Shadowing Practice: Why Studying LESS Makes You Learn Faster (Science-Based) - Learn English Speaking with Video
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The best way to study and learn is to access components of your memory systems that offset forgetting.
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That is the way to remember things.
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That is the way to gain mastery over them.
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And I'm going to teach you how to best do that using the data gleaned from the peer -reviewed literature.
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Now, before I do that, I want to talk about what learning is.
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Neuroplasticity is this incredible feature of your nervous system, which of course includes your brain and your spinal cord,
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which is the ability for your nervous system to change in response to experience.
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So any form of learning involves neuroplasticity.
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Neuroplasticity, we sometimes hear as neuroplasticity, two words, or neuroplasticity.
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Those are the same thing, essentially.
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The change that underlies neuroplasticity at the level of cells, which we call neurons or nerve cells, generally involves three different mechanisms.
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One is the strengthening of certain connections, what we call synaptic connections.
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Synapses are the location between neurons where they communicate with one another.
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It's actually a gap between the neurons.
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It is technically called the synaptic cleft.
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It's a gap.
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And within that gap, chemicals are passed across that gap that allow one neuron to activate other neurons, or many neurons to activate many other neurons,
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or to inhibit the activity of other neurons.
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So one form of neuroplasticity is the strengthening of connections between neurons.
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Another form of neuroplasticity is the weakening of connections between neurons.
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And yet a third form of plasticity, which is often discussed in the media, but is very rare actually in the nervous system,
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especially the adult nervous system of humans, is neurogenesis or the addition of new neurons.
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Let's just get this out of the way up front because the addition of new neurons, again, grabs so much attention in media articles,
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but it's responsible for a near trivial amount
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of the sort of neuroplasticity that is important for today's discussion or frankly for most all discussions.
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It is true you have a specialized set of neurons in your olfactory bulb that are responsible for smell, as well as a specialized set of neurons in the so -called dentate gyrus of your hippocampus,
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an area of the brain that's important for memory, in which new neurons appear to be added throughout the lifespan,
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but this is not the major mechanism by which learning and memory occurs in humans.
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Rather, the major mechanism by which learning
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and memory occurs in humans is the strengthening of existing connections and the weakening of existing connections,
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or the formation of new connections between already existing neurons, not new neurons.
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Okay?
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Now, the removal
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or weakening of connections between neurons being an important component of neuroplasticity is very important for sake of today's discussion.
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I want to emphasize that when we hear about weakening of connections, we often think, well, that means forgetting, or that means the brain is getting less good.
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However, so much of the neuroplasticity that underlies,
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for instance, the acquisition of a new motor skill is actually the reflection of removal of connections.
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So we don't want to project any kind of value onto a discussion about adding new connections, removing new connections.
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Let's just leave it at this level mechanistically.
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When you hear about neuroplasticity, just know that it could be the consequence of strengthening of connections as well as weakening of connections
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and that neither strengthening of connections in the nervous system nor weakening of connections can map directly to the formation
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or removal of say memories or information.
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Just know that these are the important mechanisms.
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In fact, if you look at a baby that is, let's say, I don't know, nine months old, their motor skills are not terrific typically compared to the motor skills
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that that child will have when they are six or seven years old.
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And believe it or not, the improvement in motor coordination that one observes in humans
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and other species for that matter from birth until the adolescence
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and teen years and adult years is largely the reflection of the removal.
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That's right.
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The removal of neural connections as opposed to the formation of neural connections.
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However, the neural connections that remain become much more robust.
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They become much more reliable.
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Okay.
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So that's the mechanistic backdrop for everything that we're going to talk about today, which is how to study and learn.
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And as I mentioned earlier in my introduction,
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most of learning and remembering new material is about offsetting the forgetting process that naturally occurs anytime we hear new information.
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So, in keeping with what will ultimately reveal itself to be the dominant theme of today's discussion, right now and for reasons that will become clear later,
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I want you to take a brief quiz.
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Now, the moment people hear quiz or test, typically it spikes their adrenaline, they start feeling stressed, but don't worry,
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you're gonna keep your answers to yourself and you're doing this for a very specific purpose.
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Here's...
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My question, this is a two question quiz.
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How many different ways, mechanistically speaking, does neuroplasticity occur?
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Is it one mechanism, two mechanisms, or three mechanisms?
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Or is it four or five?
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Okay.
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Can you name in your head two of the three major changes
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that the nervous system can undergo which are reflective of neuroplasticity?
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Okay, so the answer to question was, is that there are three different modes of neuroplasticity as you recall, or as you may not have been able to recall.
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And by the way, if you were not able to recall the three different modes of neuroplasticity or mechanisms underlying neuroplasticity, that is fine.
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As you'll soon realize, recognizing the errors in your information retention is another critical and very useful way to retain more information,
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even if you got the answer wrong or you didn't know.
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In fact, especially if you got the answer wrong or you didn't know.
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So the three ways are the strengthening of neural connections, second, the weakening of neural connections, and third, through neurogenesis, the addition of new neurons.
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Why did I provide this quiz?
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Why did I test you?
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Well, as you'll soon learn, if you look across the total body of research on how best to study and learn, it involves doing exactly what we just did,
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which is to periodically stop and test yourself on the material that you learned.
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Testing is not just a way of evaluating what knowledge you've acquired and which knowledge you have not managed to acquire.
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It also turns out to be the best tool for offsetting forgetting of any kind.
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This study looked at whether or not studying material four times, so study, study, study, study,
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was better in terms of locking that information into people's minds, allowing them to use that information flexibly, which is an element of creativity,
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essentially giving the mastery of the material.
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Then a different group which studied once, studied the material twice, studied the material three times, then was tested on the material.
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Or a third group that studied material once, then took one, two, yes, three tests on the material.
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Now, so what I just described was three groups, all of whom read a passage.
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This was a passage about animals, about biology, some other topics too in different experiments.
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Again, three groups.
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One group studies four times, then later they take a test.
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The second group studies one, two, three times, takes a test on that material, and then later takes a test.
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The third group studies the material once, then takes three tests on the material and then later takes a test.
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So what's analyzed and compared between these different groups is their performance on that final test.
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That should be pretty much obvious given the way we've been
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going today in this description of tests as a way to offset forgetting.
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Okay.
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So the more tests that you take as a way to expose yourself to the material, the better you're going to perform on that material at some later point.
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Now, of course, at some point you have to be exposed to the material for the first time, right?
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That's why it's studying and learning.
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But after one exposure to new material, taking more tests on that material, even if you don't perform that well on those tests,
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as long as you're able to see the accurate answers to those tests
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and compare your answers to those answers will lead to better performance on the ultimate test
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and retention of that material at some later time.
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Vocabulario y notas de pronunciación para esta lección
Este vídeo tiene 102 frases y 1433 palabras para practicar shadowing. La parte hablada dura 8:44. El hablante habla a un ritmo natural de unas 164 palabras por minuto, cercano a una conversación cotidiana. El 82 % de las palabras está entre las 3.000 más comunes del inglés; conviene repasar el resto antes de empezar.
Vocabulario clave de este vídeo
15 palabras menos comunes del vídeo, con su pronunciación y significado:
- mechanism /ˈmɛk.ə.nɪ.zəm/ (sustantivo) — mecanismo. Any mechanical means for the conversion or control of motion, or the transmission or control of power.
- strengthen /ˈstɹɛŋ(k)θən/ (verbo) — fortalecer. To make strong or stronger; to add strength to; to increase the strength of; to fortify.
- removal /ɹɪˈmuː.vəl/ (sustantivo) — remoción, eliminación. The process of removing or the fact of being removed.
- neural /ˈnʊɹəl/ (adjetivo) — neural. Of, or relating to the nerves, neurons or the nervous system.
- occur /əˈkɜː/ (verbo) — ocurrir. To happen or take place.
- quiz /kwɪz/ (sustantivo) — prueba, cuestionario. A competition in the answering of questions.
- compare /kəmˈpɛɚ/ (verbo) — comparar, parangonar. To assess the similarities and differences between two or more things [“to compare X with Y”]. Having made the comparison of X with Y, one might have found it…
- skill /skɪl/ (sustantivo) — destreza, habilidad. A capacity to do something well; a technique, an ability, usually acquired or learned, as opposed to abilities that are regarded as innate.
- involve /ɪnˈvɑlv/ (verbo) — involucrar. To have (something) as a component or a related part; to comprise, to include.
- essentially /ɪˈsɛnʃəli/ (adverbio) — esencialmente, en esencia. In essence: by nature.
- component /kəmˈpoʊ.nənt/ (sustantivo) — componente. A smaller, self-contained part of a larger entity. Often refers to a manufactured object that is part of a larger device.
- passage /ˈpæsɪd͡ʒ/ (sustantivo) — pasaje. A paragraph or section of text or music with particular meaning.
- reflection /ɹɪˈflɛkʃən/ (sustantivo) — reflexión. The act of reflecting or the state of being reflected.
- acquire /əˈkwaɪɚ/ (verbo) — obtener. To get.
- expose /ɪkˈspoʊz/ (verbo) — exponer, develar. To reveal; to uncover; to make visible; to bring to light.
Phrasal verbs que vas a escuchar
- look at (verbo) — mirar, funar. To observe or watch.
- talk about (verbo) — hablar de, hablar sobre. Used to draw attention to the speaker's characterization of someone or something.
Pronunciación a tener en cuenta
El hablante usa 17 contracciones y formas reducidas, como don't, you're, didn't. Dilas en su forma corta, tal como las oyes.
- Los sonidos de “sh” y “zh”: essentially /ɪˈsɛnʃəli/, reflection /ɹɪˈflɛkʃən/, retention /ɹɪˈtɛnʃən/, exposure /ɪkˈspəʊ.ʒə(ɹ)/, acquisition /ˌæk.wɪˈzɪʃ.ən/
- Palabras largas — cuida el acento: mechanism /ˈmɛk.ə.nɪ.zəm/, essentially /ɪˈsɛnʃəli/, naturally /ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/, experiment /ɪkˈspɛɹ.ə.mənt/, acquisition /ˌæk.wɪˈzɪʃ.ən/
Cómo practicar con este vídeo
- Escucha el vídeo entero una vez sin hablar y anota las palabras que no conoces.
- Empieza a velocidad 0,75×, haz shadowing frase por frase y vuelve a la velocidad normal cuando te resulte fácil.
- Grábate y compara con el original, prestando atención a palabras como mechanism, strengthen, removal.
Gramática en este vídeo
Las estructuras que más usa el hablante, con las palabras exactas del vídeo:
| Estructura | En el vídeo |
|---|---|
| Voz pasiva be + participio pasado — importa lo que ocurre, no quién lo hace | are passed · is often discussed · be added |
| Oraciones de relativo who / which + oración — información extra sobre una persona o cosa | plasticity, which is · today, which is · undergo which are |
| Present perfect have/has + participio pasado — una acción pasada que sigue importando ahora | you've acquired · we've been |
¿Qué es la Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing es una técnica de aprendizaje de idiomas respaldada por la ciencia, desarrollada originalmente para la formación de intérpretes profesionales y popularizada por el políglota Dr. Alexander Arguelles. El método es simple pero poderoso: escuchas audio en inglés nativo y lo repites en voz alta de inmediato, como una sombra que sigue al hablante con solo 1-2 segundos de retraso. A diferencia de la escucha pasiva o los ejercicios de gramática, el shadowing obliga a tu cerebro y músculos de la boca a procesar y reproducir simultáneamente patrones de habla reales. Las investigaciones muestran que mejora significativamente la precisión de la pronunciación, la entonación, el ritmo, el habla conectada, la comprensión auditiva y la fluidez al hablar, convirtiéndola en una de las metodologías más efectivas para la preparación del IELTS Speaking y la comunicación en inglés en el mundo real.