Shadowing Practice: How to Answer System Design Interview Questions (Complete Guide) - Learn English Speaking with Video

בחר מצב תרגול

כל מצב פותח חדר תרגול במסך מלא.

99 משפטים
אם המשפטים קצרים או ארוכים מדי, לחץ על ערוך כדי להתאים אותם.
1
Let's talk about how to answer system design questions.
2
One of the interviews you'll likely need to prepare for
3
if you're applying for a technical role like software engineer or technical program manager is a system design interview.
4
Before we dive into how to answer a system design question, let's talk about what its purpose actually is.
5
This interview evaluates your ability to design a system or architecture to solve a complex problem in a real world setting.
6
Bear in mind that it doesn't really aim test your ability to create a 100% perfect solution.
7
Instead, it assesses your ability to design the blueprint of the architecture,
8
analyze a complex problem, discuss multiple solutions and clearly weigh the pros and cons to reach a workable solution.
9
So now that we know what this interview is and what it's testing for, let's talk about how to approach it.
10
Now, unlike a coding interview, a system design interview usually involves open-ended design problems,
11
which means that it's really helpful to use a framework to organize your thoughts quickly and answer the question systematically.
12
Pun intended.
13
After all, you're being asked to solve a problem
14
that would take a whole team of engineers to solve in the real world, and you need to do it in only 45 minutes.
15
So a framework helps us to manage time, communicate very clearly, and build towards a productive outcome logically.
16
Once you're familiar with the framework, you can apply it every time you encounter a system design interview question.
17
So what's the framework?
18
There are five steps.
19
Step one, define the problem space.
20
Here, we understand the problem and define the scope of the design.
21
It's your job to ask lots of questions in order to shrink the scope of the problem from broad
22
and vague to narrow and specific with system constraints.
23
You really want to avoid jumping into the design without doing this first.
24
Then you want to clarify both functional and non-functional requirements.
25
What's in and out of scope?
26
Remember to state your assumptions and decisions to your interviewer so that they know where you're at.
27
Think of it like taking your interviewer on a guided tour.
28
Make sure you're explicitly taking them with you and explaining every step of the journey.
29
Also consider whether you're creating the system from scratch.
30
Who are our clients or consumers?
31
Do we need to talk to pieces of the existing system?
32
What are those existing pieces?
33
think about the non-functional requirements of the system design.
34
These might be linked to business objectives or user experience, for example, availability, consistency, speed,
35
security, reliability, and even cost.
36
If you've identified a lot of design constraints and feel that some are more important than others, then focus on the ones that are the most critical.
37
Make sure to explain your reasoning to your interviewer and check in with them, though.
38
Or your interviewer may be interested in a particular aspect of the system, so listen to their hints if they nudge you in one direction.
39
Don't get bogged down trying to nail every requirement.
40
You still need to move on to actually answering the question.
41
Next, you might need to estimate the amount of data that you're dealing with so you can do some quick calculations.
42
For example, you can calculate storage size or bandwidth requirements.
43
This will help you choose components and give you an idea of what scaling might look like later.
44
You can also make some assumptions about user volume and typical user behavior.
45
But as always, check with your interviewer if these assumptions match their expectations.
46
All right, step two, design the system at a high level.
47
This is where we lay out the most fundamental pieces of the system
48
and illustrate how they work together to achieve the desired functionality, keeping in mind the constraints that you set in step one.
49
You don't really need to get into the nitty gritty details at this stage.
50
You can start We start by designing APIs, which are like a contract that defines how a client can access your system's resources.
51
Each system requirement should translate to one or more APIs.
52
You can choose what type of APIs you want to use, for example, REST, SOAP, GraphQL, or RPC, and explain why.
53
That's the important part.
54
You should also consider the request parameters and the response type.
55
These APIs become the foundation of your system's architecture.
56
After the APIs, think about how the client and web server will communicate.
57
Then, using all these decisions, create a high-level design diagram.
58
The diagram should act as a blueprint of your design and highlight the most critical pieces to fulfill the functional requirements.
59
Use this diagram to show the interviewer how the data and control flow look like in your system.
60
Do not dive into the scalability of the system yet.
61
That's going to come later.
62
Step 3.
63
Deep dive into the design.
64
This is when you can examine system components and relationships in more detail.
65
The interviewer may also prompt you to focus on a particular area, but don't rely on them to drive the conversation.
66
Start by talking about how non-functional requirements impact your design choices.
67
For example, if an online system requires fresh data, think about how to speed up the data ingestion processing and query process.
68
Or if the amount of data you need to store is large, you might want to partition the database to balance storage and query traffic.
69
You might also need to consider some load balancer layers to distribute the read-write traffic.
70
There's a lot to consider, and no single correct answer.
71
The most critical thing is that you present different design options along with their pros
72
and cons and explain why one is preferred over the other under the given circumstances.
73
That's one of the main skills that you're really being tested on.
74
Alright, step four.
75
Identify bottlenecks and scaling opportunities.
76
After completing a deep dive into the system's components, it's time to zoom out and consider whether the system can operate under various conditions and has room to support further growth.
77
Here are some important questions to consider.
78
Is there a single point of failure?
79
If so, what can we do to improve the robustness and enhance the system's availability?
80
Is the data valuable enough to require replication?
81
If we replicate our data, how important is it to keep all the versions consistent?
82
Do we support a global service?
83
If so, do we need to deploy multi-geo data centers to improve data locality?
84
Are there any edge cases, such as peak time usage or hot users
85
that create a particular usage pattern that could deteriorate performance or even break the system?
86
How do we scale the system to support 10 times more users?
87
As we scale the system, we might want to gradually upgrade each component or migrate to another architecture.
88
This is where knowledge of concepts such as horizontal sharding, CDN, which is content delivery networks,
89
caching, rate limiting, and SQL NoSQL databases is especially useful.
90
Check out our other content to learn more about those.
91
Step five, review and wrap up.
92
Finally, this is the last step.
93
It's time to summarize and list your major decisions with their justifications and any trade-offs in space,
94
time, complexity, etc. Check that your design satisfies all the requirements, although you really should be doing this periodically throughout the interview.
95
You could also identify directions for further improvement.
96
In total, this interview takes about 45 minutes, with five of those usually reserved for introductions at the beginning
97
and any questions you'd like to ask the interviewer at the end.
98
Check out our website for additional interview prep content, coaching, and tons of mock interviews to help you put your best foot forward.
99
Good luck!

הורד אפליקציה

כל מה שאתה צריך כדי לדבר בשטף

הגיית AIציון לכל משפט
תרגול IPAשלוט בכל צליל
אוצר מיליםבנה את מאגר המילים שלך
משחק אוצר מיליםלמד תוך כדי משחק
סרוק QR
סרוק QR
Download on theApp StoreGet it onGoogle Play

אותו ערוץ

Uber Data Engineering Mock Interview - Ride-Sharing Data Warehouse SchemaC1
1

Uber Data Engineering Mock Interview - Ride-Sharing Data Warehouse Schema

Interview EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
What is an API?B1
2

What is an API?

University StudentsWorking Adults
System Design Mock Interview: Design Facebook MessengerC1
4

System Design Mock Interview: Design Facebook Messenger

Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
System Design Mock Interview: Design WhatsAppC1
2

System Design Mock Interview: Design WhatsApp

Business EnglishInterview EnglishUniversity Students
Senior Product Designer Mock Interview: App Critique of YelpB2
2

Senior Product Designer Mock Interview: App Critique of Yelp

Business EnglishInterview EnglishUniversity Students
Understanding TCP vs UDPC1

Understanding TCP vs UDP

University StudentsWorking Adults
FULL Data Science Mock Interview | SQL, Statistics, BusinessB2
1

FULL Data Science Mock Interview | SQL, Statistics, Business

Interview EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
What REALLY Happens in Meta’s AI Product Sense RoundC1
4

What REALLY Happens in Meta’s AI Product Sense Round

Business EnglishInterview EnglishUniversity Students
Anthropic Culture Fit | Behavioral InterviewB2

Anthropic Culture Fit | Behavioral Interview

Business EnglishInterview EnglishUniversity Students
FOR YOU

המלץ על סרטון

IT System Administrator Interview Questions and Answers | How to Pass an IT System Admin InterviewC1
2
188 משפטים

IT System Administrator Interview Questions and Answers | How to Pass an IT System Admin Interview

Business EnglishInterview EnglishUniversity Students
Learn Marketing Case Interviews in 8 MinutesC1
14
122 משפטים

Learn Marketing Case Interviews in 8 Minutes

Business EnglishInterview EnglishUniversity Students
How to Become a Great Software Developer — Best Advice from Top-Notch EngineersC1
2
129 משפטים

How to Become a Great Software Developer — Best Advice from Top-Notch Engineers

Business EnglishInterview EnglishUniversity Students
CAP Theorem in System Design InterviewsC1
3
200 משפטים

CAP Theorem in System Design Interviews

Business EnglishInterview EnglishUniversity Students
[2026] TOEFL iBT Speaking Take an Interview | Step-by-Step Strategies #0008C1
2
160 משפטים

[2026] TOEFL iBT Speaking Take an Interview | Step-by-Step Strategies #0008

TOEFL PrepBusiness EnglishInterview English
2025 DevOps, SRE, Cloud Engineer Interview Questions: Ace Your Interview with This GuideC1
7
198 משפטים

2025 DevOps, SRE, Cloud Engineer Interview Questions: Ace Your Interview with This Guide

Business EnglishInterview EnglishUniversity Students
Top 5 Product Manager Interview Questions & How to AnswerC1
2
218 משפטים

Top 5 Product Manager Interview Questions & How to Answer

Business EnglishInterview EnglishUniversity Students
CIVIL ENGINEERING INTERVIEW QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS! (Become A Civil Engineer)C1
1
122 משפטים

CIVIL ENGINEERING INTERVIEW QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS! (Become A Civil Engineer)

Business EnglishInterview EnglishUniversity Students
A/B Testing in Data Science Interviews by a Google Data Scientist | DataInterviewC1
2
257 משפטים

A/B Testing in Data Science Interviews by a Google Data Scientist | DataInterview

Business EnglishInterview EnglishUniversity Students
Distributed Task Scheduler: System Design Interview (Stripe & Amazon Offers)C1
8
324 משפטים

Distributed Task Scheduler: System Design Interview (Stripe & Amazon Offers)

Business EnglishInterview EnglishUniversity Students
What do Design Managers do?B2
1
4 משפטים

What do Design Managers do?

Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults

אוצר מילים והערות הגייה לשיעור הזה

שיעור הדיבור הזה ברמה C1 מבוסס על הסרטון “How to Answer System Design Interview Questions”. המילים שחוזרות הכי הרבה: design, interview, step, interviewer, requirement. בסרטון הזה יש 99 משפטים ו-1305 מילים לתרגול Shadowing. הדיבור נמשך 7:02. הדובר מדבר מהר, כ-186 מילים בדקה, אז צפו לצלילים מחוברים ומקוצרים. 83% מהמילים נמצאות בין 3,000 המילים הנפוצות ביותר באנגלית; כדאי ללמוד את השאר לפני שמתחילים.

אוצר מילים מרכזי בסרטון הזה

15 המילים המתקדמות ביותר בסרטון, עם ההגייה והמשמעות שלהן:

מילההגייהמשמעות
diagram שם עצם/ˈdaɪ.ə.ɡɹæm/תַּרְשִׁים
assumption שם עצם/əˈsʌm(p).ʃ(ə)n/השערה hash'ará, הנחה hanakhá
deteriorate פועל/dɪˈtɪɹ.iə.ɹeɪt/דרדר, החמיר
preposition שם עצם/ˌpɹɛpəˈzɪʃən/מילת יחס, מִלַּת יַחַס
summarize פועל/ˈsʌməˌɹaɪz/סיכם
systematically תואר הפועל/ˌsɪs.təˈmæt.ɪ.kli/שִׁיטָתִית, סִיסְטֶמָטִית
bandwidth שם עצם/ˈbændwɪdθ/רוחב פס
cache שם עצם/kæʃ/מִצְבּוֹר, מַחְבּוֹא
circumstance שם עצם/ˈsɝ.kəmˌstæns/נסיבות
illustrate פועל/ˈɪl.əˌstɹeɪt/הִמְחִישׁ
calculation שם עצם/ˌkælkjuˈleɪʃn̩/חִשׁוּב \ חישוב
distribute פועל/dɪˈstɹɪbjuːt/חילק
mock פועל/mɑk/סנט
clarify פועל/ˈklæɹ.ɪ.faɪ/הבהיר
fulfill פועל/fʊlˈfɪl/קִיֵּם

Phrasal verbs שתשמעו

מילהמשמעות
check out פועלבדק

משפטים שכדאי לחזור עליהם

משפטים קצרים ושלמים מהסרטון שאפשר להשתמש בהם בשיחה יומיומית:

  • Let's talk about how to answer system design questions.
  • What's in and out of scope?
  • Also consider whether you're creating the system from scratch.
  • Who are our clients or consumers?
  • Do we support a global service?

דקדוק בסרטון הזה

המבנים שהדובר משתמש בהם הכי הרבה, עם המילים המדויקות מהסרטון:

מבנהבסרטון
סביל (Passive voice) be + past participle — הדגש הוא על מה שקורה, לא על מי שעושה את הפעולהbeing asked · might be linked · is preferred
משפטי זיקה (Relative clauses) who / which + clause — מידע נוסף על אדם או דברones that are · APIs, which are · CDN, which is

הגייה ששווה לשים לב אליה

הדובר משתמש ב-15 קיצורים וצורות מקוצרות, כמו you're, don't, doesn't. אמרו אותם בצורה הקצרה, כפי שאתם שומעים אותם.

  • הצלילים של “sh” ו-“zh”: assumption /əˈsʌm(p).ʃ(ə)n/, preposition /ˌpɹɛpəˈzɪʃən/, replication /ɹɛplɪˈkeɪʃən/, cache /kæʃ/, partition /pɑɹˈtɪ.ʃən/
  • מילים ארוכות — שימו לב להטעמה: deteriorate /dɪˈtɪɹ.iə.ɹeɪt/, preposition /ˌpɹɛpəˈzɪʃən/, replication /ɹɛplɪˈkeɪʃən/, scalability /ˌskeɪ.ləˈbɪl.ɪ.ti/, systematically /ˌsɪs.təˈmæt.ɪ.kli/

צלילים שדוברי עברית מתקשים בהם:

  • /w/ — שפתיים מעוגלות, לא /v/: query /ˈkwɪɹ.i/, bandwidth /ˈbændwɪdθ/, weigh /weɪ/
  • /æ/ — פתוח יותר מה-“אֶ” העברית, לא כמו “a” ב-“cup”: diagram /ˈdaɪ.ə.ɡɹæm/, balancer /ˈbæ.lən.sɚ/, systematically /ˌsɪs.təˈmæt.ɪ.kli/, parameter /pəˈɹæm.ə.tɚ/, bandwidth /ˈbændwɪdθ/
  • /r/ — הלשון לא נוגעת בשום מקום, לא ה-“ר” הגרונית: constraint /kənˈstɹeɪnt/, diagram /ˈdaɪ.ə.ɡɹæm/, blueprint /ˈbluːˌpɹɪnt/, query /ˈkwɪɹ.i/, deteriorate /dɪˈtɪɹ.iə.ɹeɪt/

איך לתרגל עם הסרטון הזה

  1. הקשיבו לכל הסרטון פעם אחת בלי לדבר, ורשמו את המילים שאתם לא מכירים.
  2. התחילו במהירות 0.75×, תרגלו Shadowing משפט אחר משפט, וחזרו למהירות רגילה כשזה מרגיש קל.
  3. הקליטו את עצמכם והשוו למקור, תוך תשומת לב למילים כמו diagram, assumption, deteriorate.

מהי טכניקת השאדואינג?

שאדואינג היא טכניקת למידת שפה מבוססת מדע שפותחה במקור להכשרת מתורגמנים מקצועיים ופופולרית על ידי הפוליגלוט ד"ר אלכסנדר ארגואלס. השיטה פשוטה אך עוצמתית: אתה מקשיב לאודיו באנגלית ילידית וחוזר עליו בקול רם מיד — כמו צל העוקב אחרי הדובר עם עיכוב של 1–2 שניות בלבד. בניגוד להאזנה פסיבית או תרגילי דקדוק, שאדואינג מכריח את המוח והשרירים בפה לעבד ולשחזר דפוסי דיבור אמיתיים בו זמנית. מחקרים מראים שזה משפר משמעותית את דיוק ההגייה, האינטונציה, הקצב, הדיבור המחובר, הבנת השמיעה ושטף הדיבור — מה שהופך אותו לאחת השיטות היעילות ביותר להכנה לIELTS Speaking ולתקשורת באנגלית בעולם האמיתי.

טכניקת Shadowing: קרא את המדריך המלא שלב אחר שלב →