Shadowing Practice: What is Marxism? (And Why The Outrage is Wrong) - Learn English Speaking with Video
בחר מצב תרגול
כל מצב פותח חדר תרגול במסך מלא.
202 משפטים
אם המשפטים קצרים או ארוכים מדי, לחץ על ערוך כדי להתאים אותם.
1
Turn on the news and you'll hear one word yelled constantly.
2
These are the same dumb Marxist ideas.
3
Far left, radical, Marxist.
4
Uh, Marxist.
5
Marxist -Leninist, they get along.
6
The Marxist left, another lunatics preaching radical ideology.
7
It's blamed for everything from cultural collapse to economic decline.
8
But here's the problem.
9
No one ever actually explains what it is.
10
I'm Dr. Alexander Matnansky.
11
I'm a political scientist who studies all of the issues that everybody argues about online and tries to make sense of them.
12
So today, let's tackle the ism that everybody seems to argue about online but nobody ever seems to have an answer for.
13
What is Marxism?
14
We interrupt this program for a special news bulletin.
15
For this discussion, the natural starting point is who is Karl Marx?
16
Karl Marx was a Prussian philosopher and political theorist who specialized in capitalism.
17
He was particularly interested in how class was shaped by history, politics, and society.
18
Now, I know we've all heard
19
Marx was this mysterious revolutionary who was going to take up arms to overthrow the Western order,
20
but in reality he was simply a political scientist, no different than myself.
21
He was essentially just a guy up the road in Hiberian Islington here in London.
22
Getting his start in the mid -1800s, he finished his PhD from the University of Vienna, which is in what is now modern -day Germany.
23
And one of my favorite stories, a little bit of folklore while not proven necessarily to be true.
24
After finishing his PhD defense him and his PhD supervisor stole a donkey
25
and paraded their way around town wreaking havoc in celebration.
26
While not necessarily true or historically accurate it kind of contextualizes how
27
Marx is seen in kind of everyday folklore.
28
He's a real person that behaved like everybody else that wanted to go and celebrate good times.
29
He wasn't a radical revolutionary in this way.
30
He was simply a guy celebrating earning a degree.
31
Originally Marx considered a career in academia
32
but there was a large conservative turn in Germany at the time and then he decided to pivot towards journalism.
33
This kind of reflects something that's happening in the world right now where places like the United States, parts of Europe such as Hungary,
34
right -wing governments have began to attempt to facilitate a right -wing turn in academia
35
which has pushed out a lot of early career academics.
36
It was in Paris where
37
Marx would go on to meet Friedrich Engels, a lifelong collaborator.
38
Engels came from a wealthy industrial family and would support
39
Marx financially for much of his life.
40
Engels own experience would help to contribute some insights that would ultimately develop into what is now Marxism.
41
Together they would write the texts
42
that would now define Marxism as a field of study and academia and would influence some revolutionaries later on,
43
the most prominent of which is the Communist Manifesto, which we're gonna demystify a little bit in this video.
44
Before discussing Marxism further, we need to first identify the two key forms of Marxism.
45
Marxism as a part of academic literature, a theoretical critique of class structures in society, and also Marxism in practice,
46
something that we see in the world.
47
The scholarlyism as it is, is something that just identifies how capitalism and class structures influence large inequality throughout the world.
48
Academics use this toolbook to ask who benefits?
49
Why is society structured a certain way?
50
So at its core
51
Marxist theory is a way to understand how capitalism creates inequalities around the world.
52
It focused on the relationship between two key groups, something Marx and Engels called the bourgeoisie and the proletariat.
53
The bourgeoisie is those who own the means of production
54
and the proletariat is those who sell their labor to make a living.
55
While this is a story about greed that isn't the entire picture.
56
Marx argued that capitalism itself, the structures of society, are what created the perpetual inequalities that we see.
57
Those who own the means of production are in a position to continue to reproduce these balances
58
and continue to perpetuate their own power on those that don't have the resources.
59
So while workers generate value through their labor, they don't ever reap the benefits of this through power.
60
While Marx was writing about this in the mid -1800s, we continue to see how workforces are exploited.
61
This wasn't just a product of the 1800s, we're seeing this now.
62
Amazon workers were prohibited from unionizing.
63
This is the one way that labor can come together, influence the balance of power.
64
We can use this understanding to see how ruling elites, large corporations can exploit their own power, push down working class people from unionizing.
65
And if you think about it today, we are in an even more capitalized version that
66
Marx likely saw.
67
Every part of society is monetized.
68
The second you pick up your phone, you're using a tool that was created by capitalism.
69
While my iPhone might be something that I find useful and something that I can use to create my own intellectual labor,
70
it's still a product of capitalism.
71
And then let's take this a step further.
72
The second you turn on your phone and you scroll to the nearest app, we're completely bombarded by advertisements.
73
So when academics use this as a lens.
74
We can see the useful elements of how capitalism continues to exploit labor,
75
the labor where you go and you earn money through your job,
76
and then it's continued to cycle through advertisements where you go purchase new t -shirts or we go purchase items on Amazon,
77
all the while while people at the top of the ladder continue to retain the wealth,
78
while those in the middle and lower portions of the ladder are unable to move upward.
79
So what makes Marxism so useful?
80
It doesn't just critique capitalism, it gives us useful lenses to interpret society today.
81
One of my favorite examples is David Harvey's right to the city.
82
David Harvey is of course a modern
83
Marxist theorist and I've included a link to his piece in the show notes below.
84
So essentially in Harvey's piece he looks at the city
85
and he says this isn't simply just a place we live
86
but it's something that's shaped by capitalism itself
87
and gives examples of how everyday life has imbalances of power exploited by people
88
that earn a lot of money and those that are continuing to create labor that supports the system itself.
89
We could see the imbalances of power throughout the worlds.
90
I'm thinking some places that I've been to myself, places that I've lived, London, Dakar, Senegal, New York, Tokyo, Mumbai, places like this.
91
There are luxury accommodation alongside housing shortages throughout cities gentrification is
92
when richer people move in and push out lower income folks
93
and this is what harvey sees as the city
94
we don't necessarily have a right to the city some people
95
have the right to the city those with more resources than others the city isn't something
96
that we have the right to like the freedom of speech in some cases
97
but it's something that we have to live with something
98
that we experience and something that we deal with on the ladders of capitalism.
99
Each person, based on their background, how they look, their socioeconomic status, they all have different experiences of living in a city.
100
Who gets to live where, who gets pushed out, are all affected by these capitalist structures.
101
So as the Harvey piece illustrates, Marxism isn't a regime, it isn't a social movement.
102
In this case, it is just a lens to critique the way we live on a daily basis.
103
Marxist theory can help us identify the unequal structures of a capitalist society and how it affects everyday individuals.
104
So in practice often what we're talking about in the news media or online, Marxism is quite different than how it's applied theoretically.
105
An interesting point of this is a key assumption by Marx was that the so -called
106
Marxist revolution or the class revolution or the socialist revolution was likely
107
or in some cases could be viewed as inevitable in some parts of society
108
and in some states in particular because the capitalist elites exploited the working class so much.
109
An interesting point from Marx's own work is that he thought
110
that the Marxist socialist the workers revolution was a likely outcome in many capitalist states.
111
While Marx thought this was potentially going to happen and likely in some places, he was largely wrong.
112
In some places there were Marxist -esque revolutions such as that in the Bolshevik Revolution or the Maoist Revolution.
113
Even these we can see as not being perfectly
114
Marxist because of the states that came out of them were in fact not Marxist states.
115
While the right wing media would like you to believe that every instance of an authoritarian government, a repressive regime, were all
116
Marxist, Socialist, or Communist regimes, there has not ever been an exact
117
Marxist model of a government implemented in history.
118
Marx never created a concrete roadmap for what an ideal state would look like.
119
In many of them, he saw economic equality or workers having a large portion of power.
120
So while the media itself would like you to believe that every instance of authoritarianism or repression was in fact this
121
Marxist states, there wasn't a roadmap.
122
Marxism just wanted economic equality and a state where workers retained their rights.
123
And we've never actually seen that.
124
That's the greatest fallacy of modern media is that there hasn't been a Marxist state.
125
States often labeled as Marxist or socialist or communist like the Soviet Union
126
or the People's Republic of China use the Marxist facade
127
but in fact do not operate in any interpretation of Marxism where there is economic inequality.
128
Generally these states operate with a concentrated elite at the top that enrich themselves off of the working class.
129
While there have been instances of these states lifting up lower
130
classes as we've seen the the rise of the middle class in China.
131
This in fact still has to do with capitalism where the
132
central government in China have operated within the capitalist system and in some places repressed their people.
133
This was not a workers' revolution in which workers gained lots of rights and helped operate the state.
134
It's in fact a concentrated center of elites that enrich themselves
135
while the working class in some cases can climb up their ladder slightly,
136
but continue to be subjugated by a repressive government using capitalists' apparatuses.
137
Examples of this are state -owned enterprises.
138
We think of state -owned gas companies like Gazprom in modern Russia.
139
We think of the numerous state -owned corporations in China that usually often orient themselves around technology.
140
This is not Marxism.
141
This is not communism or socialism.
142
This is state -ran capitalism.
143
And through this, they continue to repress people while enriching themselves and gaining more and more resources.
144
So rather than redistributing wealth or creating economic equality, we have entrenched elites continuing to gain resources and wealth
145
while the working class gains very little semblance of power influence in society.
146
This is no different than capitalist societies that are democratic throughout the world.
147
You think about this in the United States where we have billionaires that are influencing elections,
148
we have billionaires in Western Europe that are continuing to assert their influence.
149
And just because somebody puts the facade of communism, Marxism, or socialism onto the title of their state, that does not in fact make it socialist.
150
So with this we have a world shaped by capitalist structures where elites manipulate narratives around nationalism,
151
ideology, to pit workers and the working lower
152
and middle classes against each other so they can continue to entrench themselves in power.
153
Understanding that we have not in fact had a Marxist state before,
154
states that label themselves as socialists or Marxists are in fact operating within a capitalist system,
155
and understanding that academics use the Marxist theory to identify systemic inequalities in society
156
and understand patterns of political mobilization is useful
157
because it helps us to demystify the reality of what Marxism is
158
and that in fact many people in the news media
159
and on social media
160
that demonize Marxism are actually doing it for their own benefits to continue to entrench themselves in a system
161
that supports the capitalist elites, the media elites, and to ensure that labor -based,
162
class -based political action is continued to be perceived as a stain on society and something that shouldn't happen.
163
So recognizing that there are two aspects of Marxism,
164
the first being a critical theory used by academics to understand how capitalism creates
165
and reproduces inequalities from that of the Marxism in practice where there are instances of political movements
166
that created states that ultimately weren't a equal socioeconomic view of society
167
and often use the Marxist
168
or communist label to entrench themselves in power is a way to deepen our understanding
169
and assure that people can't misuse this term for their own benefits
170
and we're seeing this throughout the news media
171
and on social media where capitalists economic elites want to ensure
172
that working -class people don't come together
173
because people together are more powerful in mass so recognizing
174
that there is an academic view of Marxism that identifies capitalism
175
and socio -economic inequalities from it as a understanding for patterns in society from
176
that of Marxism in practice where instances of revolution use the label of Marxism but did not implement
177
Marxist states helps us to ensure that people in power don't demonize this term and use it for their own benefit.
178
So in sum, Marxism as a political theory is still widely used to interpret how class perpetuates inequalities,
179
it helps identify patterns in places like cities that we live in, and how we live our everyday lives.
180
It can help us identify who the elites are that control the resources, how labor is influenced, how we live in cities,
181
and all of these are useful tools for helping academics to understand the patterns of the world.
182
At the same time the term has been weaponized.
183
It's thrown around as a catch -all boogeyman for all things right -wing media figures don't like.
184
Cases like China and the Soviet Union are not examples of Marxism,
185
but they're examples of entrenched elites using the capitalist structures of the world to their own benefits while repressing their citizens.
186
So who does this actually serve?
187
The rich talking heads on Fox News want you to believe that everything is fair.
188
All the while, they get to go home to their Fifth Ave penthouse apartment.
189
While millions of Americans struggle to put food on the table, put gas in their cars.
190
Simultaneously, billionaires are infiltrating public spaces that should be where everyday citizens have access to power.
191
In America, we should continue to see more plumbers,
192
more electricians, computer programmers, all enter public life and pursue power through the structures that were given to them.
193
We should see senators and house members that are farmers or bartenders because these public houses,
194
these forms of government were built for everyday citizens to ascend to the heights of power, not for billionaires to buy their way into public office.
195
When wealth becomes the only ticket to influence, we should ask the question,
196
who benefits from casting working -class aspirations as radical or dangerous.
197
Understanding this isn't just an academic exercise or a reinterpretation of how history has been manipulated.
198
It's a way for us to move past the fear -mongering
199
and question if society is structured in a way that benefits all people.
200
I think it's important for us to reinterpret these key issues so we can build a society that empowers everybody.
201
And with that, the more we know, the more we talk, the better future we can build.
202
See you next time.
הורד אפליקציה
כל מה שאתה צריך כדי לדבר בשטף
הגיית AIציון לכל משפט
תרגול IPAשלוט בכל צליל
אוצר מיליםבנה את מאגר המילים שלך
משחק אוצר מיליםלמד תוך כדי משחק
FOR YOU
המלץ על סרטון
C12
532 משפטים
Marxism vs libertarianism: The economic calculation problem
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C1180 משפטים
Why H!tler Saw Jews as a Threat to Humanity | Explained
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
172 משפטים
9 Stoic Rules For A Better Life (From Marcus Aurelius)
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
654 משפטים
Stuart & Cliffe Knechtle | Do Agnostics Just Want To Have Control? | Give Me an Answer
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
74 משפטים
AI & Inequality | Daron Acemoglu: Big Tech poses risks as AI reshapes society
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
144 משפטים
Toby Young | Woke Culture HAS Gone Too Far - 3/8 | Oxford Union
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C1291 משפטים
Why did white men conquer the world?
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C12
152 משפטים
Both Russia and America only pursue power, not principle, argues Moosa Haraj
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
137 משפטים
The Bonfire of the Vanities | Italian History | Extra History
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B23
283 משפטים
Cocky MAGA Kid Can't DEFEND Trump's Actions and RUNS AWAY
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C15
59 משפטים
There's a new Linux distro in town for developers...
American AccentDaily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
374 משפטים
Karl Marx: The Most Dangerous Philosopher in History || English Listening Practice ✅
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
אוצר מילים והערות הגייה לשיעור הזה
שיעור הדיבור הזה ברמה C1 מבוסס על הסרטון “What is Marxism?”. המילים שחוזרות הכי הרבה: Marxist, Marxism, society, Marx, capitalism. בסרטון הזה יש 202 משפטים ו-2673 מילים לתרגול Shadowing. הדיבור נמשך 16:31. הדובר מדבר בקצב טבעי של כ-162 מילים בדקה, קרוב לשיחה יומיומית. רק 80% מהמילים נמצאות בין 3,000 המילים הנפוצות ביותר באנגלית, כך שאוצר המילים מאתגר.
אוצר מילים מרכזי בסרטון הזה
15 המילים המתקדמות ביותר בסרטון, עם ההגייה והמשמעות שלהן:
| מילה | הגייה | משמעות |
|---|---|---|
| capitalism שם עצם | /ˈkæp.ə.təlˌɪzm̩/ | קָפִּיטָלִיזְם, הוֹנְתָנוּת |
| inequality שם עצם | /ˌɪn.ɪˈkwɑ.lɪ.ti/ | אי־שוויון, אִי־שִׁוְיוֹן |
| billionaire שם עצם | /ˌbɪl.jəˈnɛɚ/ | מיליארדר, מיליארדרית |
| ladder שם עצם | /ˈlæd.ɚ/ | סולם, סֻלָּם |
| critic שם עצם | /ˈkɹɪt.ɪk/ | מְבַקֵּר, מְבַקֶּרֶת |
| bourgeoisie שם עצם | /ˌbʊə(ɹ)ʒwɑːˈziː/ | בּוּרְגָּנוּת |
| facade שם עצם | /fəˈsɑ(ː)d/ | חֲזִית |
| folklore שם עצם | /ˈfoʊk.lɔːɹ/ | פוֹלְקְלוֹר |
| perpetuate פועל | /pɚˈpɛt͡ʃəˌweɪt/ | הנציח |
| unionize פועל | /ˈjuːnjənaɪz/ | הִתְאַגֵּד |
| communism שם עצם | /ˈkɒmjᵿnɪz(ə)m/ | קוֹמוּנִיזְם |
| interpret פועל | /ɪnˈtɜː.pɹɪt/ | דּוֹבֵב |
| advertisement שם עצם | /ˈædvɚˌtaɪzmənt/ | פִּרְסוֹמֶת |
| socialism שם עצם | /ˈsoʊʃəlɪzəm/ | סוֹצְיָאלִיזְם |
| ideology שם עצם | /aɪ.diˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/ | אִידֵאוֹלוֹגִיָה |
Phrasal verbs שתשמעו
| מילה | משמעות |
|---|---|
| pick up פועל | הרים, אסף |
דקדוק בסרטון הזה
המבנים שהדובר משתמש בהם הכי הרבה, עם המילים המדויקות מהסרטון:
| מבנה | בסרטון |
|---|---|
| הווה מושלם (Present perfect) have/has + past participle — פעולה שקרתה בעבר ועדיין יש לה חשיבות או השפעה עכשיו | has pushed · I've included · I've been |
| סביל (Passive voice) be + past participle — הדגש הוא על מה שקורה, לא על מי שעושה את הפעולה | was shaped · is seen · are exploited |
| משפטי זיקה (Relative clauses) who / which + clause — מידע נוסף על אדם או דבר | Vienna, which is · those who own · those who sell |
הגייה ששווה לשים לב אליה
הדובר משתמש ב-38 קיצורים וצורות מקוצרות, כמו don't, isn't, we're. אמרו אותם בצורה הקצרה, כפי שאתם שומעים אותם.
- הצלילים של “th”: theorist /ˈθiːəɹəst/, authoritarianism /ɔˌθɔːɹɪˈtɛːɹiən.ɪzm̩/, authoritarian /əˌθɑ.ɹəˈtɛɹ.i.ən/, overthrow /ˌoʊvɚˈθɹoʊ/, theoretical /ˌθi.əˈɹɛt.ɪ.kəl/
- הצלילים של “sh” ו-“zh”: bourgeoisie /ˌbʊə(ɹ)ʒwɑːˈziː/, socialism /ˈsoʊʃəlɪzəm/, aspiration /ˌæspəˈɹeɪʃən/, electrician /ɪˌlɛkˈtɹɪʃən/, gentrification /d͡ʒɛn.tɹɪ.fɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/
- מילים ארוכות — שימו לב להטעמה: capitalism /ˈkæp.ə.təlˌɪzm̩/, capitalist /ˈkæp.ɪ.tə.lɪst/, inequality /ˌɪn.ɪˈkwɑ.lɪ.ti/, academia /ˌæk.əˈdi.mi.ə/, demystify /diːˈmɪstɪfaɪ/
צלילים שדוברי עברית מתקשים בהם:
- /w/ — שפתיים מעוגלות, לא /v/: inequality /ˌɪn.ɪˈkwɑ.lɪ.ti/, bourgeoisie /ˌbʊə(ɹ)ʒwɑːˈziː/, perpetuate /pɚˈpɛt͡ʃəˌweɪt/, upward /ˈʌpwɚd/
- /æ/ — פתוח יותר מה-“אֶ” העברית, לא כמו “a” ב-“cup”: capitalism /ˈkæp.ə.təlˌɪzm̩/, capitalist /ˈkæp.ɪ.tə.lɪst/, ladder /ˈlæd.ɚ/, academia /ˌæk.əˈdi.mi.ə/, advertisement /ˈædvɚˌtaɪzmənt/
- /r/ — הלשון לא נוגעת בשום מקום, לא ה-“ר” הגרונית: entrench /ɪnˈtɹɪnt͡ʃ/, enrich /ɪnˈɹɪt͡ʃ/, critic /ˈkɹɪt.ɪk/, bourgeoisie /ˌbʊə(ɹ)ʒwɑːˈziː/, folklore /ˈfoʊk.lɔːɹ/
איך לתרגל עם הסרטון הזה
- הקשיבו לכל הסרטון פעם אחת בלי לדבר, ורשמו את המילים שאתם לא מכירים.
- התחילו במהירות 0.75×, תרגלו Shadowing משפט אחר משפט, וחזרו למהירות רגילה כשזה מרגיש קל.
- הקליטו את עצמכם והשוו למקור, תוך תשומת לב למילים כמו capitalism, inequality, billionaire.
מהי טכניקת השאדואינג?
שאדואינג היא טכניקת למידת שפה מבוססת מדע שפותחה במקור להכשרת מתורגמנים מקצועיים ופופולרית על ידי הפוליגלוט ד"ר אלכסנדר ארגואלס. השיטה פשוטה אך עוצמתית: אתה מקשיב לאודיו באנגלית ילידית וחוזר עליו בקול רם מיד — כמו צל העוקב אחרי הדובר עם עיכוב של 1–2 שניות בלבד. בניגוד להאזנה פסיבית או תרגילי דקדוק, שאדואינג מכריח את המוח והשרירים בפה לעבד ולשחזר דפוסי דיבור אמיתיים בו זמנית. מחקרים מראים שזה משפר משמעותית את דיוק ההגייה, האינטונציה, הקצב, הדיבור המחובר, הבנת השמיעה ושטף הדיבור — מה שהופך אותו לאחת השיטות היעילות ביותר להכנה לIELTS Speaking ולתקשורת באנגלית בעולם האמיתי.