शैडोइंग अभ्यास: What is Urban Planning? - वीडियो के साथ अंग्रेजी बोलना सीखें
पाठ बनाया जा रहा है...
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What is urban planning?
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That's a simple question, but it has a complicated answer.
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The word plan is fairly common in the English language.
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If you ask somebody about their plans for the weekend, for instance, you can expect an answer in reply, even if that person you asked hadn't planned a response.
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A different kind of planning, frequently discussed in the news and government, is a lot harder to describe.
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You've probably heard some
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or all of these terms used before urban planning community planning
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city planning regional planning there are also climate action plans capital investment plans transportation plans
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and strategic plans there are
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so many kinds of plans it can be hard to tell them apart it gets even more confusing
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when engineers architects or politicians not planners are making some of those plans it's okay
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if your understanding of planning drops off somewhere between weekend plans
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and urban plans I'm here to help
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so what is urban planning there is a specific professional field
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known as planning you can get a degree in planning
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and they get hired to a job as a planner planners can get professionally certified
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and earn a graduate degree in planning professional planners spend their days writing
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and implementing plans so let's say
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that one of the definitions of planning is work done by planners but that's obviously a bit too simplistic
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All of these varieties of planning have one thing in common, preparing for the future.
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Other professions do it too, but preparing for the future is the primary motivation of urban planners.
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How will people get around in the future?
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Where will people live and work in the future?
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How will all of the systems required to support those people, electrical grids, sewers, and the water supply, fit into the city?
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These are all questions that planners are working to answer using tools and policies specific to the field of planning.
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The numerous considerations raised by those questions again reintroduce the possibility of architects, engineers, and politicians doing some of the planning.
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So where does urban planning fit in all these different kinds of planning?
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The complexity of planning for the future creates a need for an intermediary between different communities and related professional fields,
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and their fundamental intersectionality is one of the ways that urban planners distinguish themselves from these other professions.
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You'll often hear planners say that they are professional generalists or that they wear many hats.
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Planners are like a Swiss army knife in the city building process, which is another reason planners are sometimes confused with engineers, architects, or politicians.
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Given their flexibility, another one of the most important roles for planners is engaging with the public.
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Planning for the future in today's complex world means addressing the hopes and ambitions of a diverse collection of humans,
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workers of all varieties, residents who live in all sorts of homes and in all kinds of household arrangements, and communities and cultures originating from all over the world.
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Planners are the first to gather feedback from the public to inform a comprehensive vision of the future.
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The next step in the planning process is synthesizing all
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that information and communicating a vision of the future for approval by a governing body, like a city council or a county board of supervisors.
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The approval process can be intensely political, so planning is also fundamentally political.
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In many cities, planners will also manage the implementation of that approved vision by enforcing the legal tools of planning, usually known as zoning codes.
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There is a clear distinction between the process of planning for a city's future and the process of implementing that vision,
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but planners will be involved in both to ensure the city evolves as planned.
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Another way to understand planning is by studying the way the field has changed throughout history
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and how that evolution is reflected in the world of today.
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A few men from history had the opportunity to plan cities from scratch, like Pierre -Charles L 'Enfant in Washington DC,
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Daniel Burnham in Chicago, or George Eugene Hausman in Paris.
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Other very powerful men from the 20th century, like Robert Moses and Le Corbusier, transformed entire neighborhoods and cities to fit their preferred model.
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And yes, in the past it was mostly men doing the planning.
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After zoning codes gained popularity in the early 20th century, planners began to focus almost entirely on land use,
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and planning began to mean the process of deciding where to locate residential office retail
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and industrial uses in new
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and existing cities the desire to separate residential uses from noxious
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industrial uses enabled by the mass production of the automobile
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and a massive government program to build interstate highways represents a significant step toward creating the mostly suburban
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and sprawling country we live in today in the 21st century planning is much more grassroots
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and orientation inspired by the writings of jane Jacobs,
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among others, and enshrined in legal and political tools designed to protect the interests and values of local residents, businesses, and communities.
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the term urban planning rather than city planning has become more
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popular as the public has taken a renewed interest in cities
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and as the environmental
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and economic consequences of the 20th century model of planning have
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become apparent to this day numerous debates contest the future of urban planning
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and planning continues to evolve as a result big questions will
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determine the kinds of values embedded in contemporary plans like how to address climate change and housing affordability,
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how to overcome a long history of racist and discriminatory regulatory practices, and how much planners should regulate the form of buildings, not just the use of land.
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The answers to those questions will shape the world of the mid - and long -term future.
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So what are your plans?
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पहली छापें
यह वीडियो "शहरी योजना" के बारे में है और इसमें कुछ महत्वपूर्ण बातें साझा की गई हैं जो अंग्रेजी बोलने के अभ्यास के लिए उत्कृष्ट सामग्री प्रदान करती हैं। इसमें "योजना" शब्द का उपयोग किया गया है, जो बहुत सामान्य है, लेकिन इसके विभिन्न प्रकार और जटिलताएँ इसे एक दिलचस्प विषय बनाती हैं। इस वीडियो में विभिन्न प्रकार की योजनाओं जैसे "शहरी योजना", "सामुदायिक योजना" और "क्षेत्रीय योजना" का उल्लेख किया गया है। ये सभी विषय न केवल ज्ञानवर्धक हैं, बल्कि आपके अंग्रेजी उच्चारण में सुधार के लिए भी बेहतरीन हैं।
इसे तोड़ें
वीडियो में कुछ वाक्य हैं जो बहुत स्वाभाविक लगते हैं। आइए उनमें से कुछ को देखें:
- “आपने शायद इन शर्तों में से कुछ सुने हैं:” यह वाक्य प्रश्न के रूप में दर्शकों को जोड़ता है और उन्हें सोचने पर मजबूर करता है।
- “योजना का एक विशेष पेशेवर क्षेत्र है जिसे योजना कहा जाता है।” यह स्पष्ट और सीधा है, जो समझ को बढ़ाता है।
- “भविष्य के लिए तैयारी करना शहरी योजनाकारों का प्राथमिक उद्देश्य है।” यह वाक्य उद्देश्य को स्पष्ट करता है और इसे सुनने में सरल बनाता है।
इन वाक्यों की संरचना और शैली उन्हें स्वाभाविक बनाती है, जिससे आप अपनी उच्चारण में सुधार कर सकते हैं। इन वाक्यों को ध्यान से सुनें और उन्हें दोहराने का प्रयास करें, आपको "शैडो स्पीच" तकनीक का उपयोग करते हुए अपने उच्चारण में सुधार करने में मदद मिलेगी।
अभ्यास रूटीन
इस वीडियो के लिए एक साधारण दोहराने और रिकॉर्ड करने की प्रक्रिया विकसित करें। इसे "शैडो स्पीक" अभ्यास के रूप में सोचें। यहाँ एक सरल तालिका है:
- पहले वीडियो सुनें और ध्यान से सुनें।
- फिर, एक वाक्य को धीरे-धीरे दोहराएं, जैसे: “योजना का एक विशेष पेशेवर क्षेत्र है।”
- इस वाक्य को रिकॉर्ड करें और फिर सुने।
- जब आप संतुष्ट हों, तो अगला वाक्य चुनें और उसी प्रक्रिया को दोहराएं।
इस प्रकार, आप अपने उच्चारण में धीरे-धीरे सुधार कर सकते हैं। "अंग्रेजी उच्चारण में सुधार" के लिए यह प्रक्रिया बेहद प्रभावी है। नियमित अभ्यास से आप शब्दों के प्रवाह और ध्वनि को बेहतर बना सकते हैं।
इस वीडियो का व्याकरण
वक्ता जिन संरचनाओं का सबसे अधिक प्रयोग करता है, वीडियो के असली शब्दों के साथ:
| संरचना | वीडियो में |
|---|---|
| Present perfect have/has + past participle — बीता हुआ काम जिसका असर अभी भी है | You've probably heard · has changed · has become |
| Passive voice be + past participle — ज़ोर इस पर कि क्या होता है, न कि कौन करता है | will be involved · is reflected |
शैडोइंग तकनीक क्या है?
शैडोइंग (Shadowing) एक विज्ञान-समर्थित भाषा सीखने की तकनीक है जो मूल रूप से पेशेवर दुभाषिया प्रशिक्षण के लिए विकसित की गई थी। विधि सरल लेकिन शक्तिशाली है: आप मूल अंग्रेज़ी ऑडियो सुनते हैं और तुरंत इसे ज़ोर से दोहराते हैं — जैसे वक्ता की छाया 1-2 सेकंड की देरी से। शोध से पता चलता है कि यह उच्चारण सटीकता, स्वर, लय, जुड़ी हुई ध्वनियाँ, सुनने की समझ और बोलने की प्रवाहशीलता में काफ़ी सुधार करता है।