शैडोइंग अभ्यास: The problem with Roberto De Zerbi's football - वीडियो के साथ अंग्रेजी बोलना सीखें
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For a long time, the received wisdom of football tactics was as follows.
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Attack big spaces, defend small spaces.
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This makes sense.
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You defend small spaces and attack open spaces because it makes the task of attacking and defending easier.
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Pep Guardiola's football, however, turned this logic on its head.
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Citing the inspiration of Marcela Bielsa, Guardiola's football sought instead to compact the space that you attacked and leave space behind you open to defend,
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defend, all through possessing the ball.
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The downsides are obvious – you leave a lot of space behind you to defend.
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But the upsides are that you get more players in attacking positions
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and that if you lose the ball you're actually quite far away from your own goal.
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Plus, you prepare a rest defence to deal with these situations.
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It might not sound that radical now, but this was the foundation for Guardiola's domination of the game.
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The problem is that you need an incredibly high level of technical
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and physical players in your squad in order to play this way.
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So, after years of attempting to imitate Guardiola's style, inevitably other coaches started to look back to the old received wisdom to interrogate it for new ideas.
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One of these coaches was the young Italian Roberto Di Zerbi.
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What follows is a story from the new book, The Spectre of Pep, How Guardiola Haunts Modern Football by John McKenzie.
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This was adapted for video, so is much shorter than the original, which contains far more detail and is is worth reading.
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You can find a link to buy the book in the description.
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The origin story of De Zerbi's tactical approach is told by
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one of the players he coached at Foggia right at the outset of his coaching career.
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Antonio Vacker had grown up a keen futsal and five-a-side player in Naples, the town where he was from.
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On the Neapolitan futsal courts, he developed a habit of controlling the ball with the sole of his foot, something that irked his coach at Foggia.
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At times, De Zerbi would stop a training session to lecture Vacker about his habit, telling him that it was fine to use his sole from time to time, but only when it was absolutely necessary.
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If he didn't need to, then he shouldn't.
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And for the most part, Wacker took the criticism on board and got on with practice.
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But on one occasion, he didn't.
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Wacker himself recounts the story.
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My teammates on the opposing side weren't stepping out to press me.
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So the coach kept telling me, pass it, move it.
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So I replied, coach, if our opponents on Sunday come here
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and play for a point and I move it without getting one of them to jump and press the ball, it's no use.
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I argued that if I put the sole of my foot on the ball and lured the opponent out, I've invited him to press me.
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As he does that, we can break the line with a pass."
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Calling out a coach like that in the middle of a practice session could have backfired, but eight years later Dezebbi would credit Wacker with having provided him with the tool through
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which to implement one of the fundamental principles of his tactical philosophy – baiting the press.
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The concept of press baiting is the in-possession counterpart to the out-of-possession concept of low blocking.
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Where the low block drags the opposition forward in their attempt to score a goal, the press bait drags the opposition forward in their attempt to win possession of the ball back.
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The result can be the same in both scenarios though, creating the conditions to attack large spaces, like the old logic says.
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De Zerbe had found a way to get the same benefits of low block encounter football, but without having to give up the ball to do so.
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When it comes to playing through the press, De Zerbi's teams use quick changes of tempo to aid them.
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He teaches his players to quickly calculate if they have a territorial overload
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or not by counting the number of defenders the opposition have in their backline.
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If Brighton, for example, have three attackers in their front line, but the opposition have four defenders in their backline,
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plus a goalkeeper, obviously, the Brighton players should instantly know that they have an extra player, as well as a goalkeeper, deeper in the field.
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In these instances, De Zerbi tells his team to develop the play slowly.
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If, however, the opposition only have three defenders in their backline, taking your goalkeeper out of the equation,
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you now know that you have a situation of numerical equality with their opposition.
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In these conditions, De Zerbi encourages his team to play vertically, essentially faster, longer balls, to try and take advantage of an improved balance up front,
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where your attackers are now 1v1 with their defenders.
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So baiting the press opens out the possibility of a return to the old logics – defend small spaces, attack big ones.
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But there are similarities to Guardiola's football.
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While Guardiola's teams have to break down a low block deep in the opponent's half, Di Zerbi's teams have to break a high press deep in their own half.
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For Guardiola, the opponent must be forced backwards into their own penalty area to elicit a form of control.
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For Di Zerbi, they must be pulled forwards to create space that could be exploited.
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However, there is a problem here.
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In Guardiola's case, the opponents are forced backwards.
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This is about imposing a state of affairs on the opposition.
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They must drop deeper.
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On the other hand, De Zerbi's approach provokes.
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In other words, success requires a voluntary action on the part of the opponent.
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The reality is, the success of De Zerbi's approach contains within itself the conditions of its own failure.
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What happens if the opposition stops accepting the bait in the first place?
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In these instances, without the opponent jumping up and looking to generate numerical equality against De Zerbi's build-up unit, the players are encouraged to build up less vertically,
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essentially adopting an approach to ball progression that you might expect to see a Guardiola team using.
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But De Zerbi's teams tend to be structured around the fundamentals of the vertical game, both in terms of tactical instruction and squad building.
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As a result, a team who are built to generate space through enticement will struggle when coming up against the low block.
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For example, when Dezerbi was at Brighton, both David Moyes' West Ham and Sean Dyches' Everton caused him problems with a well-structured lower block,
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which could quickly decompress into dangerous fast attacks running through the wide channels.
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In the end, then, Dezerbi finds himself caught between these two modes.
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The better his team has become at creating at exploiting space through baiting, the more likely his opponents will be to refuse to allow them any space,
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and the effectiveness of his approach gradually reduces.
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At Brighton, a 6th placed finish in his first season was followed up by an 11th placed finish in his second,
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as more and more teams refused to acquiesce to the provocation.
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If De Zerbe, at an elite club, had access to the kinds of resources needed to overcome the tactical problems his system produces, it could be different.
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Until then, though, he will continue to remain the victim of his own success.
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आप क्या सीखेंगे
इस वीडियो के माध्यम से, आप कुछ महत्वपूर्ण बोलने के कौशल विकसित करेंगे। सबसे पहले, आप समझेंगे कि कैसे खेल के भीतर स्थान का प्रबंधन किया जाता है और इसे बातचीत में कैसे व्यक्त किया जा सकता है। दूसरा, आप "पासिंग" और "प्रेसिंग" जैसे फुटबॉल के तकनीकी शब्दों के उपयोग के माध्यम से अपनी बातचीत में गहराई ला सकेंगे। अंत में, आप अपने विचारों को स्पष्ट और प्रभावी ढंग से व्यक्त करने की तकनीकें सीखेंगे, जो आपकी अंग्रेजी उच्चारण में सुधार करने में मदद करेंगी।
इन ध्वनियों पर ध्यान दें
वीडियो में आप जो सुनेंगे, उसमें कई प्रकार की ध्वनियों का समावेश है, जैसे कि जुड़े हुए शब्द, लिंकिंग, और कम की गई ध्वनियां। उदाहरण के लिए, जब वक्ता तेजी से बात करते हैं, तो अक्सर वे कुछ ध्वनियों को आपस में जोड़ते हैं, जैसे "आन" और "द" को मिलाकर "आंद" बना देते हैं। ऐसे उदाहरणों पर ध्यान देने से आप अपने उच्चारण में सुधार कर सकते हैं और श्रोताओं के साथ बेहतर तरीके से जुड़ सकते हैं। जब आप इन ध्वनियों को सुनते हैं, तो आपको इसे "शैडो स्पीक" अभ्यास के माध्यम से दोहराना चाहिए, जिससे आप उनकी स्वाभाविक गति और लय को पकड़ सकें।
नैटीव की तरह कहें
जब आप वीडियो में वक्ता की बातों को सुनते हैं, तो उनकी लय और तनाव को ध्यान से सुनें। वक्ता की आवाज़ में जो ऊँचाई और नीचाई होती है, उसे अपने बोलने के तरीके में मिलाने की कोशिश करें। यह आपको अपने अंग्रेजी बोलने के कौशल को सुधारने में मदद करेगा। अगर आप "शैडो स्पीक" तकनीक का उपयोग करते हैं, तो आप स्पष्टता के साथ-साथ प्रवाह भी विकसित कर सकते हैं। साथ ही, जब आप किसी संवाद को दोहराते हैं, तो अपने शरीर की मुद्रा और चेहरे के हाव-भाव पर भी ध्यान दें, क्योंकि ये सभी तत्व प्रभावी संचार में महत्वपूर्ण होते हैं।
इन तकनीकों का अभ्यास करने से, आप न केवल अपने अंग्रेजी उच्चारण में सुधार करेंगे, बल्कि संवाद के दौरान अधिक आत्मविश्वास भी महसूस करेंगे। अगर आप इन कौशलों को नियमित रूप से अभ्यास में लाते हैं, तो निश्चित रूप से आप एक बेहतर वक्ता बनेंगे।
इस वीडियो का व्याकरण
वक्ता जिन संरचनाओं का सबसे अधिक प्रयोग करता है, वीडियो के असली शब्दों के साथ:
| संरचना | वीडियो में |
|---|---|
| Passive voice be + past participle — ज़ोर इस पर कि क्या होता है, न कि कौन करता है | was adapted · is told · must be forced |
| Present perfect have/has + past participle — बीता हुआ काम जिसका असर अभी भी है | I've invited · has become |
शैडोइंग तकनीक क्या है?
शैडोइंग (Shadowing) एक विज्ञान-समर्थित भाषा सीखने की तकनीक है जो मूल रूप से पेशेवर दुभाषिया प्रशिक्षण के लिए विकसित की गई थी। विधि सरल लेकिन शक्तिशाली है: आप मूल अंग्रेज़ी ऑडियो सुनते हैं और तुरंत इसे ज़ोर से दोहराते हैं — जैसे वक्ता की छाया 1-2 सेकंड की देरी से। शोध से पता चलता है कि यह उच्चारण सटीकता, स्वर, लय, जुड़ी हुई ध्वनियाँ, सुनने की समझ और बोलने की प्रवाहशीलता में काफ़ी सुधार करता है।