Pratique du Shadowing: How to Answer System Design Interview Questions (Complete Guide) - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo
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99 phrases
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Let's talk about how to answer system design questions.
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One of the interviews you'll likely need to prepare for
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if you're applying for a technical role like software engineer or technical program manager is a system design interview.
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Before we dive into how to answer a system design question, let's talk about what its purpose actually is.
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This interview evaluates your ability to design a system or architecture to solve a complex problem in a real world setting.
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Bear in mind that it doesn't really aim test your ability to create a 100% perfect solution.
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Instead, it assesses your ability to design the blueprint of the architecture,
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analyze a complex problem, discuss multiple solutions and clearly weigh the pros and cons to reach a workable solution.
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So now that we know what this interview is and what it's testing for, let's talk about how to approach it.
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Now, unlike a coding interview, a system design interview usually involves open-ended design problems,
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which means that it's really helpful to use a framework to organize your thoughts quickly and answer the question systematically.
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Pun intended.
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After all, you're being asked to solve a problem
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that would take a whole team of engineers to solve in the real world, and you need to do it in only 45 minutes.
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So a framework helps us to manage time, communicate very clearly, and build towards a productive outcome logically.
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Once you're familiar with the framework, you can apply it every time you encounter a system design interview question.
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So what's the framework?
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There are five steps.
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Step one, define the problem space.
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Here, we understand the problem and define the scope of the design.
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It's your job to ask lots of questions in order to shrink the scope of the problem from broad
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and vague to narrow and specific with system constraints.
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You really want to avoid jumping into the design without doing this first.
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Then you want to clarify both functional and non-functional requirements.
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What's in and out of scope?
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Remember to state your assumptions and decisions to your interviewer so that they know where you're at.
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Think of it like taking your interviewer on a guided tour.
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Make sure you're explicitly taking them with you and explaining every step of the journey.
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Also consider whether you're creating the system from scratch.
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Who are our clients or consumers?
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Do we need to talk to pieces of the existing system?
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What are those existing pieces?
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think about the non-functional requirements of the system design.
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These might be linked to business objectives or user experience, for example, availability, consistency, speed,
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security, reliability, and even cost.
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If you've identified a lot of design constraints and feel that some are more important than others, then focus on the ones that are the most critical.
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Make sure to explain your reasoning to your interviewer and check in with them, though.
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Or your interviewer may be interested in a particular aspect of the system, so listen to their hints if they nudge you in one direction.
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Don't get bogged down trying to nail every requirement.
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You still need to move on to actually answering the question.
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Next, you might need to estimate the amount of data that you're dealing with so you can do some quick calculations.
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For example, you can calculate storage size or bandwidth requirements.
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This will help you choose components and give you an idea of what scaling might look like later.
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You can also make some assumptions about user volume and typical user behavior.
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But as always, check with your interviewer if these assumptions match their expectations.
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All right, step two, design the system at a high level.
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This is where we lay out the most fundamental pieces of the system
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and illustrate how they work together to achieve the desired functionality, keeping in mind the constraints that you set in step one.
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You don't really need to get into the nitty gritty details at this stage.
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You can start We start by designing APIs, which are like a contract that defines how a client can access your system's resources.
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Each system requirement should translate to one or more APIs.
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You can choose what type of APIs you want to use, for example, REST, SOAP, GraphQL, or RPC, and explain why.
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That's the important part.
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You should also consider the request parameters and the response type.
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These APIs become the foundation of your system's architecture.
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After the APIs, think about how the client and web server will communicate.
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Then, using all these decisions, create a high-level design diagram.
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The diagram should act as a blueprint of your design and highlight the most critical pieces to fulfill the functional requirements.
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Use this diagram to show the interviewer how the data and control flow look like in your system.
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Do not dive into the scalability of the system yet.
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That's going to come later.
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Step 3.
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Deep dive into the design.
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This is when you can examine system components and relationships in more detail.
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The interviewer may also prompt you to focus on a particular area, but don't rely on them to drive the conversation.
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Start by talking about how non-functional requirements impact your design choices.
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For example, if an online system requires fresh data, think about how to speed up the data ingestion processing and query process.
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Or if the amount of data you need to store is large, you might want to partition the database to balance storage and query traffic.
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You might also need to consider some load balancer layers to distribute the read-write traffic.
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There's a lot to consider, and no single correct answer.
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The most critical thing is that you present different design options along with their pros
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and cons and explain why one is preferred over the other under the given circumstances.
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That's one of the main skills that you're really being tested on.
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Alright, step four.
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Identify bottlenecks and scaling opportunities.
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After completing a deep dive into the system's components, it's time to zoom out and consider whether the system can operate under various conditions and has room to support further growth.
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Here are some important questions to consider.
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Is there a single point of failure?
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If so, what can we do to improve the robustness and enhance the system's availability?
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Is the data valuable enough to require replication?
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If we replicate our data, how important is it to keep all the versions consistent?
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Do we support a global service?
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If so, do we need to deploy multi-geo data centers to improve data locality?
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Are there any edge cases, such as peak time usage or hot users
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that create a particular usage pattern that could deteriorate performance or even break the system?
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How do we scale the system to support 10 times more users?
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As we scale the system, we might want to gradually upgrade each component or migrate to another architecture.
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This is where knowledge of concepts such as horizontal sharding, CDN, which is content delivery networks,
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caching, rate limiting, and SQL NoSQL databases is especially useful.
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Check out our other content to learn more about those.
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Step five, review and wrap up.
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Finally, this is the last step.
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It's time to summarize and list your major decisions with their justifications and any trade-offs in space,
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time, complexity, etc. Check that your design satisfies all the requirements, although you really should be doing this periodically throughout the interview.
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You could also identify directions for further improvement.
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In total, this interview takes about 45 minutes, with five of those usually reserved for introductions at the beginning
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and any questions you'd like to ask the interviewer at the end.
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Check out our website for additional interview prep content, coaching, and tons of mock interviews to help you put your best foot forward.
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Good luck!
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Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon
Cette vidéo contient 99 phrases et 1305 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 7:02. Le locuteur parle vite, environ 186 mots par minute : attendez-vous à des liaisons et à des sons réduits. 83 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais ; le reste mérite d’être vu avant de commencer.
Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo
15 mots moins courants de la vidéo, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :
- requirement /ɹɪˈkwaɪɹmənt/ (nom) — exigence, besoin. A necessity or prerequisite; something required or obligatory. Its adpositions are generally of in relation to who or what has given it, on in relation to whom…
- interviewer /ˈɪntɚvjuɚ/ (nom) — intervieweur, intervieweuse. One who interviews.
- functional /ˈfʌŋkt͡ʃənəl/ (adjectif) — fonctionnel. In good working order.
- architecture /ˈɑː.kɪˌtɛk.t͡ʃə/ (nom) — architecture. The art and science of designing and managing the construction of buildings and other structures, particularly if they are well proportioned and decorated.
- component /kəmˈpoʊ.nənt/ (nom) — composant. A smaller, self-contained part of a larger entity. Often refers to a manufactured object that is part of a larger device.
- dive /daɪv/ (verbe) — nager, plonger. To swim under water.
- solve /sɒlv/ (verbe) — résoudre, régler. To find an answer or solution to a problem or question; to work out.
- define /dɪˈfaɪn/ (verbe) — déterminer. To determine with precision; to mark out with distinctness; to ascertain or exhibit clearly.
- scope /skəʊp/ (nom) — portée. The breadth, depth or reach of a subject; the extent of applicability or relevance; a domain, purview or remit.
- assumption /əˈsʌm(p).ʃ(ə)n/ (nom) — assomption. The act of assuming, or taking to or upon oneself; the act of taking up or adopting.
- diagram /ˈdaɪ.ə.ɡɹæm/ (nom) — diagramme, schéma. A plan, drawing, sketch or outline to show the function or operation of something, or to show the relationships between the parts of a whole.
- database /ˈdeɪtəˌbeɪs/ (nom) — base de données, banque de données. A collection of (usually) organized information in a regular structure, usually but not necessarily in a machine-readable format accessible by a computer.
- con /kɑn/ (verbe) — duper, escroquer. To trick, lie or defraud, usually for personal gain.
- usage /ˈjuːsɪd͡ʒ/ (nom) — usage. A custom or established practice.
- communicate /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/ (verbe) — communiquer. To impart or transmit (information or knowledge) to someone; to make known, to tell.
Les verbes à particule que vous entendrez
- think about /ˈθɪŋk əˌbaʊt/ (verbe) — penser à, réfléchir à. To ponder.
- check out (verbe) — mater, regarder. To record the departure or withdrawal of someone or something (such as guests, employees, books, etc.).
- deal with (verbe) — traiter. To handle verbally or in some form of artistic expression; to address or discuss as a subject.
- rely on (verbe) — se fier à, compter sur. To be confident in.
- speed up /spiːdˈʌp/ (verbe) — accélérer. To accelerate; to increase speed.
- wrap up (verbe) — emballer. To cover or enclose (something) by folding and securing a covering entirely around it.
- zoom out /ˌzuːm ˈaʊt/ (verbe) — dézoomer. To decrease the focal length of a zoom lens in order to obtain a reduced magnification of the image, or a wider-angle view.
Prononciation à surveiller
Le locuteur utilise 15 contractions et formes réduites, comme you're, don't, doesn't. Prononcez-les sous leur forme courte, telles que vous les entendez.
- Les sons « sh » et « zh »: assumption /əˈsʌm(p).ʃ(ə)n/, expectation /ˌɛk.spɛkˈteɪ.ʃən/, justification /ˌd͡ʒʌstɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/, calculation /ˌkælkjuˈleɪʃn̩/, partition /pɑɹˈtɪ.ʃən/
- Mots longs — placez bien l’accent: architecture /ˈɑː.kɪˌtɛk.t͡ʃə/, communicate /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/, availability /əˌveɪ.ləˈbɪl.ɪ.ti/, fundamental /ˌfʌn.dəˈmɛn.təl/, complexity /kəmˈplɛk.sɪ.ti/
Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo
- Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
- Commencez à la vitesse 0,75×, répétez phrase par phrase, puis revenez à la vitesse normale quand cela devient facile.
- Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme requirement, interviewer, functional.
La grammaire de cette vidéo
Les structures que le locuteur utilise le plus, avec les mots exacts de la vidéo :
| Structure | Dans la vidéo |
|---|---|
| Voix passive be + participe passé — l’accent est mis sur ce qui arrive, pas sur qui le fait | being asked · might be linked · is preferred |
| Propositions relatives who / which + proposition — une précision sur une personne ou une chose | ones that are · APIs, which are · CDN, which is |
Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?
Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.