfect) have/has + past participle — פעולה שקרתה בעבר ועדיין יש לה חשיבות או השפעה עכשיו | haven't completely understood · have fixed · we've created |
| משפטי זיקה (Relative clauses) who / which + clause — מידע נוסף על אדם או דבר | genes, which are · changes, which can |
הגייה ששווה לשים לב אליה
הדובר משתמש ב-11 קיצורים וצורות מקוצרות, כמו don't, they're, haven't. אמרו אותם בצורה הקצרה, כפי שאתם שומעים אותם.
- הצלילים של “th”: pathway /ˈpæθˌweɪ/, mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/, algorithm /ˈælɡəɹɪðm̩/
- הצלילים של “sh” ו-“zh”: nutshell /ˈnʌt.ʃɛl/, dictionary /ˈdɪk.ʃəˌnɛ.ɹi/, instruction /ɪnˈstɹʌkʃən/, gibberish /ˈd͡ʒɪ.bə.ɹɪʃ/, specialize /ˈspɛʃəˌlaɪz/
- מילים ארוכות — שימו לב להטעמה: dictionary /ˈdɪk.ʃəˌnɛ.ɹi/, complexity /kəmˈplɛk.sɪ.ti/, mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/, electromagnetism /ɪˌlɛk.tɹəʊˈmæɡ.nəˌtɪzm̩/, indescribable /ɪndɪˈskɹaɪbəbl̩/
צלילים שדוברי עברית מתקשים בהם:
- /æ/ — פתוח יותר מה-“אֶ” העברית, לא כמו “a” ב-“cup”: pathway /ˈpæθˌweɪ/, ant /ænt/, atom /ˈætəm/, mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/, grammar /ˈɡɹæm.ə(ɹ)/
- /r/ — הלשון לא נוגעת בשום מקום, לא ה-“ר” הגרונית: grain /ɡɹeɪn/, dictionary /ˈdɪk.ʃəˌnɛ.ɹi/, instruction /ɪnˈstɹʌkʃən/, grammar /ˈɡɹæm.ə(ɹ)/, electromagnetism /ɪˌlɛk.tɹəʊˈmæɡ.nəˌtɪzm̩/
- עיצור קולי בסוף מילה — /b/, /d/, /g/, /z/, /v/ בלי להפוך אותם לאטומים: dive /daɪv/, fold /ˈfəʊld/, cascade /kæsˈkeɪd/, rabies /ˈɹeɪ.biːz/, specialize /ˈspɛʃəˌlaɪz/
איך לתרגל עם הסרטון הזה
- הקשיבו לכל הסרטון פעם אחת בלי לדבר, ורשמו את המילים שאתם לא מכירים.
- התחילו במהירות 0.75×, תרגלו Shadowing משפט אחר משפט, וחזרו למהירות רגילה כשזה מרגיש קל.
- הקליטו את עצמכם והשוו למקור, תוך תשומת לב למילים כמו ant, dive, combine.
מהי טכניקת השאדואינג?
שאדואינג היא טכניקת למידת שפה מבוססת מדע שפותחה במקור להכשרת מתורגמנים מקצועיים ופופולרית על ידי הפוליגלוט ד"ר אלכסנדר ארגואלס. השיטה פשוטה אך עוצמתית: אתה מקשיב לאודיו באנגלית ילידית וחוזר עליו בקול רם מיד — כמו צל העוקב אחרי הדובר עם עיכוב של 1–2 שניות בלבד. בניגוד להאזנה פסיבית או תרגילי דקדוק, שאדואינג מכריח את המוח והשרירים בפה לעבד ולשחזר דפוסי דיבור אמיתיים בו זמנית. מחקרים מראים שזה משפר משמעותית את דיוק ההגייה, האינטונציה, הקצב, הדיבור המחובר, הבנת השמיעה ושטף הדיבור — מה שהופך אותו לאחת השיטות היעילות ביותר להכנה לIELTS Speaking ולתקשורת באנגלית בעולם האמיתי.