Pratique du Shadowing: The problem with Roberto De Zerbi's football - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo
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For a long time, the received wisdom of football tactics was as follows.
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Attack big spaces, defend small spaces.
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This makes sense.
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You defend small spaces and attack open spaces because it makes the task of attacking and defending easier.
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Pep Guardiola's football, however, turned this logic on its head.
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Citing the inspiration of Marcela Bielsa, Guardiola's football sought instead to compact the space that you attacked and leave space behind you open to defend,
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defend, all through possessing the ball.
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The downsides are obvious – you leave a lot of space behind you to defend.
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But the upsides are that you get more players in attacking positions
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and that if you lose the ball you're actually quite far away from your own goal.
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Plus, you prepare a rest defence to deal with these situations.
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It might not sound that radical now, but this was the foundation for Guardiola's domination of the game.
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The problem is that you need an incredibly high level of technical
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and physical players in your squad in order to play this way.
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So, after years of attempting to imitate Guardiola's style, inevitably other coaches started to look back to the old received wisdom to interrogate it for new ideas.
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One of these coaches was the young Italian Roberto Di Zerbi.
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What follows is a story from the new book, The Spectre of Pep, How Guardiola Haunts Modern Football by John McKenzie.
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This was adapted for video, so is much shorter than the original, which contains far more detail and is is worth reading.
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You can find a link to buy the book in the description.
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The origin story of De Zerbi's tactical approach is told by
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one of the players he coached at Foggia right at the outset of his coaching career.
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Antonio Vacker had grown up a keen futsal and five-a-side player in Naples, the town where he was from.
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On the Neapolitan futsal courts, he developed a habit of controlling the ball with the sole of his foot, something that irked his coach at Foggia.
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At times, De Zerbi would stop a training session to lecture Vacker about his habit, telling him that it was fine to use his sole from time to time, but only when it was absolutely necessary.
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If he didn't need to, then he shouldn't.
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And for the most part, Wacker took the criticism on board and got on with practice.
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But on one occasion, he didn't.
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Wacker himself recounts the story.
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My teammates on the opposing side weren't stepping out to press me.
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So the coach kept telling me, pass it, move it.
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So I replied, coach, if our opponents on Sunday come here
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and play for a point and I move it without getting one of them to jump and press the ball, it's no use.
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I argued that if I put the sole of my foot on the ball and lured the opponent out, I've invited him to press me.
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As he does that, we can break the line with a pass."
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Calling out a coach like that in the middle of a practice session could have backfired, but eight years later Dezebbi would credit Wacker with having provided him with the tool through
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which to implement one of the fundamental principles of his tactical philosophy – baiting the press.
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The concept of press baiting is the in-possession counterpart to the out-of-possession concept of low blocking.
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Where the low block drags the opposition forward in their attempt to score a goal, the press bait drags the opposition forward in their attempt to win possession of the ball back.
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The result can be the same in both scenarios though, creating the conditions to attack large spaces, like the old logic says.
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De Zerbe had found a way to get the same benefits of low block encounter football, but without having to give up the ball to do so.
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When it comes to playing through the press, De Zerbi's teams use quick changes of tempo to aid them.
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He teaches his players to quickly calculate if they have a territorial overload
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or not by counting the number of defenders the opposition have in their backline.
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If Brighton, for example, have three attackers in their front line, but the opposition have four defenders in their backline,
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plus a goalkeeper, obviously, the Brighton players should instantly know that they have an extra player, as well as a goalkeeper, deeper in the field.
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In these instances, De Zerbi tells his team to develop the play slowly.
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If, however, the opposition only have three defenders in their backline, taking your goalkeeper out of the equation,
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you now know that you have a situation of numerical equality with their opposition.
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In these conditions, De Zerbi encourages his team to play vertically, essentially faster, longer balls, to try and take advantage of an improved balance up front,
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where your attackers are now 1v1 with their defenders.
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So baiting the press opens out the possibility of a return to the old logics – defend small spaces, attack big ones.
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But there are similarities to Guardiola's football.
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While Guardiola's teams have to break down a low block deep in the opponent's half, Di Zerbi's teams have to break a high press deep in their own half.
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For Guardiola, the opponent must be forced backwards into their own penalty area to elicit a form of control.
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For Di Zerbi, they must be pulled forwards to create space that could be exploited.
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However, there is a problem here.
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In Guardiola's case, the opponents are forced backwards.
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This is about imposing a state of affairs on the opposition.
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They must drop deeper.
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On the other hand, De Zerbi's approach provokes.
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In other words, success requires a voluntary action on the part of the opponent.
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The reality is, the success of De Zerbi's approach contains within itself the conditions of its own failure.
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What happens if the opposition stops accepting the bait in the first place?
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In these instances, without the opponent jumping up and looking to generate numerical equality against De Zerbi's build-up unit, the players are encouraged to build up less vertically,
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essentially adopting an approach to ball progression that you might expect to see a Guardiola team using.
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But De Zerbi's teams tend to be structured around the fundamentals of the vertical game, both in terms of tactical instruction and squad building.
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As a result, a team who are built to generate space through enticement will struggle when coming up against the low block.
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For example, when Dezerbi was at Brighton, both David Moyes' West Ham and Sean Dyches' Everton caused him problems with a well-structured lower block,
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which could quickly decompress into dangerous fast attacks running through the wide channels.
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In the end, then, Dezerbi finds himself caught between these two modes.
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The better his team has become at creating at exploiting space through baiting, the more likely his opponents will be to refuse to allow them any space,
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and the effectiveness of his approach gradually reduces.
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At Brighton, a 6th placed finish in his first season was followed up by an 11th placed finish in his second,
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as more and more teams refused to acquiesce to the provocation.
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If De Zerbe, at an elite club, had access to the kinds of resources needed to overcome the tactical problems his system produces, it could be different.
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Until then, though, he will continue to remain the victim of his own success.
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Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon
Cette leçon d’expression orale de niveau C1 s’appuie sur la vidéo « The problem with Roberto De Zerbi's football ». Les mots qui reviennent le plus souvent : space, ball, press, opposition, player. Cette vidéo contient 76 phrases et 1248 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 6:36. Le locuteur parle vite, environ 189 mots par minute : attendez-vous à des liaisons et à des sons réduits. Seuls 79 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais, le vocabulaire est donc exigeant.
Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo
Les 15 mots les plus avancés de la vidéo, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| bait nom | /beɪt/ | appât |
| tactical adjectif | /ˈtæktɪk(ə)l/ | tactique |
| goalkeeper nom | /ˈɡoʊl.kiːpɚ/ | gardien de but, gardienne de but |
| futsal nom | /ˈfʊtsæl/ | futsal |
| vertically adverbe | /ˈvɝ.tɪ.kəli/ | verticalement |
| numerical adjectif | /n(j)uːˈmɛɹ.ɪ.kəl/ | numérique |
| backward adjectif | /ˈbækwɚd/ | en arrière |
| exploit nom | /ˈɛksplɔɪt/ | exploit |
| acquiesce verbe | /ˌækwiˈɛs/ | acquiescer |
| backfire verbe | /bækˈfaɪə(ɹ)/ | se retourner contre, avoir l'effet inverse |
| decompress verbe | /diːkəmˈpɹɛs/ | décomprimer |
| elicit verbe | /ɪˈlɪsɪt/ | susciter |
| imitate verbe | /ˈɪmɪteɪt/ | imiter |
| interrogate verbe | /ɪnˈtɛɹəɡeɪt/ | interroger |
| outset nom | /ˈaʊtsɛt/ | début |
Les verbes à particule que vous entendrez
| Mot | Sens |
|---|---|
| build up verbe | s'accumuler, s'entasser |
| break down verbe | tomber en panne |
| call out verbe | préciser, spécifier |
| get on with verbe | retourner à |
| give up verbe | se rendre |
| grow up verbe | grandir |
La grammaire de cette vidéo
Les structures que le locuteur utilise le plus, avec les mots exacts de la vidéo :
| Structure | Dans la vidéo |
|---|---|
| Voix passive be + participe passé — l’accent est mis sur ce qui arrive, pas sur qui le fait | was adapted · is told · must be forced |
| Present perfect have/has + participe passé — une action passée qui compte encore maintenant | I've invited · has become |
Prononciation à surveiller
Le locuteur utilise 6 contractions et formes réduites, comme didn't, I've, shouldn't. Prononcez-les sous leur forme courte, telles que vous les entendez.
- Les sons « sh » et « zh »: provocation /ˌpɹɑvəˈkeɪʃən/, domination /ˌdɑːməˈneɪʃən/, progression /pɹəˈɡɹɛʃən/, equation /ɪˈkweɪ.ʒən/
- Mots longs — placez bien l’accent: vertically /ˈvɝ.tɪ.kəli/, numerical /n(j)uːˈmɛɹ.ɪ.kəl/, interrogate /ɪnˈtɛɹəɡeɪt/, provocation /ˌpɹɑvəˈkeɪʃən/, similarity /ˌsɪm.ɪˈlæɹ.ɪ.ti/
Les sons difficiles pour les francophones :
- /r/ anglais — langue recourbée, sans frotter la gorge: numerical /n(j)uːˈmɛɹ.ɪ.kəl/, backfire /bækˈfaɪə(ɹ)/, decompress /diːkəmˈpɹɛs/, interrogate /ɪnˈtɛɹəɡeɪt/, provocation /ˌpɹɑvəˈkeɪʃən/
Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo
- Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
- Commencez à la vitesse 0,75×, répétez phrase par phrase, puis revenez à la vitesse normale quand cela devient facile.
- Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme bait, tactical, goalkeeper.
Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?
Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.