跟讀練習: A Journey Through Your Nervous System - 通過影片學習英語口語
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146 句
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Your nerves are literally everywhere around here.
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We'll start from the most important ones,
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which are going through your spine and your brain.
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This thick cluster of nerves is called the central nervous system, or CNS.
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It's responsible for everything you do,
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from breathing to tapping your finger on the side of your smartphone while waiting until I get to the topic already.
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When a signal gets to the CNS in the brain from any part of the body,
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it sends back a command to react according to the situation.
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Pinch yourself now.
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Yeah, please do it.
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Ow!
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The place you've just pinched has a lot of neurons,
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just like anywhere else.
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When you pressed the skin,
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they flared up and sent the information about pain to the brain,
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which reacted by sending back a message that it hurt.
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It all happened in less than a millisecond,
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but the signal traveled several feet there and back.
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Let's go to the spinal cord now and carry out a little experiment.
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On the count of one,
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I'll sever the connections between the neurons here and you'll see what happens.
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Ready?
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One.
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See?
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You've just become limp from your waist down and can't feel anything in your legs.
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It's because your CNS can't figure out where they are.
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Okay, restoring the connections now, don't worry!
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This is why both your brain and spinal cord are naturally protected by bones,
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the skull and the vertebrae.
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Inside the spinal column, there's also cerebrospinal fluid,
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a liquid substance that protects the nerves,
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helps better conduct signals, and gets rid of weights.
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Ok, now let's take a closer look at all the rest of the nerves,
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starting with the ones at the tips of your fingers.
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Something that's not the CNS is called peripheral nervous system, or PNS.
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Will you kindly wave your hand now?
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Thanks!
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You've been able to do that because your brain consciously sent several million signals to the peripheral nerves in your shoulder,
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forearm, wrist, and hand.
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Together, they made a common effort to lift your arm,
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fix it in a certain position,
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and wave the hand from side to side.
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And responsible for this effort is your voluntary or somatic nervous system.
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Your eyebrows going up at this fact are also controlled by the same nerves.
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Did you count how many breaths you took while listening to my ramblings?
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a beat your heart had made.
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You shouldn't have.
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These things are regulated by your vegetative or involuntary nervous system.
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Your CNS sends signals to the periphery and tells your heart to beat,
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your respiratory system to let the air in and out,
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and even your bowels to digest the food you eat.
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Now, blow all the air out of your lungs and hold your breath for as long as you can.
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Okay, this will take some time,
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so fast-forward to the point where you start wanting to breathe in.
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Letting the air out and holding your breath are your conscious actions,
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so it's you who tells your brain to send signals to the breathing organs.
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But when you start lacking oxygen,
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it's already your brain that tells you to stop fooling around.
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Oh, I see you're becoming blue in the face.
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Please inhale already.
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And now I'll do something you'll have to forgive me for.
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Ow!
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Sorry, you dropped the phone because I sent a little shock through it.
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The point is, you subconsciously let your phone go as soon as you felt the pain.
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When I asked you to pinch yourself,
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you activated your voluntary nervous system,
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so you expected the pain and could continue pinching if you wanted to.
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This shock came unexpectedly, though,
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so your involuntary nervous system jolted in and made you move away from the threat ASAP.
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That said, your self-preservation instinct is something that's regulated by your nerves as well.
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Your body will try to save itself from harm even without your consent.
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Hey, what's that itch?
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You need to scratch it now.
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Thanks.
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Itching appears when there's something on or under your skin that doesn't belong there,
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like an insect or a bite it left.
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Nerves at the site flare up like beacons,
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and your brain sends signals to that spot.
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But when you scratch the itch,
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you feel two opposite things at once.
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Consciously, you experience relief because it's not itching anymore.
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On the subconscious level, though,
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your brain perceives scratching as pain and shifts your attention from the itch to the scratch instead.
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Basically, by scratching, you trick your brain into believing there are more important things to do than paying attention to the itch.
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Hey, is it me or is it a bit too hot here?
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Yeah, I see droplets of sweat on your forehead.
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When the outside temperature rises,
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your CNN reacts to the change.
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Billions of signals flash through your entire body.
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Sweat glands receive them in the blink of an eye and start working furiously.
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Sweat appears on your skin, cooling it down.
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I recommend going to the AC and turning it higher a bit, thank you.
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Hey, I said a bit,
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not all the way up.
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Ah, great, now you're shivering.
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Your brain is confused but is still working fast,
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reacting to the change of circumstances.
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Once again, it sends billions of signals to all the neurons in your muscles,
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telling them to start contracting as quickly as they can.
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By doing so, they create friction, and friction generates heat.
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Your heart starts beating faster too,
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by the way, pumping blood to your limbs to keep them from freezing.
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All this also makes you think sliding that counter up a notch is a good idea.
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On the topic of thinking,
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neurons are responsible for that too.
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For example, this is your first time watching this video video.
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You can't possibly know what I'm going to do or say next.
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Maybe I'll do a barrel roll.
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Or just end the whole video abruptly.
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Your brain is only now creating the neural connections necessary for you to remember what's coming up next.
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This is why you're still bearing with me.
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You want to know.
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But as soon as you've watched it until the end,
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the interest is gone, no matter how fascinating I am.
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Your CNS has created enough connections between the neurons,
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and if you start over,
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they will tell you what to expect.
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Still, the pathways are very basic.
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A simple example.
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What did I say exactly 3 minutes and 5 seconds into the video?
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You can't remember, because your neural connections aren't strong enough yet to give such details.
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But the more times you watch,
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the stronger and more numerous they become,
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and after a number of attempts,
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you'll be able to repeat the whole text word for word.
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The same happens when you learn some new skill, like roller skating.
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At first, you can't move even a single foot.
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Your brain encounters an unusual task and is all ablaze with signals it's sending every which way.
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You fall, but then you stand up and try once more.
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This time, several million neurons are already connected,
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and your CNS doesn't waste time creating new links.
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You fall again, and again, and again.
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But every time you rise and repeat,
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your brain gets more and more adapted,
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until finally, on your 5th,
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10th, or 50th attempt, you skate forward.
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The brain captures the moment you stop falling and creates strong neural connections to prevent you from repeating your previous mistakes.
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And soon enough, with more practice and links in your CNS,
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you'll be skating like a pro,
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wondering how you could be so clumsy before.
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Yet, the best thing about these connections is that they never completely go away.
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Even if you learned skating as a kid and then didn't put on the skates for 10 years,
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it'll take you just a couple of minutes to recall how it's done.
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So hey, if you're afraid to take that dusty guitar hanging on the wall for years, don't be.
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Go strum the strings, it'll all come back to you in a jiffy.
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Maybe not the calluses.
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關於這節課
在這一節課中，您將深入瞭解神經系統的基本構成，包括中樞神經系統和周圍神經系統。您將掌握相關的生物醫學詞彙，並學習如何通過模仿影片內容來提升英語口語能力。通過觀察和跟讀，可以提高您的發音、語調和語速，讓您的英語口語更加流利自然。
重要詞彙與短語
- 中樞神經系統 (Central Nervous System, CNS)
- 周圍神經系統 (Peripheral Nervous System, PNS)
- 神經元 (Neuron)
- 脊髓 (Spinal Cord)
- 自主神經系統 (Autonomic Nervous System)
- 自願神經系統 (Somatic Nervous System)
- 呼吸系統 (Respiratory System)
- 疼痛反應 (Pain Response)
練習技巧
在觀看這段影片時，建議您採用shadowing技法，即跟隨影片中的聲音即時模仿。影片的語速適中，可以幫助您更準確地捕捉每個單詞的發音和語調。以下是一些具體的練習建議：
- 在影片開始時，可以先聆聽一次，在理解內容的基礎上，再嘗試跟讀。
- 如果有不理解的地方，可以暫停，反覆聽那一句，從而確保能正確發音。
- 在模仿過程中，注意語氣的變化和重音的部分，這能幫助您在實際對話中更自然地表達。
- 將自己錄音，然後與影片中的對話進行對比，找到並改正發音上的差異。
- 定期回放影片，逐漸提升您的英語語言能力，達到更高的shadow speech水平。
通過這樣的練習，您不僅可以提升英語口語能力，還能更好地理解生物學科的相關術語。利用看YouTube學英語的機會，進行更高效的英語口語練習，讓您的學習之旅更加豐富多彩。
影片中的語法
說話人最常用的結構，並附上影片中的原話：
| 結構 | 影片中的用法 |
|---|---|
| 現在完成時 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去發生但與現在仍有關聯的事 | you've just pinched · You've just become · You've been |
| 被動語態 be + 過去分詞 — 強調發生了什麼，而不是誰做的 | is called · are also controlled · are regulated |
什麼是跟讀法？
跟讀法 (Shadowing) 是一種有科學依據的語言學習技巧，最初開發用於專業口譯員的培訓，並由多語言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。這個方法簡單而強大：您在聽英語母語原聲的同時立即大聲重複——就像是一個延遲1-2秒緊跟說話者的影子。與被動聽力或語法練習不同，跟讀法強迫您的大腦和口腔肌肉同時處理並模模擬實的講話模式。研究表明它能顯著提高發音準確性，語調，節奏，連讀，聽力理解和口語流利度——使其成為雅思口語備考和真實英語交流最有效的方法之一。