शैडोइंग अभ्यास: Why Studying LESS Makes You Learn Faster (Science-Based) - वीडियो के साथ अंग्रेजी बोलना सीखें
अभ्यास मोड चुनें
हर मोड पूरी स्क्रीन का अभ्यास कक्ष खोलता है।
102 वाक्य
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The best way to study and learn is to access components of your memory systems that offset forgetting.
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That is the way to remember things.
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That is the way to gain mastery over them.
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And I'm going to teach you how to best do that using the data gleaned from the peer -reviewed literature.
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Now, before I do that, I want to talk about what learning is.
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Neuroplasticity is this incredible feature of your nervous system, which of course includes your brain and your spinal cord,
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which is the ability for your nervous system to change in response to experience.
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So any form of learning involves neuroplasticity.
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Neuroplasticity, we sometimes hear as neuroplasticity, two words, or neuroplasticity.
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Those are the same thing, essentially.
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The change that underlies neuroplasticity at the level of cells, which we call neurons or nerve cells, generally involves three different mechanisms.
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One is the strengthening of certain connections, what we call synaptic connections.
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Synapses are the location between neurons where they communicate with one another.
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It's actually a gap between the neurons.
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It is technically called the synaptic cleft.
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It's a gap.
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And within that gap, chemicals are passed across that gap that allow one neuron to activate other neurons, or many neurons to activate many other neurons,
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or to inhibit the activity of other neurons.
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So one form of neuroplasticity is the strengthening of connections between neurons.
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Another form of neuroplasticity is the weakening of connections between neurons.
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And yet a third form of plasticity, which is often discussed in the media, but is very rare actually in the nervous system,
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especially the adult nervous system of humans, is neurogenesis or the addition of new neurons.
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Let's just get this out of the way up front because the addition of new neurons, again, grabs so much attention in media articles,
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but it's responsible for a near trivial amount
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of the sort of neuroplasticity that is important for today's discussion or frankly for most all discussions.
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It is true you have a specialized set of neurons in your olfactory bulb that are responsible for smell, as well as a specialized set of neurons in the so -called dentate gyrus of your hippocampus,
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an area of the brain that's important for memory, in which new neurons appear to be added throughout the lifespan,
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but this is not the major mechanism by which learning and memory occurs in humans.
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Rather, the major mechanism by which learning
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and memory occurs in humans is the strengthening of existing connections and the weakening of existing connections,
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or the formation of new connections between already existing neurons, not new neurons.
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Okay?
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Now, the removal
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or weakening of connections between neurons being an important component of neuroplasticity is very important for sake of today's discussion.
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I want to emphasize that when we hear about weakening of connections, we often think, well, that means forgetting, or that means the brain is getting less good.
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However, so much of the neuroplasticity that underlies,
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for instance, the acquisition of a new motor skill is actually the reflection of removal of connections.
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So we don't want to project any kind of value onto a discussion about adding new connections, removing new connections.
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Let's just leave it at this level mechanistically.
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When you hear about neuroplasticity, just know that it could be the consequence of strengthening of connections as well as weakening of connections
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and that neither strengthening of connections in the nervous system nor weakening of connections can map directly to the formation
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or removal of say memories or information.
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Just know that these are the important mechanisms.
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In fact, if you look at a baby that is, let's say, I don't know, nine months old, their motor skills are not terrific typically compared to the motor skills
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that that child will have when they are six or seven years old.
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And believe it or not, the improvement in motor coordination that one observes in humans
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and other species for that matter from birth until the adolescence
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and teen years and adult years is largely the reflection of the removal.
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That's right.
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The removal of neural connections as opposed to the formation of neural connections.
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However, the neural connections that remain become much more robust.
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They become much more reliable.
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Okay.
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So that's the mechanistic backdrop for everything that we're going to talk about today, which is how to study and learn.
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And as I mentioned earlier in my introduction,
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most of learning and remembering new material is about offsetting the forgetting process that naturally occurs anytime we hear new information.
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So, in keeping with what will ultimately reveal itself to be the dominant theme of today's discussion, right now and for reasons that will become clear later,
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I want you to take a brief quiz.
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Now, the moment people hear quiz or test, typically it spikes their adrenaline, they start feeling stressed, but don't worry,
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you're gonna keep your answers to yourself and you're doing this for a very specific purpose.
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Here's...
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My question, this is a two question quiz.
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How many different ways, mechanistically speaking, does neuroplasticity occur?
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Is it one mechanism, two mechanisms, or three mechanisms?
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Or is it four or five?
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Okay.
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Can you name in your head two of the three major changes
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that the nervous system can undergo which are reflective of neuroplasticity?
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Okay, so the answer to question was, is that there are three different modes of neuroplasticity as you recall, or as you may not have been able to recall.
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And by the way, if you were not able to recall the three different modes of neuroplasticity or mechanisms underlying neuroplasticity, that is fine.
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As you'll soon realize, recognizing the errors in your information retention is another critical and very useful way to retain more information,
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even if you got the answer wrong or you didn't know.
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In fact, especially if you got the answer wrong or you didn't know.
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So the three ways are the strengthening of neural connections, second, the weakening of neural connections, and third, through neurogenesis, the addition of new neurons.
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Why did I provide this quiz?
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Why did I test you?
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Well, as you'll soon learn, if you look across the total body of research on how best to study and learn, it involves doing exactly what we just did,
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which is to periodically stop and test yourself on the material that you learned.
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Testing is not just a way of evaluating what knowledge you've acquired and which knowledge you have not managed to acquire.
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It also turns out to be the best tool for offsetting forgetting of any kind.
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This study looked at whether or not studying material four times, so study, study, study, study,
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was better in terms of locking that information into people's minds, allowing them to use that information flexibly, which is an element of creativity,
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essentially giving the mastery of the material.
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Then a different group which studied once, studied the material twice, studied the material three times, then was tested on the material.
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Or a third group that studied material once, then took one, two, yes, three tests on the material.
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Now, so what I just described was three groups, all of whom read a passage.
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This was a passage about animals, about biology, some other topics too in different experiments.
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Again, three groups.
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One group studies four times, then later they take a test.
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The second group studies one, two, three times, takes a test on that material, and then later takes a test.
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The third group studies the material once, then takes three tests on the material and then later takes a test.
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So what's analyzed and compared between these different groups is their performance on that final test.
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That should be pretty much obvious given the way we've been
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going today in this description of tests as a way to offset forgetting.
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Okay.
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So the more tests that you take as a way to expose yourself to the material, the better you're going to perform on that material at some later point.
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Now, of course, at some point you have to be exposed to the material for the first time, right?
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That's why it's studying and learning.
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But after one exposure to new material, taking more tests on that material, even if you don't perform that well on those tests,
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as long as you're able to see the accurate answers to those tests
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and compare your answers to those answers will lead to better performance on the ultimate test
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and retention of that material at some later time.
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इस पाठ की शब्दावली और बोलने के सुझाव
इस वीडियो में शैडोइंग के लिए 102 वाक्य और 1433 शब्द हैं। बोला गया हिस्सा 8:44 लंबा है। वक्ता लगभग 164 शब्द प्रति मिनट की स्वाभाविक गति से बोलता है, जो रोज़मर्रा की बातचीत के करीब है। 82% शब्द अंग्रेज़ी के 3,000 सबसे आम शब्दों में से हैं; बाकी शब्द अभ्यास से पहले देख लेना अच्छा रहेगा।
इस वीडियो की मुख्य शब्दावली
वीडियो के 15 कम प्रचलित शब्द, उच्चारण और अर्थ के साथ:
- mechanism /ˈmɛk.ə.nɪ.zəm/ (संज्ञा) — तंत्र, यंत्रावली. Any mechanical means for the conversion or control of motion, or the transmission or control of power.
- strengthen /ˈstɹɛŋ(k)θən/ (क्रिया) — दृढ़ाना. To make strong or stronger; to add strength to; to increase the strength of; to fortify.
- removal /ɹɪˈmuː.vəl/ (संज्ञा) — बहिष्कार. The process of removing or the fact of being removed.
- neural /ˈnʊɹəl/ (विशेषण) — तंत्रिकीय. Of, or relating to the nerves, neurons or the nervous system.
- occur /əˈkɜː/ (क्रिया) — बीतना. To happen or take place.
- quiz /kwɪz/ (संज्ञा) — क्विज़, प्रश्नोत्तरी. A competition in the answering of questions.
- compare /kəmˈpɛɚ/ (क्रिया) — तौलना. To assess the similarities and differences between two or more things [“to compare X with Y”]. Having made the comparison of X with Y, one might have found it…
- skill /skɪl/ (संज्ञा) — कुशलता, कौशल. A capacity to do something well; a technique, an ability, usually acquired or learned, as opposed to abilities that are regarded as innate.
- reflection /ɹɪˈflɛkʃən/ (संज्ञा) — परावर्तन, प्रतिबिंब. The act of reflecting or the state of being reflected.
- expose /ɪkˈspoʊz/ (क्रिया) — खोलना, उघाड़ना. To reveal; to uncover; to make visible; to bring to light.
- mastery /ˈmæs.tɚ.i/ (संज्ञा) — काबू. The position or authority of a master; dominion; command; supremacy; superiority.
- topic /ˈtɑpɪk/ (संज्ञा) — प्रसंग, विषय. A subject; a theme; a category or general area of interest.
- element /ˈɛləmənt/ (संज्ञा) — तत्त्व. One of the simplest or essential parts or principles of which anything consists, or upon which the constitution or fundamental powers of anything are based.
- experiment /ɪkˈspɛɹ.ə.mənt/ (संज्ञा) — प्रयोग, तजुर्बा. A test under controlled conditions made to either demonstrate a known truth, examine the validity of a hypothesis, or determine the efficacy or likelihood of…
- reliable /ɹɪˈlaɪəbl̩/ (विशेषण) — निष्ठावान. Suitable or fit to be relied on; worthy of dependence, reliance or trust; dependable, trustworthy
वीडियो में आने वाली फ़्रेज़ल वर्ब
- look at (क्रिया) — हेरना. To observe or watch.
ध्यान देने योग्य उच्चारण
वक्ता 17 बार संक्षिप्त रूपों का प्रयोग करता है, जैसे don't, you're, didn't। इन्हें वैसे ही छोटा बोलें जैसा आप सुनते हैं।
- “sh” और “zh” की ध्वनियाँ: essentially /ɪˈsɛnʃəli/, reflection /ɹɪˈflɛkʃən/, retention /ɹɪˈtɛnʃən/, exposure /ɪkˈspəʊ.ʒə(ɹ)/, acquisition /ˌæk.wɪˈzɪʃ.ən/
- लंबे शब्द — बलाघात सही रखें: mechanism /ˈmɛk.ə.nɪ.zəm/, essentially /ɪˈsɛnʃəli/, naturally /ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/, experiment /ɪkˈspɛɹ.ə.mənt/, acquisition /ˌæk.wɪˈzɪʃ.ən/
इस वीडियो से अभ्यास कैसे करें
- पहले बिना बोले पूरा वीडियो एक बार सुनें और जो शब्द नहीं आते उन्हें लिख लें।
- 0.75× गति से शुरू करें, एक-एक वाक्य की शैडोइंग करें, और सहज लगने पर सामान्य गति पर लौटें।
- अपनी आवाज़ रिकॉर्ड करें और मूल से तुलना करें, ख़ासकर mechanism, strengthen, removal जैसे शब्दों पर ध्यान दें।
इस वीडियो का व्याकरण
वक्ता जिन संरचनाओं का सबसे अधिक प्रयोग करता है, वीडियो के असली शब्दों के साथ:
| संरचना | वीडियो में |
|---|---|
| Passive voice be + past participle — ज़ोर इस पर कि क्या होता है, न कि कौन करता है | is technically called · are passed · is often discussed |
| Relative clauses who / which + उपवाक्य — व्यक्ति या वस्तु के बारे में अतिरिक्त जानकारी | plasticity, which is · today, which is · undergo which are |
| Present perfect have/has + past participle — बीता हुआ काम जिसका असर अभी भी है | you've acquired · we've been |
शैडोइंग तकनीक क्या है?
शैडोइंग (Shadowing) एक विज्ञान-समर्थित भाषा सीखने की तकनीक है जो मूल रूप से पेशेवर दुभाषिया प्रशिक्षण के लिए विकसित की गई थी। विधि सरल लेकिन शक्तिशाली है: आप मूल अंग्रेज़ी ऑडियो सुनते हैं और तुरंत इसे ज़ोर से दोहराते हैं — जैसे वक्ता की छाया 1-2 सेकंड की देरी से। शोध से पता चलता है कि यह उच्चारण सटीकता, स्वर, लय, जुड़ी हुई ध्वनियाँ, सुनने की समझ और बोलने की प्रवाहशीलता में काफ़ी सुधार करता है।