Pratique du Shadowing: What is Urban Planning? - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo
Création de la leçon...
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What is urban planning?
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That's a simple question, but it has a complicated answer.
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The word plan is fairly common in the English language.
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If you ask somebody about their plans for the weekend, for instance, you can expect an answer in reply, even if that person you asked hadn't planned a response.
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A different kind of planning, frequently discussed in the news and government, is a lot harder to describe.
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You've probably heard some
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or all of these terms used before urban planning community planning
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city planning regional planning there are also climate action plans capital investment plans transportation plans
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and strategic plans there are
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so many kinds of plans it can be hard to tell them apart it gets even more confusing
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when engineers architects or politicians not planners are making some of those plans it's okay
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if your understanding of planning drops off somewhere between weekend plans
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and urban plans I'm here to help
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so what is urban planning there is a specific professional field
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known as planning you can get a degree in planning
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and they get hired to a job as a planner planners can get professionally certified
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and earn a graduate degree in planning professional planners spend their days writing
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and implementing plans so let's say
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that one of the definitions of planning is work done by planners but that's obviously a bit too simplistic
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All of these varieties of planning have one thing in common, preparing for the future.
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Other professions do it too, but preparing for the future is the primary motivation of urban planners.
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How will people get around in the future?
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Where will people live and work in the future?
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How will all of the systems required to support those people, electrical grids, sewers, and the water supply, fit into the city?
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These are all questions that planners are working to answer using tools and policies specific to the field of planning.
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The numerous considerations raised by those questions again reintroduce the possibility of architects, engineers, and politicians doing some of the planning.
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So where does urban planning fit in all these different kinds of planning?
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The complexity of planning for the future creates a need for an intermediary between different communities and related professional fields,
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and their fundamental intersectionality is one of the ways that urban planners distinguish themselves from these other professions.
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You'll often hear planners say that they are professional generalists or that they wear many hats.
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Planners are like a Swiss army knife in the city building process, which is another reason planners are sometimes confused with engineers, architects, or politicians.
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Given their flexibility, another one of the most important roles for planners is engaging with the public.
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Planning for the future in today's complex world means addressing the hopes and ambitions of a diverse collection of humans,
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workers of all varieties, residents who live in all sorts of homes and in all kinds of household arrangements, and communities and cultures originating from all over the world.
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Planners are the first to gather feedback from the public to inform a comprehensive vision of the future.
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The next step in the planning process is synthesizing all
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that information and communicating a vision of the future for approval by a governing body, like a city council or a county board of supervisors.
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The approval process can be intensely political, so planning is also fundamentally political.
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In many cities, planners will also manage the implementation of that approved vision by enforcing the legal tools of planning, usually known as zoning codes.
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There is a clear distinction between the process of planning for a city's future and the process of implementing that vision,
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but planners will be involved in both to ensure the city evolves as planned.
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Another way to understand planning is by studying the way the field has changed throughout history
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and how that evolution is reflected in the world of today.
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A few men from history had the opportunity to plan cities from scratch, like Pierre -Charles L 'Enfant in Washington DC,
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Daniel Burnham in Chicago, or George Eugene Hausman in Paris.
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Other very powerful men from the 20th century, like Robert Moses and Le Corbusier, transformed entire neighborhoods and cities to fit their preferred model.
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And yes, in the past it was mostly men doing the planning.
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After zoning codes gained popularity in the early 20th century, planners began to focus almost entirely on land use,
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and planning began to mean the process of deciding where to locate residential office retail
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and industrial uses in new
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and existing cities the desire to separate residential uses from noxious
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industrial uses enabled by the mass production of the automobile
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and a massive government program to build interstate highways represents a significant step toward creating the mostly suburban
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and sprawling country we live in today in the 21st century planning is much more grassroots
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and orientation inspired by the writings of jane Jacobs,
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among others, and enshrined in legal and political tools designed to protect the interests and values of local residents, businesses, and communities.
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the term urban planning rather than city planning has become more
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popular as the public has taken a renewed interest in cities
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and as the environmental
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and economic consequences of the 20th century model of planning have
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become apparent to this day numerous debates contest the future of urban planning
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and planning continues to evolve as a result big questions will
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determine the kinds of values embedded in contemporary plans like how to address climate change and housing affordability,
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how to overcome a long history of racist and discriminatory regulatory practices, and how much planners should regulate the form of buildings, not just the use of land.
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The answers to those questions will shape the world of the mid - and long -term future.
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So what are your plans?
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Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon
Cette vidéo contient 66 phrases et 974 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 5:52. Le locuteur parle à un rythme naturel d’environ 166 mots par minute, proche d’une conversation courante. 83 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais ; le reste mérite d’être vu avant de commencer.
Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo
15 mots de la vidéo à retenir, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| planner nom | /ˈplænɚ/ | agenda |
| politician nom | /ˌpɑ.ləˈtɪʃ.ən/ | politique, politicien |
| architect nom | /ˈɑɹ.kɪˌtɛkt/ | architecte |
| resident nom | /ˈɹɛzɪdənt/ | résident, résidente |
| residential adjectif | /ˌrɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl/ | résidentiel |
| implement verbe | /ˈɪmpləmənt/ | appliquer, exécuter |
| profession nom | /pɹəˈfɛʃ.ən/ | profession |
| evolve verbe | /ɪˈvɑlv/ | élaborer |
| earn verbe | /ɝn/ | gagner |
| complicated adjectif | /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/ | compliqué, alambiqué |
| confused adjectif | /kənˈfjuːzd/ | désorienté, perdu |
| household adjectif | /ˈhaʊshoʊld/ | domestique |
| strategic adjectif | /stɹəˈti.dʒɪk/ | stratégique |
| worker nom | /ˈwɝ.kɚ/ | travailleur, travailleuse |
| racist nom | /ˈɹeɪ.sɪst/ | raciste |
Les verbes à particule que vous entendrez
| Mot | Sens |
|---|---|
| drop off verbe | s’endormir, tomber |
La grammaire de cette vidéo
Les structures que le locuteur utilise le plus, avec les mots exacts de la vidéo :
| Structure | Dans la vidéo |
|---|---|
| Present perfect have/has + participe passé — une action passée qui compte encore maintenant | You've probably heard · has changed · has become |
| Voix passive be + participe passé — l’accent est mis sur ce qui arrive, pas sur qui le fait | will be involved · is reflected |
Prononciation à surveiller
Le locuteur utilise 4 contractions et formes réduites, comme hadn't, I'm, you'll. Prononcez-les sous leur forme courte, telles que vous les entendez.
- Les sons « th »: gather /ˈɡæðɚ/, synthesize /ˈsɪnθəsaɪz/
- Les sons « sh » et « zh »: politician /ˌpɑ.ləˈtɪʃ.ən/, residential /ˌrɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl/, profession /pɹəˈfɛʃ.ən/, evolution /ˌiːvəˈluːʃ(ə)n/, implementation /ˌɪmplɪmənˈteɪʃən/
- Mots longs — placez bien l’accent: politician /ˌpɑ.ləˈtɪʃ.ən/, residential /ˌrɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl/, complicated /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/, electrical /ɪˈlɛktɹɪkəl/, evolution /ˌiːvəˈluːʃ(ə)n/
Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo
- Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
- Commencez à la vitesse 0,75×, répétez phrase par phrase, puis revenez à la vitesse normale quand cela devient facile.
- Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme planner, politician, architect.
Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?
Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.