跟讀練習: The Most Complex Language in the World - 通過影片學習英語口語

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146 句

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You are cells.

Your muscles, organs, skin and hair.

They are in your blood and in your bones.

Cells are biological robots.

They don't want anything.

They don't feel anything.

They are never sad or happy.

They just are.

Right here.

Right now.

They're as conscious as a stone or a chair or a neutron star.

Cells just follow their programming that's been evolving and changing for billions of years, molded by natural selection.

They are impossible machines and yet here they are driven entirely by the fundamental forces of the universe.

The smallest unit of life right at the border where physics becomes biology.

Sometimes to get a truer understanding of how amazing something is, you need to hold your breath and dive in really deep.

So what are cells and how do they work?

look around the room you're sitting in right now let's fill

it top to bottom with trillions of grains of sand billions

of grains of rice hundreds of thousands of grapes a few thousand apples

and a dozen watermelons this is what the inside of your

cells looks like in terms of numbers they're mostly filled up

with water molecules the grains of sand water gives the cells insides the consistency of soft jelly

and enables other things to move around easily.

Almost all the other things, the rice and fruit, are proteins.

Several billion in total, more than 10 ,000 different kinds, depending on the function of the cell.

Your cells are basically protein robots, as is all life really.

In fact, all solid, non -fat parts of your body are mostly made out of protein, even your bones.

Proteins are dead things that make life happen.

How does this work?

The language of life.

Cells need to do many very hard things to stay alive.

Get food in and waste out, grow and build structures, escape danger or react to stimuli, make copies of themselves and so on.

All of this is done by speaking the language of life.

And the words of this language are proteins.

This is how this language works in a nutshell.

It all begins with amino acids, tiny organic molecules.

They're the alphabet of the language of life.

There are 21 different ones, like different letters.

Amino acid A, amino acid B, C, and so on.

If you put around 50 amino acids together, they form a protein, which in the language of life is a word.

And if you put many of these protein words together, you get a sentence, called a biological pathway.

Let's oversimplify a bit and say, for example, your cell needs to break down sugar with the language of life.

It may take the amino acids for the letters B, R, E, A and K to form the protein word break.

Then combine this word with other protein words to form a biological pathway sentence that means break down sugar.

In reality, this language of life is so complex that it defies imagination.

You need to know about 8 ,000 words to speak a human language really well.

But in the language of life, there are an estimated 20 ,000.

And while the average English word has five letters, human proteins have an average of 375 amino acids.

The longest protein has more than 30 ,000.

And cells need to execute thousands of steps at any moment.

If they ever stop speaking the language of life, they die.

Okay, but how do mindless cells speak a language this complex?

Let's dive a little deeper.

There are 21 amino acids that can be combined to form proteins.

And proteins are made up of dozens to hundreds to thousands of amino acids.

For the average protein length of a human cell of 375 amino acids,

you get a stunning 6 .8 x 10 to the power of 495 possible proteins your cells can make a quadrillion googol,

googol, googol, googol times more than there are atoms in the universe.

Most of these possible proteins are useless.

Just like with human language, most random letter combinations are just gibberish.

So you need to know which words, which proteins, make up a language to speak it properly.

And this is the job of your DNA, a long sequence of instructions.

If you untangled a cell's DNA, it would be about 2 meters long.

All of your body's DNA combined into one long string would reach to the sun and back over 20 times.

Around 1 % of your DNA is made up of genes, which are basically protein dictionaries that contain all the words of the language of life your cells speak.

But genes are also the building manuals for all the proteins your cells need to function.

The rest of your DNA is probably not useless, but basically like a set of rules.

It's like the book of grammar of the language of life.

Which proteins need to be built at which time?

How many of them do you need?

Which protein words go together and why?

Okay, letters, words, sentences, dictionary and grammar.

But of course, this is all just a metaphor for something mind -numbingly complex.

Let's dive a little deeper to catch a glimpse of reality.

How dead proteins make life Now that we have some basic principles, we have a chance to understand how dead things make life together.

And for that, we need a fundamental force of the universe, electromagnetism.

The elementary particles that make up atoms which make up amino acids have different charges that attract or repel each other.

The 21 different amino acids all have slightly different charges.

Some are more negative, others more positive.

When your cells build proteins, they put different amino acids together in chains, basically long strings.

Now, because of the different charges of the amino acids used, these strings begin to fold in on themselves.

This folding process is so complex that we still haven't completely understood how exactly it works.

But in a nutshell, 1D strings become 3D structures.

Proteins are basically 3D puzzle pieces with a very specific shape.

In the world of proteins, shape is everything.

Because its 3D shape determines which areas of a protein are charged in which way, and this determines how it can interact with other proteins.

All of these differently charged puzzle pieces can snap together or repeat each other.

When they snap together, their charge changes, which can make them change their shape, which then makes them a new protein, a new tool that can do new things.

This is what makes proteins so incredibly powerful.

You can do basically everything with them.

They can snap together like Lego pieces to build complex structures.

They can dismantle things.

They can form complex micromachines that use energy to do work.

And maybe most stunningly, they can convey information.

Let's say there's a toxic chemical entering your cell.

There may be a protein shaped to snap to that toxin.

If the protein finds that toxin, it changes its shape.

With that new shape, it can now snap into a different protein that changes its shape again.

This new protein activates a micromachine

100

that directly binds to your DNA to order the production of a special protein which acts as an antidote to the toxin.

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This cascade of interaction is the pathway we spoke about earlier, a sentence in the language of life.

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So, without a single active thought, proteins have fixed a problem and saved the cell's life.

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In reality, these pathways can have dozens to hundreds of steps.

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How life operates is so incredibly awe -inducing.

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Somehow, mind -numbingly complex interactions between dumb and dead proteins create a less dumb and less dead cell.

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Somewhere around here, life happens.

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But we still don't know what life is.

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How dumb things are smart together.

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We need another analogy, so let's talk about ants.

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Ants share a fundamental property with cells.

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They are really dumb.

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A single ant will just stumble around uselessly.

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But if you put a lot of ants together, they exchange information and do amazing things.

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Constructing complex structures, organizing themselves, caring for broods or attacking enemies.

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Although dumb individually, together they become something greater.

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This phenomenon occurs all over nature and is called emergence.

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It's the observation that entities have properties and abilities that their parts do not have.

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This is how everything in your body works.

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Your cells are bags of proteins guided by chemistry.

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But together, these proteins form a living being that can do a lot of really sophisticated things.

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Cells are mindless robots that are even dumber than ants.

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But many of them acting together form specialized tissue and organ systems, from muscles that make your heart beat to brain cells that make you think.

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if you look outside at the incredible dimension

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and scale of space a place where forever is a real

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thing it's almost impossible not to feel a bit small not special but

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if you look inside into what you really are you just

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discover almost indescribable complexity the beautiful language of life almost everything in the universe reveals hidden layers of complexity

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if you look closer and if you have the knowledge to understand it.

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To help you with that, we've created a series of lessons take your scientific knowledge to the next level.

130

Made in collaboration with our friends at Brilliant .org, these lessons give you a deeper understanding of the topics from our most popular videos,

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from rabies and mammalian metabolism to climate science and black holes.

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Brilliant is an interactive learning tool that makes maths, science and computer science accessible with a hands -on approach.

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Because we know that to really learn something, you've got to do it.

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Think of each lesson as a one -on -one tutoring version of a Kurzgesagt video.

135

Brilliant has thousands of other lessons to explore as well, from maths -based topics like algebra and probability to the concepts behind algorithms and artificial intelligence.

136

If you liked the biology discussed in this video, Brilliant's course on computational biology teaches you many important key concepts.

137

You'll learn about DNA instructions, RNA, and protein folding, then learn how those concepts are used to tackle modern challenges like genome sequencing

138

and human health to get hands -on with kutzksark lessons

139

and explore everything brilliant has to offer you can start your

140

free 30 -day trial by signing up at brilliant .org nutshell

141

there's even an extra perk for kutzksark viewers the first 200

142

people to use the link get 20 off an annual membership

143

once their trial ends we love seeing how the gears interlock

144

with our search brilliant gives you the tools to understand how everything fits together.

145

The story of the human cell continues with our human cell poster, a visually stunning deep dive into the intricate workings of the smallest unit of life.

146

Like all the sciency things in our shop, it's designed with love and produced with care by us here at Kurzgesagt.

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本課的詞彙與口語要點

這節 C1 級別的口語課以影片“The Most Complex Language in the World”為素材。影片中反覆出現的詞有：protein, cell, language, amino, acid。這段影片共有 146 個句子、1814 個單詞可供跟讀。講話部分時長為 11:40。說話人語速自然，每分鐘約 156 個詞，接近日常對話。只有 80% 的單詞屬於英語最常用的 3,000 詞，詞彙難度較高。

影片中的重點詞彙

影片中最難的 15 個單詞，附發音和釋義：

單詞	發音	釋義
amino 名詞	/əˈminoʊ/	氨基
ant 名詞	/ænt/	狗蟻 /狗蟻, 螞蟻 /螞蟻
nutshell 名詞	/ˈnʌt.ʃɛl/	堅果殼 /堅果殼
toxin 名詞	/ˈtɑksɪn/	毒素
fold 動詞	/ˈfəʊld/	摺 /折, 折疊 /摺疊
stun 動詞	/stʌn/	把...打暈 /把...打暈
molecule 名詞	/ˈmɑ.lɪ.kjul/	分子
atom 名詞	/ˈætəm/	原子
puzzle 名詞	/ˈpʌzəl/	謎 /謎, 難題 /難題
dictionary 名詞	/ˈdɪk.ʃəˌnɛ.ɹi/	хуадян, цыдян
complexity 名詞	/kəmˈplɛk.sɪ.ti/	複雜性 /複雜性
antidote 名詞	/ˈæn.tɪ.doʊt/	解藥 /解藥, 解毒藥 /解毒藥
cascade 名詞	/kæsˈkeɪd/	瀑布
dismantle 動詞	/dɪsˈmæntəl/	拆卸, 拆開 /拆開
electromagnetism 名詞	/ɪˌlɛk.tɹəʊˈmæɡ.nəˌtɪzm̩/	電磁學 /電磁學, 電磁 /電磁

影片中出現的短語動詞

單詞	發音	釋義
make up 動詞	/ˌmeɪk ˈʌp/	組成 /組成
break down 動詞		壞了 /壞了, 出故障
fill up 動詞		裝滿 /裝滿
look around 動詞		環顧 /環顧

值得反覆跟讀的句子

影片中簡短而完整的句子，可以直接用在日常對話裡：

Let's dive a little deeper.
How many of them do you need?
Let's say there's a toxic chemical entering your cell.
We need another analogy, so let's talk about ants.

影片中的語法

說話人最常用的結構，並附上影片中的原話：

結構	影片中的用法
被動語態 be + 過去分詞 — 強調發生了什麼，而不是誰做的	are driven · is done · can be combined
現在完成時 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去發生但與現在仍有關聯的事	have fixed · we've created
定語從句 who / which + 從句 — 補充說明人或事物	genes, which are · changes, which can

需要注意的發音

說話人用了 11 次縮略和弱讀形式，例如 don't, they're, haven't。請按聽到的簡短形式來說。

“th” 音: pathway /ˈpæθˌweɪ/, algorithm /ˈælɡəɹɪðm̩/
“sh” 和 “zh” 音: nutshell /ˈnʌt.ʃɛl/, dictionary /ˈdɪk.ʃəˌnɛ.ɹi/, gibberish /ˈd͡ʒɪ.bə.ɹɪʃ/, specialize /ˈspɛʃəˌlaɪz/, computational /ˌkɑmpjʊˈteɪʃənəl/
長單詞——注意重音位置: dictionary /ˈdɪk.ʃəˌnɛ.ɹi/, complexity /kəmˈplɛk.sɪ.ti/, electromagnetism /ɪˌlɛk.tɹəʊˈmæɡ.nəˌtɪzm̩/, indescribable /ɪndɪˈskɹaɪbəbl̩/, computational /ˌkɑmpjʊˈteɪʃənəl/

中文母語者容易讀錯的音：

/v/ — 不要讀成 /w/，上齒輕觸下唇: visually /ˈvɪzju.əli/, activate /ˈæktɪˌveɪt/, viewer /ˈvju.ɚ/, evolve /ɪˈvɑlv/, convey /kənˈveɪ/
詞尾子音 — 要讀清楚，後面不要加母音: ant /ænt/, fold /ˈfəʊld/, mindless /maɪnd.ləs/, antidote /ˈæn.tɪ.doʊt/, cascade /kæsˈkeɪd/
/r/ 和 /l/ 的區別: electromagnetism /ɪˌlɛk.tɹəʊˈmæɡ.nəˌtɪzm̩/, indescribable /ɪndɪˈskɹaɪbəbl̩/, interlock /ˌɪntə(ɹ)ˈlɒk/, algebra /ˈæl.d͡ʒɪ.bɹə/, particle /ˈpɑɹtək(ə)l/

如何用這段影片練習

先完整聽一遍影片，不要開口，記下不認識的單詞。
先用 0.75 倍速逐句跟讀，熟練之後再回到正常速度。
錄下自己的聲音並與原聲對比，特別注意 amino, ant, nutshell 這類單詞。

什麼是跟讀法？

跟讀法 (Shadowing) 是一種有科學依據的語言學習技巧，最初開發用於專業口譯員的培訓，並由多語言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。這個方法簡單而強大：您在聽英語母語原聲的同時立即大聲重複——就像是一個延遲1-2秒緊跟說話者的影子。與被動聽力或語法練習不同，跟讀法強迫您的大腦和口腔肌肉同時處理並模模擬實的講話模式。研究表明它能顯著提高發音準確性，語調，節奏，連讀，聽力理解和口語流利度——使其成為雅思口語備考和真實英語交流最有效的方法之一。

影子跟讀法: 閱讀完整分步指南 →

跟讀練習: The Most Complex Language in the World - 通過影片學習英語口語

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