Pratique du Shadowing: Contemporary Topics 2 Unit 9 PUBLIC HEALTH Global epidemic - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo
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112 phrases
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Today we're going to look at a relatively new global epidemic.
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Now, when most people hear the word epidemic, they think of an infectious disease that spreads quickly, like hepatitis or Ebola.
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However, infectious diseases are just one type of epidemic.
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Today we're going to talk about another kind of epidemic, one that is non-infectious.
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This is the epidemic of obesity, which is now officially a global health problem.
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Obesity is a health condition in which a person has an excess amount of body fat.
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The World Health Organization, also known as the WHO, measures obesity by Body Mass Index, or BMI.
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The formula for calculating your BMI is your body weight in kilograms divided by your height in meters squared.
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An adult BMI of 18.5 to 25 is considered normal, 30 and up is considered obese.
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According to the WHO, worldwide obesity has more than doubled in the past 35 years.
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Today, approximately 600 million adults are considered obese, and obesity in children has increased sharply.
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One of the countries with the highest percentage of obese people is the United States, with a whopping 33% according to the National Institutes of Health.
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That's probably no surprise because the US, like the UK and Japan, is a developed country.
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But what's important to point out is
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that the number of individuals classified as obese is now increasing at a faster rate in economically developing countries,
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like Brazil, China and India.
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And surprisingly, the rate of increase for children in these economically developing countries is 30% greater than in developed countries.
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So, that's what's going on.
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The world is putting on weight at an alarming rate.
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Today, we want to look at the causes of this new epidemic, which are economic, social and behavioural.
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From an economic standpoint, something has clearly changed.
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In the past, obesity was considered a disease of affluence.
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This means that typically only affluent people became obese.
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Why?
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Because wealthy people were the ones who could afford to eat lots of rich foods
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and enjoy the leisurely kinds of lifestyles that led to being overweight.
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Nowadays, obesity is no longer just a disease of the affluent.
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Increasingly, we're witnessing the occurrence of obesity all over the world with middle and low income people.
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Why?
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Because more and more people are adopting a modern lifestyle.
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Increased use of technology for work and leisure, less physical activity, greater use of cars,
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growing access to inexpensive, high-fat, high-sugar fast food.
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But there's something else going on here.
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We're seeing a social or cultural shift.
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The food people prefer is changing.
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We now see fast food replacing traditional food in many parts of the world.
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We're also seeing a behavioural shift.
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The role of food is changing.
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Food is being used as entertainment, as a stress release.
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We all have easy access to sweet and fatty foods and drinks.
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Modern life also presents conveniences that give us choices about activity.
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If you can take the escalator or walk up the stairs in a train station, which will you choose?
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If you can drive your car versus biking to work or school, what will you decide?
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If you can play a video game or take a walk, which will you do?
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So in addition to economics, social and behavioural factors contribute to obesity.
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In short, we're seeing that as countries develop economically,
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people make lifestyle changes that seem like improvements but actually have a negative impact on their health.
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So, we know obesity is a growing global epidemic.
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And we also know from research that any successful obesity treatment program must have a three-level approach.
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It must focus on nutrition, lifestyle and strong community support.
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So what can and are public health workers doing to respond to this epidemic?
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First, for nutrition people are encouraged to eat more fruits, vegetables and grains, less sugar and fat.
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And families are encouraged to have shared meal times rather than grabbing fast foods throughout the day.
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In Finland, for example, officials are addressing the problem of obesity in children by changing the food standards in daycares and schools.
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They're working to reduce access to sugary, high-fat snacks and drinks in school vending machines.
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In another example, China now has a national healthy eating campaign that encourages people to eat a more traditional diet
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and less fast food.
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Second, for lifestyle.
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We know children need 60 minutes of vigorous physical activity every day
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and for adults at least 30 minutes a day is recommended
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but we also know it doesn't work simply to tell people to be more active.
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We have to find ways to include activity into daily routines.
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A number of global companies like Genentech and Zappos are now including dance classes and gym sessions during the work day.
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And schools in Japan are now implementing new guidelines to be
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sure students get a minimum of an hour of physical activity during the school day.
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And third, we know that individuals are only likely to change their habits if they have strong group support.
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Community-based programs can be set up at a school, at a college, at at a company in a neighborhood.
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We can see examples of this kind of support happening in Nigeria, where there are neighborhood programs to teach families about nutrition,
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or in the US, where cities organize programs like Keep Moving or Weight Loss programs.
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To sum up, we know obesity is now a global epidemic.
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The fact that the rate is increasing, especially for children, is a call to action.
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And there are complex economic, social and behavioural factors why people become obese.
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I'd like you to make a list of five questions you would ask
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if you were a public health worker assigned to talk to a family that was obese.
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What questions would you ask about their daily habits and lifestyle?
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OK, see you next time.
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If everyone is ready, we can begin.
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First off, what did everyone think about calling obesity a global epidemic?
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Hugh, any thoughts?
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Well, I never thought about it as an epidemic or a worldwide epidemic.
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But I do see a lot more overweight people now than I'm used to.
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I've always thought of obesity as more of a problem in countries like the U.S., not in developing countries.
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Shelly, any thoughts?
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Umm, to me, the big concern is the rate of increase in developing countries.
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Especially for children.
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That's the big concern.
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Yes, the rate is alarmed.
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Is that the right word?
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Uh, oh, uh, alarming.
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Yeah, the rate is alarming.
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But easy to understand.
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Right.
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Every kid now wants to play video games and eat snacks full of fat and sugar.
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What kid wants to go outside and play football?
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Same for adults.
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Though my friends and I, we...
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So you're an adult, Ben?
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Yes, I'm an adult.
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And my friends and I, we...
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We're more concerned about our lifestyle.
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You know, what we eat.
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Healthy living.
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Is that like.. happening a lot these days?
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More and more, I think.
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For instance, my friends and I will cook together, rather than ordering a pizza and watching TV.
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So, wait, is that an example of food as entertainment, as the lecturer mentioned?
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No, the food as entertainment was meant in a negative way.
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This is more like community support for healthy choices.
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Ah, okay, I see.
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Right.
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Hey, guys, nice discussion discussion.
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See everyone in class!
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Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon
Cette leçon d’expression orale de niveau B2 s’appuie sur la vidéo « Contemporary Topics 2 Unit 9 PUBLIC HEALTH Global epidemic ». Les mots qui reviennent le plus souvent : obesity, epidemic, countries, obese, lifestyle. Cette vidéo contient 112 phrases et 1234 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 9:05. Le locuteur parle à un rythme régulier d’environ 136 mots par minute, confortable pour le shadowing. 83 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais ; le reste mérite d’être vu avant de commencer.
Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo
Les 15 mots les plus avancés de la vidéo, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| obesity nom | /ə(ʊ)ˈbiːsɪti/ | obésité |
| epidemic nom | /ˌɛpɪˈdɛmɪk/ | épidémie |
| obese adjectif | /oʊˈbis/ | obèse |
| behavioural adjectif | /bɪˈheɪvjɚəl/ | comportemental |
| infectious adjectif | /ɪnˈfɛk.ʃəs/ | contagieux |
| nutrition nom | /njuːˈtɹɪʃ.ən/ | nutrition |
| affluent adjectif | /ˈæf.lu.ənt/ | abondant |
| overweight adjectif | /ˌoʊvɚˈweɪt/ | en surpoids |
| snack nom | /snæk/ | casse-croûte m or casse-croute, hors-d'œuvre |
| affluence nom | /ˈæf.lu.əns/ | opulence |
| classify verbe | /ˈklæs.əˌfaɪ/ | classifier |
| daycare nom | /ˈdeɪkeə(ɹ)/ | garderie |
| escalator nom | /ˈɛs.kə.leɪ.tɚ/ | escalator, escalier mécanique |
| guideline nom | /ˈɡaɪdˌlaɪn/ | directive, grande ligne |
| kilogram nom | /ˈkɪləɡɹæm/ | kilogramme, kilo |
Les verbes à particule que vous entendrez
| Mot | Sens |
|---|---|
| point out verbe | pointer |
Des phrases à répéter
Des phrases courtes et complètes de la vidéo, à réutiliser dans la conversation de tous les jours :
- We're seeing a social or cultural shift.
- We're also seeing a behavioural shift.
- What questions would you ask about their daily habits and lifestyle?
- We're more concerned about our lifestyle.
La grammaire de cette vidéo
Les structures que le locuteur utilise le plus, avec les mots exacts de la vidéo :
| Structure | Dans la vidéo |
|---|---|
| Voix passive be + participe passé — l’accent est mis sur ce qui arrive, pas sur qui le fait | is considered · are considered · was considered |
| Propositions relatives who / which + proposition — une précision sur une personne ou une chose | obesity, which is · epidemic, which are · ones who could |
| Present perfect have/has + participe passé — une action passée qui compte encore maintenant | has increased · I've always thought |
Prononciation à surveiller
Le locuteur utilise 14 contractions et formes réduites, comme we're, I'm, doesn't. Prononcez-les sous leur forme courte, telles que vous les entendez.
- Les sons « sh » et « zh »: infectious /ɪnˈfɛk.ʃəs/, nutrition /njuːˈtɹɪʃ.ən/, leisurely /ˈliʒɚli/, shelly /ˈʃɛli/, sharply /ˈʃɑɹpli/
- Mots longs — placez bien l’accent: obesity /ə(ʊ)ˈbiːsɪti/, epidemic /ˌɛpɪˈdɛmɪk/, economically /ˌiː.kəˈnɒm.ɪ.kli/, escalator /ˈɛs.kə.leɪ.tɚ/, hepatitis /ˌhɛpəˈtaɪ̯tɪs/
Les sons difficiles pour les francophones :
- /h/ — il se souffle, il n’est pas muet: behavioural /bɪˈheɪvjɚəl/, whopping /ˈ(h)wɑpɪŋ/, hepatitis /ˌhɛpəˈtaɪ̯tɪs/
- /tʃ/ et /dʒ/ — à ne pas adoucir en « ch » et « j »: lecturer /ˈlɛkt͡ʃəɹə/, vegetable /ˈvɛd͡ʒ.tə.bəl/
- /r/ anglais — langue recourbée, sans frotter la gorge: nutrition /njuːˈtɹɪʃ.ən/, daycare /ˈdeɪkeə(ɹ)/, kilogram /ˈkɪləɡɹæm/, vigorous /ˈvɪɡəɹəs/, lecturer /ˈlɛkt͡ʃəɹə/
Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo
- Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
- Répétez phrase par phrase à vitesse normale, en reprenant chacune jusqu’à ce que votre rythme corresponde à celui du locuteur.
- Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme obesity, epidemic, obese.
Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?
Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.